제5장 북한 사회통제의 특성과 변화

배영애 한국통일전략학회 2011 통일전략 Vol.11 No.4

The purpose of this study is to analyze potential correlations between deviation and social control to examine why North Korea maintains its regime in relatively stable directions, in spite of its internal and external crises, and is also to measure continuance and change of social control in North Korea particularly by discussing phenomena shown in the period of ‘the March of Hardship’. this study divided deviation broadly into two types, political and ideological deviation, and economic and social deviation. And it also classified North Korean regime's various and complex social controls to cope with such deviation into three categories, i.e. ideological control, institutional control and physical control so as to meet the purposes of this study and analyze respective roles of such social controls. As a result, it is found that deviations found during the period of ‘the Arduous March’ occurred mostly in North Korea's economic and social sector, which indicates contemporary social confusions of North Korea as well as crisis of its regime. However, it is found that social controls working in response to those deviations contributed rather to reinforcing political and ideological control mechanism of North Korea. Based on examinations of North Korea's social control measures over deviations shown during the period of ‘the Arduous March’, this study could deduce the following implications: North Korea recognized so called ‘overall crisis’ while controlling deviative behaviors of its people. Secondly, North Korean regime tried to flexibly respond to economic and social deviations and overcome them. Finally, North Korea recognized a prior challenge of ‘overcoming economic crisis’ in order to maintain its current social control mechanisms with a view to permanent social regime. 1990년대는 북한에게 고난과 시련을 안겨다주었다. 대외적으로는 소련과 동구권의 붕괴, 독일의 통일로 인한 위기감과 고립감을 안겨다 주었고, 대내적으로는 북한 체제의 구조적 모순점과 자연재해 등으로 인한 심각한 경제난과 김일성의 사망 등으로 그 어느 때보다 체제 안정성이 매우 위협받는 시기였고, 체제붕괴설까지 끊임없지 제기되기도 하였다. 그러나 대내외적으로 어려운 상황에 놓여 있으면서도 현재까지 체제 및 정권을 비교적 잘 유지할 수 있었던 것 중 하나는 사회통제정책이라고 볼 수 있다. 특히 북한 사회통제 정책의 특성은 그 방법의 다양화와 사회통제기구와 기제들이 매우 유기적으로 연결되어 있고, 각종 일탈행위에 대한 처벌이 다양하고 복잡하다는 것이다. 그럼에도 강력하고 치밀한 사회통제 정책이 있음에도 불구하고 심각한 경제난으로 인해 범죄나 일탈행위가 다양한 형태로 급증하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 북한은 이런 상황적 변화와 일탈행위가 증가함에 따라 사회통제정책의 효율성을 높이는 다양한 방안을 시도하고 탄력적으로 변화하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

사회적 기술 향상 프로그램이 ADHD 아동의 충동성 및 자기통제력에 미치는 효과

정종진 ( Jong Jin Jeong ),김영화 ( Young Hwa Kim ) 한국초등교육학회 2002 초등교육연구 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine whether social skills training would have an effect on lowering the impulsiveness of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and promoting their self- control. The research questions were posed as below: First, are there any differences in impulsiveness between the ADHD children of the experimental group that takes social skills training and those of the control group that doesn`t? Second, are there any differences in self-control between the ADHD children of the experimental group that takes social skills training and those of the control group that doesn`t? To address the research questions, the following hypotheses were established, based on the literature concerned and earlier studies: Hypothesis 1. The experimental group that takes social skills training would become less impulsive than the control group that doesn`t. Hypothesis 2. The experimental group that takes social skills training would have better self-control than the control group that doesn`t. The subjects in this study were the third and fourth graders from S elementary school in the city of Daegu. Among them, the children who had ever been exposed to cognitive behavioral therapy or drug therapy were ruled out. After those who were found to lack attention and be impulsive by their homeroom teachers were selected, they were tested with Conners simplified scale for teacher, a behavioral assessment scale widely used for ADHD child identification, to select the final subjects. The finally selected children were randomly divided into a 10-member experimental group and a 10-member control group. The social skills training was carried out for six weeks, and SPSS/PC+ program and t-test were utilized for data analysis. Besides, a qualitative analysis was added, by asking the experimental group children and their parents to give their feedback and by observing the behavioral change of the children. The brief findings of this study could be described as below: First, the social skills training was effective for easing the impulsive-ness of the ADHD children (t=3.706, P〈.01). Second, the social skills training was effective for developing the self-control of the ADHD children(t=4.554, P〈.001). Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following conclusion was reached: First, the social skills training has an effect on relieving the impulsiveness of ADHD elementary schoolers. That training serves to help ADHD children who originally behave or speak without thinking control their own impulsive behavior, and to reduce their behavior of teasing classmates, making a big noise, giving impulsive and unreasonable answer, or failing to concentrating on task performance. Second, the social skills training has an effect on developing the self-control of ADHD elementary schoolers. The behavioral characteristics of ADHD children is gradually said to be attributed to the lack of self-control, and poor self-control is known to lead to immediate reaction, distraction sensitive to even slightest stimuli, poor achievement and negative self-concept. A variety of social skills training such as modelling or role playing, are useful for the change or modification of negative behavioral characteristics.

부모의 사회통제가 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

안상원,박성수 한국치안행정학회 2015 한국치안행정논집 Vol.12 No.2

이 연구에서는 사회유대이론에서 나타나는 부모의 사회통제로 직접통제와 간접통제를 분석한국내·외 논문들을 살펴보고, 부모의 사회통제가 청소년 비행에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 살펴본다. 기존 연구들은 부모의 직접통제와 간접통제 중 한쪽의 영향이 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향으로 많은 분석이 이루어졌다. 하지만, 이 연구는 직접통제와 간접통제 모두를 살펴보고, 청소년 비행에어떻게 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 한다. 따라서 청소년 비행은 부모의 사회통제를 직접통제와 간접통제로 구분하여 살펴본다. 부모는청소년의 비행에 대해서 감독을 하는 직접통제와 부모가 애정이나 유대요인을 통해 간접적으로통제하는 간접통제로 구분하여 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 나타내고자 한다. 그리고 사회통제의 주체인 부모가 직접통제와 간접통제간의 어떤 차이가 있는지에 대한분석을 시도했다. 청소년비행은 부모의 직접통제로 감독, 부모의 간접통제는 애정으로 재부호화 하여 분석하였다. 분석 자료는 보건복지부 보고서(2011)를 통해 청소년의 연령별 범죄현황에서 청소년의 범죄가가장 높게 보고 된 사실을 고려하여, 부모의 사회통제와 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향을 분석하기위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 조사된 한국청소년패널조사 5차년도 자료를 분석하였다. 또한 분석방법으로는 위계적 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 분석결과는 첫째, 부모의 직접통제와 간접통제는 청소년 비행을 감소시키는 것으로 나타난다. 둘째, 부모의 사회통제는 직접통제보다 간접통제가 좀 더 청소년 비행을 감소시키는 것으로 나타난다. 따라서 부모의 사회통제는 청소년 비행을 감소시키며, 직접통제보다 간접통제가 청소년 비행을 감소시키는데 더 높은 효과가 있는 것으로 나타난다. 따라서 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향의요인으로 부모와 청소년간의 관계가 중요한다는 것을 보여주는 것으로 나타난다. 즉, 부모의 사회통제는 청소년 비행에 있어서 중요한 시사점으로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과에 따라 청소년 비행에 대해 감소시키는 방안과 과제를 나타내었다. 그리고청소년 비행을 감소시키기 위해서는 부모 뿐 아니라 학교, 사회 등이 노력을 해야 할 것이며, 부모가 청소년의 인성을 기를 수 있는 연구의 필요함을 나타내었다. In this study, parents and community analysis of the direct and indirect control by control of social control that appears Social bond theories, look at the domestic and international research, parental social control that looks at how the affect on juvenile delinquency. If you have an existing study the influence of one of the parents direct control and indirect control of juvenile delinquency analysis, this study looks at both direct and indirect control is to reduce juvenile delinquency. The purpose of this study is to examine the social control of parents directly and indirectly. Parents look at how the affection directs control of the supervision for the delinquent behavior of youth, and they use affection and bond to control children indirectly. The subject of social control and the parent tried to analyze whether there is any difference between the direct and indirect control of control. Juvenile delinquency is directly supervised by a parent control, indirect control of the parent were re-encoded with affection. Data report(2011) by Ministry of Health & Welfare was analyzed, and the author found that juvenile delinquency is the highest based on the crime by age data. In order to analyze effect of parents’ social control and juvenile delinquency, the Korea Youth Panel Survey data 5th by the Youth Policy Institute in Korea was used. Further analysis was used as a hierarchical regression analysis. First, the direct control and indirect control appear to reduce the delinquency. Second, the indirect control of parents’ social control appears to reduce juvenile delinquency more than direct control. Thus, parents’ social control reduces juvenile delinquency, and indirect control rather than direct control is more effective in deterring juvenile delinquency. Therefore, the relationship between parents and juveniles is an important factor that affects juvenile delinquency. In other words, social control of parents appears to have important implications for juvenile delinquency. The results of this study suggest some solutions while they show some problems as well. In order to reduce juvenile delinquency, school and community will need to work together. Further research on how to improve juveniles’ discipline is necessary.

중국내 다국적기업 R&D 랩의 통제관리전략이 경영성과에 미치는 영향

손효파,김성,조대우 한국국제경영관리학회 2015 국제경영리뷰 Vol.19 No.2

다국적기업들이 중국에 R&D랩을 설립한 것은 1993년 캐나다 Nortel Networks가 처음이었다. 1997년에 20개였던 중국내 다국적 R&D 랩이 2012년말 현재 1,200여개를 초과하고 있디. 미국계 다국적기업이 37%(444개), 일본계 기업이 12%(148개), 독일계 기업이 8%(96개), 대만 (92개), 한국(42개)로 5개국이 전체의 69%를 점유하였다. 이들 다국적기업 본사들은 그들의 중국내 R&D랩들의 성공여부가 본사의 통제관리에 달려 있다는 것을 인식하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 다국적 본사들이 선택할 수 있는 통제형태를 집권화 통제, 공식화 통제 및 사회화통제 등 세가지로 분류하였다. 본 연구 결과 이러한 다국기업 본사에 의한 통제형태분류의 타당성과 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 그런 연후에 각각의 통제관리형태가 그들의 경영성과에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 지 실증검증을 하였다. 실증결과 중국내 R&D랩에 대한 다국적기업 본사의 통제 형태중 공식화 통제전략과 사회화 통제전략은 본사의 경영성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 조직의 효율성을 가장 높일 것으로 기대하는 본사에 의한 집권화 통제는 오히려 경영성과에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 다국적 R&D의 경우 본사가 직접적인 통제를 하는 것보다 공식화 및 사회화를 통한 간접적인 통제를 할 때 경영성과에 긍정적임을 시사한다고 할 수 있다. Multinational companies started to invest in R&D Laboratories(Labs) in China after Nortel Networks(Canada)’s first establishment of multinational R&D Lab in 1993. As of the late 2012, over 1,200 multinational R&D Labs in China were invested by multinational companies(MNCs), while there were only 20 labs existed in 1997. 444 US multinational R&D Labs(37%), 148 Japan Labs(12%), 96 Germany Labs(8%), 92 Taiwan Labs, and 42 Korea Labs controlled 69% the market share. The key of their success in China relied on the control management of MNCs. Thus, in this study, we classified control types of MNCs into three kinds of strategies such as centralization control, formalization control, and socialization control. The validity and reliability of the three control types were accepted by Cronbach’s α, factor analysis, and correlation analysis. After verifying these tests, we conducted an empirical analysis to investigate whether the three control types (i.e., centralization, formalization, and socialization control) respectively affected MNCs’ own business performances. The results of this study showed that both formalization and socialization control types positively and significantly affected business performances of MNCs. However, we could not find out the significant relationship between centralization type and their business performances. This study revealed that MNCs’ formalization and socialization controls rather than their centralization control. against multinational R&D labs in China would be more effective in improving their business performances.

여대생들의 체중조절 실태 및 관련 요인에 대한 연구

김경원,이미정,김정희,심영현 대한지역사회영양학회 1998 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the weight control attempts and related factors among 220 female college students in Seoul. Factors examined included body image, body satisfaction, interest in weight control, beliefs related to weight control, social norms, social expectations regarding subjects' body size and weight change. Data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square test(at <T$\alpha$=0.05). The average height and weight of subjects were 160.7cm, 52.2kg respectively. BMI and body fat(%) were 20.2 and 25.2%, respectively. One hundred seventy two students(78.2%) had attempted to control their weight, mainly to lose weight, and were categorized as the weight control attempt group. Subjects used diet modification as well as unhealthy method to control weight. 48.2% in the attempt group were underweight or normal weight(by BMI), suggesting that their weight control attempts were was unnecessary. Students in the attempt group described their own size as heavier than those in the no-attempt group(p<0.01) or other girls of their age(p<0.05) ; more dissatisfied with their body size(p<0.01), and showed more interest in weight control(p<0.01). Several differences in beliefs were also noted(p<0.001). The attempt group believed less strongly in the harmful effects or difficulties in weight control and believed more strongly in the advantages of weight control. With respect to social factors, the attempt group perceived that their family and friends wanted them to be smaller than they were(p<0.001), perceived that significant others felt that they should lose weight(p<0.05). These results suggest that educational programs for college female students should start focusing on the harmful effects of excessive dieting and information about desirable weight control methods. Students should be helped to have a correct body image. In addition, educational programs should incorporate strategies to change beliefs regarding weight control, as well as modifying social expectations from significant others.

규범과 통제소재가 개인의 친환경 태도에 미치는 영향력: 암묵적 태도와 명시적 태도의 비교

김종흠,최승희 한국소비자·광고심리학회 2020 한국심리학회지 소비자·광고 Vol.21 No.4

This study was conducted to identify the influence of norm and locus of control on eco-friendly behavior. The norm was classified as the moral and social norm, the locus of contrjol was classified as internal and external control. The attitude toward eco-friendly behavior was also measured separately with the implicit and external attitude to compare two kinds of attitude depending on the locus of control. The result of the study showed that moral norm was found to be meaningful in the verification of implicit attitude toward eco-friendly behavior by locus of control but social norm was found to be ineffective. An analysis of the effect of the type of norm on the attitude of explicit eco-friendly behavior by internal control showed that the influence of moral norm was meaningful, but social norms was meaningless. The influence of norm on explicit eco-friendly behavior attitude by external control was shown to be meaningful in both moral and social norm, and the relationship between moral norm and eco-friendly behavior attitude by external control was shown to be negative. The correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward eco-friendly behavior by locus of control was analyzed to see how the responses on eco-friendly behavior attitudes vary depending on the controlled materials. The result showed that the correlation between ST-IAT and explicit attitude toward eco-friendly behavior by locus of control was statistically low and meaningless. What this means is that individuals' attitudes toward eco-friendly behavior can be different according to cognitive information processing. The result of the study will be helpful in the development of government’s policy and specific action plan for promoting eco-friendly behavior. 본 연구는 규범과 통제소재가 개인의 친환경행동태도에 미치는 영향력을 알아보기 위해서 수행되었다. 규범은 도덕적 규범과 사회적 규범으로 통제소재는 내적통제와 외적통제로 구분하였고 규범의 유형과 통제소재유형이 친환경행동태도에 어떤 영향력과 차이점을 보이는지를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 친환경행동태도는 암묵적 태도와 외현적 태도로 구분하여 측정함으로써 의식적 정보처리의 통제여부에 따라서 친환경 행동에 대한 태도가 달라지는지를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면 도덕적 규범은 통제소재별 암묵적 친환경행동태도에 대한 검증에서 의미가 있는 것으로 나타났지만 사회적 규범은 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 규범의 유형이 내적통제에 의한 명시적 친환경행동태도에 미치는 효과를 분석한 결과에서는 도덕적 규범의 영향력은 의미가 있는 것으로 나타나지만 사회적 규범은 의미가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 외적통제의 명시적 친환경행동태도에 대한 규범의 영향력은 도덕적 규범과 사회적 규범 모두 의미 있는 것으로 나타났고 도덕적 규범과 외적통제에 의한 친환경행동태도의 관계는 부적인 것으로 나타났다. 통제소재에 따라서 친환경행동태도의 반응이 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보기 위해서 친환경행동태도에 대한 암묵적 태도와 명시적 태도의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 두 태도의 상관관계는 매우 낮은 것으로 나타나는데 이것이 갖는 의미는 통제소재별 친환경에 대한 개인의 태도가 암묵적 태도와 외현적 태도에서 다르게 나타남을 말해준다. 마지막으로 친환경 행동을 촉진시키기 위한 정책적 방안과 구체적인 실천전략에 대해서 언급하였다.

북한에서 ‘도시통제체제’의 형성: 판옵티콘의 건설

정일영 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2020 아태연구 Vol.27 No.1

This paper gives analyses on the formation of The formation of the ‘city control system’ in North Korea. How and When have the city control system in North Korea been formated? This paper provides arguments with the historical formation about the ‘city control system’ in North Korea. North Korean regime had built its social control system as Panopticon from the Korean War. North Korean had been embraced into the structure of routine resocialization in its production unit and living space in the Panopticon. The key analyses in this paper are summarized as follows. The key analyses in this paper can be summarized as follows. First, North Korea’s city control system has the character of one-way vertical control over its atomized citizens. the city control system was formed under the strong control code of ‘juche’. Second, the city control system is based on a horizontally cut structure. The North Korean city was built to block space in other areas and within the region politically and economically. Any movement and migration of its members were strictly controlled. Third, the city control system based on ‘vertical control and horizontal disconnect’ has been reproduced of in the Korean Peninsula. The North Korean authorities could have the legitimacy of controlling citizen in a quasi-war status. However the economic crisis in North Korea, which was maximized in the mid-1990s, resulted in mass starvation and escape from the North Korea. Such an economic crisis has weakened the city control system. For this reason, further research should needed on changes in the city control system. 이 논문의 연구목적은 북한에서 도시를 기반으로 형성된 사회통제체제, 즉 ‘도시통제체제’의 형성과정을 분석하고 그 특징을 도출하는 것이다. 북한의 도시는 한국전쟁의 폐허 속에 재건되는 과정에서 제레미 벤담(Jeremy Bentham)이 제안한 원형 감옥인 판옵티콘(panopticon)과 같은 공간으로 재구성되었다. 판옵티콘은 1) 감시권력에 의한 일방향의 수직적 통제, 2) 수인들 간의 수평적 단절, 3) 규율을 통한 신체의 통제라는 특징을 갖는다. 이 논문은 북한에서 형성된 도시를, 전쟁의 특성이 내재화된 역사특수적 구성체로 상정하고 이와 같은 도시가 사회통제에 최적화된 구성물이었음을 논증하려 한다. 이 논문에서 분석한 핵심 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 북한의 도시통제체제는 원자화된 구성원에 대한 일방향의 수직적 통제라는 성격을 갖는다. 둘째, 북한의 도시통제체제는 수평적으로 단절된 구조에 기반한다. 북한의 도시는 다른 지역, 지역 내 공간이 정치·경제적으로 차단되도록 건설되었다. 셋째, 북한의 도시민들은 조선로동당과 당이 통제하는 사회단체에 의해 규율화된 조직 생활에 귀속되어 그들의 신체를 통제받게 되었다.

국제전략적 제휴에서 공식적 통제와 비공시적 통제의 역할에 관한 연구

이상엽(Sang Youp Rhee),김주권(Zuk Weon Kim) 한국경영학회 2013 經營學硏究 Vol.42 No.5

With continued globalization of the world`s economies, strategic alliances have become an important element of many firms` international strategies. Joint ventures, minority equity stake,coproduction and joint research and development are just some forms of strategic alliances. Although firms increasingly rely on these strategic alliances to explore new global opportunities,few studies have examined the ways in which this collaboration form is governed. Control is a critical concept for successful management and performance of international strategic alliances. Choosing effective control is a must when managing these international relationships. Moreover, the extant literature suggests that control is a key source of confidence in partner cooperation. Firms in alliances tend to be more confident about partner cooperation when they feel they have an adequate level of control over their partners. In this paper, we review prior studies addressing control within strategic alliances, as well as strategic alliances control-performance relationship, and ultimately we attempt to increase our understanding of control mechanisms in international strategic alliances. There are two broad categories of control discussed in the literature: formal control and informal control. Formal control is viewed by organizational researchers as a performance evaluation strategy, where either processes or outcomes are measured, evaluated, and rewarded. This suggests that there are two types of formal control: process-based and outcome-based. On the other hand, informal controls differ from formal controls in that they are based on social or people strategies. One type of informal control is known as social control which utilizes organizational values, norms, and cultures to encourage desirable behavior. Process control provides an effective means to garner partner support, guard against opportunism,and develop a long-term relationship because this control method signals the importance of the alliance to the focal firm and the willingness to share risks. On the other hands, output control reflects the extent to which an alliance firm emphasizes bottom-line results. Sole reliance on this control would reflect an exclusive concern with bottom line, irrespective of the manner in which an alliance firm achieves the results. Also this control provides a compelling individual motivation in that non-producers receive no compensation. However, empirical studies have shown mixed support for the effects of controls on alliance performance. Firms, under a “more control is better” presumption, often hedge their bets by simultaneously using formal and informal controls to govern international strategic alliances. In other words,some researchers contend that formal and informal controls may be complements. However,other researchers who view formal and informal controls as substitutes believe that informal control such as social control based on concrete interfirm trust may govern interfirm exchange effectively. Accordingly, if trust between partners is sufficiently strong to support the use of informal control, the combined use of formal control with informal control could hardly be economical. Therefore, it can be said that there is considerable disagreement about whether the use of one strengthens or diminishes the benefits of the other. Using data from 100 strategic alliances in e-business, it is shown that while process control has positive effects, output control has negative effects on alliance performance. And Informal control plays no facilitating role for process control. In other words, our results support that formal and informal controls function as substitutes in explaining cooperation performance. In addition, we can not find support for institutional explanations of the use of informal control for the alliances with emerging economies firms.

테러리즘공포 영향 요인

강부순,이창한 한국공안행정학회 2018 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate empirically the factors affecting fear of terrorism through the fear of crime models such as vulnerability model and social control model, based on the perspective of identifying terrorism as a kind of crime. Therefore, the dependent variable of this study is fear of terrorism. The independent variables in this study are the two sub-variables (physical vulnerability and social vulnerability) of the vulnerability model and two sub-variables(official social control and informal social control.) social control model. This study model was analyzed using data of the 6th world value survey, 90,765 samples from 58 countries, and using methods of descriptive statistics and OLS multiple regression analysis. The results showed that age among the physical vulnerabilities, education level among social vulnerabilities, perceived safety among formal social control, and social participation among informal social control have statistically significant influence on fear of terrorism. Considering the direction, it can be interpreted that the lower the age, the lower the education level, the lower the perceived safety level, and the higher the social participation, the more fear of terrorism. As a result of comparing the beta values of the factors, it is found that the factors of social control model have more influence on the fear of terrorism as a whole than the vulnerability model. This study is meaningful that it proved whether the fear of crime theory could explain fear of terrorism, in terms of terrorism as one crime phenomenon. Finally, some factors of the fear of crime model can effectively explain the fear of terrorism. However, the effects of physical vulnerability and informal social control factors are different from those expected by the original theory. This implies that the fear of terrorism has characteristics as a crime, but the existing theory of criminology alone makes it difficult to fully explain it. 이 연구의 목적은 테러리즘을 범죄의 일종으로 파악하는 관점에 기초하여, 취약성 모델, 사회통제 모델 등 범죄두려움을 설명하는 모델들을 기반으로 테러리즘공포의 영향요인을 실증적으로 검증하는 것에 있다. 따라서 이 연구의종속변수는 테러리즘공포이며, 독립변수는 취약성 모델의 두 가지 하위변인인물리적 취약성과 사회적 취약성, 그리고 사회통제 모델의 두 가지 하위변인인공식적 사회통제와 비공식적 사회통제이다. 분석을 위한 자료는 제6차 세계가치조사를 활용하였으며, 총 58개국 90,765명의 표본을 대상으로 기술통계 및OLS 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 신체적 취약성 중 연령이, 사회적 취약성 중 교육수준이, 공식적사회통제 중 체감안전도가, 비공식적 사회통제 중 사회참여가 테러리즘공포에대해 통계적으로 유의미한 영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 방향을 고려해 볼때, 이는 연령이 낮을수록, 교육수준이 낮을수록, 체감안전도가 낮을수록, 사회참여가 높을수록 테러리즘공포가 증가하는 것으로 해석 가능하다. 또한 요인들의 베타값을 비교해본 결과 취약성 모델보다는 사회통제 모델의 요인들이 테러리즘공포에 전반적으로 보다 높은 영향력을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 테러리즘 또한 하나의 범죄현상이라는 관점에서 범죄두려움 설명모델이 테러리즘공포를 효과적으로 설명할 수 있는지를 검증했다는 것에 의의가 있다. 실제로 연구결과 몇몇 요인에서 영향관계가 확인되어 범죄두려움 설명이론의 적용이 어느 정도는 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 신체적 취약성과비공식적 사회통제 요인에서 본래의 이론이 기대하는 방향과 다른 방향으로의영향이 나타났다는 사실을 감안할 때, 테러리즘공포가 범죄로서의 특성을 갖고는 있으나, 기존의 범죄학 이론만으로는 온전한 설명이 어렵다는 사실 또한 시사한다.

김정은 체제 구축을 위한 북한의 정치사회화에 관한 연구

김창희 한국동북아학회 2013 한국동북아논총 Vol.18 No.2

This study is to explore how North Korea is carrying out political socialization for firmly establishing the Kim Jong-un regime and securing the sole leadership of his. The hegemony theory of political socialization is a trial to force people to believe that compelling power is based on the agreement of the majority. This theory is appropriate to analyze the political situation of North Korea. North Korea had executed ‘raising Kim Jong-un’ of political socialization before he was officially confirmed as a successor. In order to impress Kim Jong-un as a ‘youth leader’ on the public, refined operations was carried out continuously. Advocating ‘youth-first policy’ in the 2010 party articles revision was relevant to the operations. After the demise of Kim Jong-il, promoting Kim Jong-un as a supreme leader, North Korea has had all the people to follow and to protect Kim Jong-un’s leadership loyally. That is, this means the revised propaganda to the public to comprehend him not as a successor but as a supreme leader. The contents of political socialization for founding the Kim regime is summarized into the following three contents: ① a great leader to inherit Baekdu lineage and the tradition of military-first policy; ② immortalization to admire Kim Jong-il’s achievements and instructions; ③ Kim Jong-un’s governing ideology and politics centered on the people. For the political socialization above, ideology-enhancing education has been ongoing and the priority has been given to ‘Kim Jong-il patriotism,’ which contains his lofty service to North Korea and the people and emphasizes practice rather than slogan or flag. The drastic measures of a satellite launch and a nuclear experiment was done in the name of the realization of Kim Jong il’s instructions. These events had the intention to show Kim Jong-un’s robustness and status domestically and internationally, and to foster the people’s pride, thus gathering them together to ‘desperate protection for the supreme leader.’ The people’s support has been obtained through nationwide mass rallies for the celebration of the launch and experiment. One of the characteristics of North Korean political socialization is mobilized mass support and this means a social control. This strong use of the repressive social control mechanism argued in the hegemony theory of political socialization standardizes the political socialization of North Korea. In this sense, mass support in North Korea is not voluntary but treacherously obedient and this trend is likely to provoke the limitation of political socialization. 이 연구는 북한이 김정은 체제의 안착과 그의 유일한 지도권 확보를 위하여 어떻게 정치사회화를 해나가고 있는가를 분석하려는 것이다. 정치사회화의 헤게모니이론은 강제력이 다수의 동의에 기반 한 것이라는 것을 믿도록 만들려는 시도로, 북한의 정치현상을 분석하는데 적실성이 있다. 북한이 ‘김정은 띠우기’라 할 수 있는 정치사회화를 진행시켜온 것은 후계자로 공식화되기 이전부터였다. ‘청년대장’ 김정은을 인민에게 각인시키기 위하여 끊임없이 치밀한 작업을 하였다. 2010년 당규약 개정에서 ‘청년중시노선’을 제창한 것도 이와 무관하지는 않다. 김정일 사망 직후 북한은 김정은을 최고영도자 내세우면서, 전체 인민들은 존경하는 김정은 동지의 영도를 충직하게 받들고 일심단결 수호해야 한다고 하였다. 후계자가 아닌 최고지도자로써 인민들이 받아드리도록 그 내용을 바꾼 것이다. 김정은 체제의 구축을 위하여 인민들에게 내면화시키고자 하는 정치사회화의 내용은 크게 세 가지이다. 즉, ① 백두혈통과 선군전통을 이어받은 위대한 지도자, ② 김정일의 업적과 유훈을 기리는 영생화, ③ 김정은의 통치이념과 인민중심의 정치에 관한 것이다. 이를 위하여 북한은 사상교양교육을 진행하였는데, 그 중심에는 ‘김정일애국주의’가 있다. 여기에는 김정일의 숭고한 위국․위민이 담겨있다고 하면서, 구호나 깃발이 아닌 실천을 강조하고 있다. 로켓위성발사와 핵실험이라는 극단적인 행위도 김정일 유훈의 실현이라는 미명아래 실행하였다. 이는 김정은 자신의 강건함과 위상을 국내외에 보여주면서, 인민들에게 자긍심을 갖게 하고 ‘수령결사옹위’로 결집시키려는 것이다. 전국 각지에서 성공기념대회를 개최하여 인민적 지지를 끌어내고 있다. 북한 정치사회화 특성 중의 하나는 동원적 지지이고, 이는 사회통제를 의미하는 것이다. 정치사회화의 헤게모니이론에서 말하는 억압적 사회통제기제를 강하게 작동하여, 북한의 정치사회를 획일화시키고 있다. 이것은 인민들의 자발적 지지가 아니라 면종복배의 결과로 나타나 정치사회화의 한계 문제가 제기될 수 있다.