Comparison of Brain Activation on the Education Content Types to Prevent Smoking for Smoking Adolescents - fNIRS Study

전희정(Hee-Jeong Jeon),권용주(Yong-Ju Kwon) 한국교원대학교 뇌기반교육연구소 2021 Brain, Digital, & Learning Vol.11 No.3

The annual anti-smoking education in schools is already a smoking cessation education for smoking adolescents. However, studies on the effectiveness of smoking cessation education in relation to the neuroscience characteristics of adolescents who smoke are insignificant. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the differences in brain activity changes according to the types of anti-smoking education content for smoking adolescents. To this end, educational content types on smoking health warning and tobacco industry denormalization (TID) strategy were developed as tasks, and brain activity was measured and analyzed with fNIRS in 18 smoking adolescents. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that overall brain activity including the OFC and DLPFC areas was commonly decreased in the process of watching the smoking health warning educational video and the TID strategy training video. This is related to decreased activity of OFC and DLPFC domains, which are related to the induction of nicotine cravings in smoking adolescents. In addition, in the process of watching the smoking health warning education video and the TID strategy education video, as the comparison result of brain activity control by subtraction after t-verification, the TID strategy educational video showed less decrease in activity in the DLPFC area, that is, a relatively increased activity compared to the smoking health warning education image. The TID strategy educational video suppresses smoking behavior and promotes smoking cessation behavior compared to the health warning education video, because the DLPFC area, which is responsible for cognitive regulation and executive control of nicotine craving, effectively performed cognitive regulation on nicotine craving. This study can provide information on actual brain changes and differences depending on the types of anti-smoking education for smoking adolescents.

흡연 청소년의 흡연 빈도와 자살 시도에 영향을 미치는 요인

강대훈(Dae Hun Kang),김준원(Jun Won Kim),이종훈(Jong Hun Lee),윤서영(Seo Young Yoon),최태영(Tae Young Choi) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2018 생물치료정신의학 Vol.24 No.3

Objectives:Among adolescents, the proportion of daily smoking tends to increase with age, and does not return to the previous level. Therefore, we examined the factors associated with smoking frequency in a nationwide sample of Korean adolescents to help prevent the progression of smoking. Methods:Among 127,804 adolescents who participated in the 2016 and 2017 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, data from 7,781 adolescents who replied that they currently smoked were analyzed. According to the frequency of cigarette smoking, participants were classified into daily and non-daily smokers. Participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, smoking behavior, and psychological problems including perceived stress, depressive mood, and suicidality were assessed. Results:There were 3,627(47.4%) daily smokers and 4,154(52.6%) non-daily smokers. Low parental educational level, and early smoking experience were positively associated with daily smoking. High academic achievement, and high socio-economic status were negatively associated with daily smoking. Daily smoking was positively associated with lower happiness, lower sleep satisfaction, and severe stress during the past 12 months. Factors affecting suicide attempts of smokers were sex, residential type, socioeconomic status, and early smoking experience. Conclusion:The results indicated that socially disadvantaged families, and smoking experience with young age influenced daily smoking among Korean adolescents. Daily smoking was associated with psychological problems including lower happiness, lower sleep satisfaction, and severe stress. Early smoking experience influenced suicidal attempts among Korean adolescent smokers. Early intervention for smoking cessation in this high-risk group may contribute to prevention of these psychiatric complications of smoking.

Peer and Parental Influences on Adolescent Smoking

Lee Eunyoung,Tak Youngran Korean Society of Nursing Science 2005 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol.35 No.4

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peer and parental factors and smoking behavior of adolescents in urban cities and to investigate whether there are gender differences. Methods. A stratified and random cluster sampling design was used to obtain a cross-sectional sample of high school students in two urban cities. The sample consisted of 512 Korean adolescents (256 boys and 256 girls) aged 15 to 18 (mean age 16.7$\pm$.58). Self-reported questionnaire consisted of adolescent smoking behavior, peer smoking and alcohol use, parental smoking and alcohol use, father-mother-peer relationships and perceived social support from peers and parents. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the hypothesized model. Results. The findings showed that peer and parental factors accounted for $30.3\%$ of the variance in adolescent smoking and peer smoking was most strongly associated with adolescent smoking behavior (OR = 10.18). In addition, peer smoking (OR = 4.71), peer alcohol use (OR = 4.21), and peer relationships (OR = 1.03) were significantly associated with boys' smoking behavior. In girls, peer smoking (OR = 26.50) and parent smoking (OR = 5.48) were significantly associated with smoking behavior. Conclusions. Consistent with previous findings, peer smoking is a significant factor on adolescent smoking. Specifically, boys would be more influenced from peers than girls. Therefore, smoking prevention programs for adolescents might be focused on the social context such as, resisting to peer pressure and enhancing the self-efficacy to control.

Adolescent Smoking Behaviors and the Related Risk Factors in Korea: A Descriptive Literature Review

Moon In-Ok Korean Society for Health Education and Promotion 2004 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.21 No.4

This study conducted descriptive literature review on adolescent smoking and the related factors to realize significance of adolescent smoking onset in Korea and to identify risk factors of smoking incidence. Korean adolescent smoking status was generated based on the cumulated data of the Korean Association of Smoking and Health. Risk factors of adolescent smoking were identified based on 18 studies written in English, with cross-sectional research design and published as a peer-reviewed journal article between 1994 and 2003. The results were as follows. 1. Korean adolescent smoking rate was the highest among OECD affiliated countries; in particular, male adolescent smoking incidence was very serious. 2. Risk factors related to smoking of adolescent population were personal factor, friend factor, family factor, and mass-media factor. Demographic characteristics, attitudes on smoking, and willingness of smoking, and health behaviors were selected as personal factor of smoking. 3. Best friends smoking was a strong factor of students' smoking set. Prevalent popularity of smoking in peer-group allowed students to feel free to smoking. 4. Concerning family factor related to smoking status, parents' smoking and sibling's smoking were significant indicators of adolescent smoking status. 5. Seeing smoking behaviors and scenes through films, TV shows, drama, and advertisement was a significant risk factor of adolescent smoking status.

Adolescent Smoking Behaviors and the Related Risk Factors in Korea

In-Ok Moon 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2004 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.21 No.4

This study conducted descriptive literature review on adolescent smoking and the related factors to realize significance of adolescent smoking onset in Korea and to identify risk factors of smoking incidence. Korean adolescent smoking status was generated based on the cumulated data of the Korean Association of Smoking and Health. Risk factors of adolescent smoking were identified based on 18 studies written in English, with cross-sectional research design and published as a peer-reviewed journal article between 1994 and 2003. The results were as follows. 1. Korean adolescent smoking rate was the highest among OECD affiliated countries; in particular, male adolescent smoking incidence was very serious. 2. Risk factors related to smoking of adolescent population were personal factor, friend factor, family factor, and mass-media factor. Demographic characteristics, attitudes on smoking, and willingness of smoking, and health behaviors were selected as personal factor of smoking. 3. Best friend's smoking was a strong factor of students' smoking set. Prevalent popularity of smoking in peer-group allowed students to feel free to smoking. 4. Concerning family factor related to smoking status, parents' smoking and sibling's smoking were significant indicators of adolescent smoking status. 5. Seeing smoking behaviors and scenes through films, TV shows, drama, and advertisement was a significant risk factor of adolescent smoking status.

제 5~7기(2010-2016) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용한 한국 청소년의 흡연 실태와 관련요인 연구

정은주 ( Eun-ju Jung ),송애희 ( Ae-hee Song ),윤혜정 ( Hye-jeong Youn ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2018 한국치위생학회지 Vol.18 No.5

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status and related factors among adolescents in Korea. Methods: We used data from the 5-7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The distribution of smokers and smoking status according to general characteristics was analyzed using complex chi-square tests. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between smoking experience and general characteristics by calculating the 95% confidence intervals. Results: There were 618 subjects who had experience smoking one or two puffs, the starting age of one or two puffs on smoking was 14.37 years old, the number of smoking days per month was 12.42 days, and the amount of smoking per day in a month was 7.59. Gender, residential area, income level, drinking experience, subjective health status, perceived stress level, continuous depression for more than 2 weeks, suicidal thoughts within a year, and age were significantly related to smoking experience. Conclusions: It is necessary to understand the smoking behavior of adolescents. It is important to lower the smoking rate among adolescents through the development and operation of systematic smoking prevention and smoking cessation policies at the national level, as well as the efforts of youth themselves to quit smoking.

Systematic Review of Smoking Initiation among Asian Adolescents, 2005-2015: Utilizing the Frameworks of Triadic Influence and Planned Behavior

Talip, Tajidah,Murang, Zaidah,Kifli, Nurolaini,Naing, Lin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.7

Background: A recent WHO data report on mortality attributable to tobacco use including cigarette smoking indicated a very high burden of deaths in Asia and that people often initiate smoking as early as young adolescents. The objectives of this study were to systematically review peer-reviewed articles on cigarette smoking initiation among Asian adolescents and to develop a conceptual model of factors influencing smoking initiation by integrating all relevant factors based on existing data. Materials and Methods: Following a PRISMA guideline, a systematic review of articles published between 2005 and June 2015 was conducted using 5 databases on cigarette smoking initiation among adolescents (aged 10-19 years) living in Asia. We summarized the main findings of each study according to our research questions and data that emerged during the data extraction process. Analysis and categorization were based on the TTI and TPB models and classification of factors extracted from the study, were as follows: personal factors, social factors, broader environmental factors, mediators, and intention to initiate smoking and smoking behavior. Results: Of 1,227 identified studies, only 20 were included in this review. Our findings found that the mean age of cigarette smoking initiation ranged from 10 to 14 years and those who are more likely to initiate smoking are male, older adolescents, adolescents with low parental SES, individuals with low parental monitoring, low parental education level and having no discussion on smoking at home, those living in public housing and those exhibiting health-risk behavior. Our study also revealed that the risk of smoking initiation increased when they are exposed to smokers, influenced by peers, exposed to tobacco advertisements, receive pocket money, have lack of knowledge about smoking, have poor school performance, have a family conflict and have psychological problems. The conceptual model developed demonstrated complex networks of factors influencing initiation. Conclusions: This systematic review presents various factors influencing smoking initiation of the Asian adolescents and provides a conceptual framework to further analyze factors. Future studies should have a standard measure of smoking initiation, should analyze interactions and the intensity of relationships between different factors or variables in the conceptual model. This will in turn consolidate the understanding of the different factors affecting smoking initiation and will help to improve interventions in this area.

Failure of at-risk adolescents to quit smoking according to their organization: Focusing in adolescents on probation

손소망,이강숙 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2023 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: This study tried to find out the failure of adolescents in crisis to quit smoking according to the type of institution. Method: Data were collected for the period from January 2018 to December 2020. Among 1,437 teenagers in crisis in Seoul, the adolescents were selected from each of the following five groups 223 students from regular schools, 470 from school institutions pursuant to the lifelong education, 217 from alternative/vocational schools, 211 from single mother support organizations/child-care institutions/youth support institutions, and 316 from probation agencies. The data of adolescents from institutions under the Ministry of Law were analyzed adolescents in process of the probation order after excluding those who did not smoke. After providing written consent on the provision of information, the following details of participants were captured: age, gender, alcohol consumption, workout routines, carbon monoxide concentration in exhaled breath, average daily amount of smoking, total number of years smoking, and duration of trying to quit smoking. Failure rates of smoking cessation were compared by the period criteria of 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Results: As a result of this study, there were significant differences in carbon monoxide concentration, average smoking, and total smoking period, and 4 weeks (OR=4.86, 95% CI=3.02-7.82), 6 weeks (OR=4.74, 95% CI=2.87-7.84) and 12 weeks (OR=6.28, 95% CI=3.12-12.65) failed. Conclusion: The effect of smoking intervention may vary depending on the type of institution. Therefore, adolescents subject to probation with a relatively high failure rate to quit smoking need to introduce school environment-based smoking cessation education and visiting smoking cessation support services.

Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents aged 13-15 in Viet Nam and Correlates of Current Cigarette Smoking: Results from GYTS 2014 Data

Le, Thi Huong,Nga, Thi Thu Vu,Nguyen, Ngoc Dung,Le, Thi Thanh Xuan,Kim, Bao Giang,Phan, Thi Hai,Doan, Thu Huyen,Luong, Ngoc Khue,Nguyen, Tuan Lam,Hoang, Van Minh,Pham, Thi Quynh Nga Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup1

The aim of this paper is to report the rate of current and ever cigarette smoking and explore correlates of current cigarette smoking among adolescents aged 13-15 in Viet Nam. This analysis was derived from GYTS survey, which comprised of 3,430 adolescents aged 13-15, conducted in 2014 in 13 cities and provinces of Viet Nam. We calculated the weighted rates of current and ever cigarette smoking and reported patterns of smoking behavior. We also performed logistic regression to explore correlates of current cigarette smoking behavior. The weighted rate of ever cigarette smoking was 9.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.5 %-10.5%), in which the weighted rate among males (15.4%; 95% CI: 13.6%-17.0%) was higher than that among females (4.2%; 95% CI: 3.3%-5.1%). The weighted rate of current cigarette smoking was relatively low at 2.5% (95%CI: 2.0%-3.0%) with higher weighted rate among males (4.9%; 95% CI: 3.8%-5.9%) compared to the corresponding figure among females (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.0 %-0.5%). Current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among males than females, in students aged 15 versus 13 years old, and in students who had several or all close friends smoking and students with daily observation of smoking at school. For greater smoking reduction outcomes, we recommend that tobacco interventions for adolescents should consider targeting more male students at older ages, establish stricter adherence to school-based banning of cigarette smoking, engage both smoking and nonsmoking adolescents and empower adolescents to resist peer smoking influence as well as changing their norms or beliefs towards smoking benefits.

일반가정 청소년과 시설 청소년의 스트레스가 흡연에 미치는 영향에 관한 비교연구 - 대구광역시 청소년을 중심으로 -

서보준,김우호 미래를 여는 청소년학회 2015 미래청소년학회지 Vol.12 No.2

This study aims to compare two groups to see if stress has an impact on smoking in normal family adolescents vs. institutionalized adolescents. To this end, it conducts a survey of 109 normal family adolescents and 112 institutionalized adolescents in Daegu and the collected data are analyzed using SPSS (18.0) statistical analysis program with frequency analysis, independent sample t, bivariate analysis, multiple regression analysis, and z test. As a result, first, stress difference analysis suggests that institutionalized adolescents suffer from higher stress than normal family adolescents in general. Second, normal family adolescents suffer from their own stress, school life stress, and family life stress other than peer relation stress, which have an impact on smoking. Third, institutionalized adolescents suffer from peer relation stress, family life stress, and school life stress other than their own stress, which have an impact on smoking. Fourth, to look at the difference in the impact of stress on smoking in normal family adolescents vs. institutionalized adolescents, institutionalized adolescents are at the higher level of stress than normal family adolescents enough to have an impact on smoking. This suggests that higher stress leads to more smoking. 본 연구는 일반가정 청소년과 시설 청소년의 스트레스가 흡연에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 두 집단 간 비교하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대구광역시에 소재한 일반가정 청소년 109명과 시설 청소년 112명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS(18.0) 통계 분석 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석, 독립표본 t, 이변량 분석, 중다회귀분석, z 검정을 적용하여 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스트레스 차이분석에서는 시설 청소년들이 일반가정 청소년들보다 전체적으로 높은 스트레스를 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 일반가정 청소년들은 교우관계 스트레스를 제외한 자기 자신 스트레스, 학교생활 스트레스, 가정생활 스트레스가 흡연에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 시설 청소년들은 자기 자신 스트레스를 제외한 교우관계 스트레스, 가정생활 스트레스, 학교생활 스트레스가 흡연에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 일반가정 청소년과 시설 청소년들의 스트레스가 흡연에 미치는 영향에 대한 차이는 시설 청소년들이 일반가정 청소년들보다 전체적으로 높은 스트레스 수준으로 흡연에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 스트레스가 높을수록 흡연을 경험한다는 것을 의미한다.