Expression of Heat Shock Proteins and Cytokines in Response to Ethanol Induced Damage in the Small Intestine of ICR Mice

( Sung Won Lee ),( Dong Wook Choi ),( Sung Chul Park ),( Hee Jung Kim ),( Yang Hoon Nam ),( Dae Hee Choi ),( Chang Don Kang ),( Sung Joon Lee ),( Wan Joo Chun ),( Young Joon Ryu ) 대한장연구학회 2014 Intestinal Research Vol.12 No.3

Background/Aims: Ethanol administration causes intestinal epithelial cell damage by increasing intestinal permeability and the translocation of endotoxins from intestinal bacterial flora. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated with recovery and protection from cell damage. The aim of the current study was to investigate differences in the expression of HSPs in the small intestine and the biochemical changes attributable to ethanol-induced intestinal damage. Methods: Ethanol (20%) was injected intraperitoneally (2.75 g/kg, 5.5 g/kg, 8.25 g/kg) in ICR mice and the same volume of saline was administered to controls. After 1 hour, the proximal, middle, and distal segments were taken from the small intestine and the degree of damage was analyzed. In each segment, the expression of HSPs was analyzed by western blotting. The expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and antioxidant enzyme such as glutathione-S-transferase were compared using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: In the control group, HSP70 increased in all segments of small intestine. Additionally, increases in the expression of HSP40 and HSP90 in the distal regions and an increase in HSP32 in the middle regions were observed. After ethanol treatment, greater histological damage was observed in the distal small intestine and significant decreases in HSPs were observed generally. Increased expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2 was observed in small intestinal tissues exposed to ethanol-induced damage. However, there was no significant difference in the expression of an antioxidant enzyme. Conclusions: Significant differences in the expression of HSPs in different intestinal regions were observed. These differences may have been attributable to the distribution of intestinal bacteria. (Intest Res 2014;12:205-213)

A Clinical Analysis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in Small Intestine: Comparison of Bleeding and Non-bleeding Group

( Sang Jin Lee ),( Jong Kyu Park ),( Hyun Il Seo ),( Koon Hee Han ),( Young Don Kim ),( Woo Jin Jeong ),( Gab Jin Cheon ),( Jae Seok Song ) 대한장연구학회 2013 Intestinal Research Vol.11 No.2

Background/Aims: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in the small intestine are rare and can cause bleeding. The study investigated the clinical characteristics of GIST in the small intestine and to determine the factors related to gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcomes of 22 patients with small bowel GIST who were pathologically diagnosed at Gangneung Asan Hospital between March 1997 and August 2012. Results: The median age was 63.5 (38-82) years. Nine patients (40.9%) had gastrointestinal bleeding, five patients (22.7%) had abdominal pain, two patients (9%) had palpable mass. The site of tumor was the duodenum in nine cases (40.9%), jejunum in 7 cases (31.8%), and ileum in six cases (27.3%). Most patients underwent small bowel resection or wedge resection but three patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Tumor size ranged from 1.6 to 19 cm (median 6.5 cm). The median mitotic rate was 2 (0-50)/50 high power fields (HPF). The median mitotic rate was 2 (0-50)/50 HPF. Five patients (25%) showed recurrence. Gender, aspirin or warfarin use, size and mitotic index of tumor, hospital stay, recurrence and survival were not significantly different between bleeding and non-bleeding group. Bleeding group showed older age, proximal location in small intestine and mucosal ulceration significantly. Conclusions: Small bowel GISTs with bleeding were marked by older age, mucosal ulceration and location of proximal small bowel (duodenum and jejunum) rather than distal small bowel (ileum). (Intest Res 2013;11:113-119)

Modeling the contractile characteristics of smooth muscle from the porcine small intestine

김현희,서정준,이영호,이택영,홍정화 한국통합생물학회 2015 Animal cells and systems Vol.19 No.4

Defining the physiological condition of smooth muscle in more detail is the key to understanding the disease mechanism of smooth muscle defective diseases and the development of novel medical devices to help patients with these diseases. Although previous studies have detailed the physiological condition of smooth muscle contraction in gastrointestinal tracts, the precise characteristics of muscle contraction before or after stimulation have yet to be determined due to a lack of accuracy or inconsistency. Here, we obtain the passive characteristic parameters of smooth muscle and the active characteristic parameters of smooth muscle contraction from the porcine small intestine. To obtain the passive characteristic parameters of smooth muscle, we measured tensile strength in the porcine small intestine. The maximum repulsive force, 0.702 N, was measured in tensile tests. To estimate the active characteristic parameters of smooth muscle, we stimulated with acetylcholine and measured the isometric and isotonic contractions in the porcine small intestine. The maximum myotility, 12.35 mN, was obtained in isometric experiments, and the maximum velocity of muscular contraction, 0.4476 mm/min, was obtained in isotonic experiments. By applying the data acquired through experiments to the modified Hill-type muscle model, the active and passive characteristics of the porcine small intestine were schematized. Our model of smooth muscle from the porcine small intestine may be helpful for developing novel medical devices and understanding the physiology of smooth muscle in the porcine small intestine.

Resource conservation using whole body autophagy: Self-digestion of shedded gut lining cells in the small intestine

Lee, Phil Jun,Cho, Namki,Yoo, Hee Min,Chang, Sun-Young,Ko, Hyun-Jeong,Kim, Hong Pyo Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2020 한국식품과학회지 Vol.52 No.3

To retain valuable resources, organisms adopt several strategies including coprophagy. Cells covering the outer skin and internal digestive lumen are actively recycled to maintain their integrity. In present study, we suggested that the small intestine can consume dead cells in a manner similar to how it consumes protein from the diet. We examined the eluates from five segments of the mouse small intestine and cecum and 2 segments of the large intestine and small intestine tissue, and detected immunoreactivity with eukaryotic caveolin-1 and β-actin antibodies only in the cecum and 2 segments from the large intestine. Bacterial agitation of the mouse intestine with Shigella disrupted the architecture and absorptive function of the small intestine. Small intestine eluates were immunoreactive with murine caveolin-1 and contained heme as determined by dot blot analysis. We concluded that the body conserves resources in the small intestine by disposing of and recycling shedded cells.

Oral consumption of cinnamon enhances the expression of immunity and lipid absorption genes in the small intestinal epithelium and alters the gut microbiota in normal mice

Kim, Jong-In,Lee, Ju-Hoon,Song, Youngju,Kim, You-Tae,Lee, Youn-Hyung,Kang, Hee Elsevier 2018 Journal of Functional Foods Vol.49 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Because cinnamon is orally ingested, its biological activity is likely to influence the small intestinal epithelium and the microbiota along the intestinal tract. We investigated small intestinal epithelial gene expression associated with immunity and lipid metabolism and measured IgA level in the small intestines and sera of mice fed cinnamon. We also analyzed microbial changes in the small and large intestines and feces using pyrosequencing of the 16 s rRNA gene. Cinnamon increased the gene expression of <I>Muc2</I>, <I>RegIIIγ</I>, and <I>Pigr</I>, which are necessary for defense against gut bacteria. It also increased the gene expression of <I>GATA4</I> and <I>Slc27a2</I>, which are implicated in lipid absorption. Cinnamon increased luminal IgA level but not serum IgA and decreased the class <I>Gammaproteobacteria</I> (classified within the phylum <I>Proteobacteria</I>), particularly the genus <I>Pseudomonas,</I> in the large intestine. Cinnamon thus affected immunity and lipid absorption in the small intestinal epithelium and microbial composition in the intestines.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cinnamon increases the expression of immunity and metabolism genes in the small intestinal epithelium. </LI> <LI> Cinnamon increases luminal IgA levels in the small intestine. </LI> <LI> Cinnamon decreases the presence of the phylum <I>Proteobacteria</I> in the large intestine. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Resource conservation using whole body autophagy: Self-digestion of shedded gut lining cells in the small intestine

Phil Jun Lee,Namki Cho,Hee Min Yoo,Sun-Young Chang,고현정,Hong Pyo Kim 한국식품과학회 2020 한국식품과학회지 Vol.52 No.3

To retain valuable resources, organisms adopt several strategies including coprophagy. Cells covering the outer skin and internal digestive lumen are actively recycled to maintain their integrity. In present study, we suggested that the small intestine can consume dead cells in a manner similar to how it consumes protein from the diet. We examined the eluates from five segments of the mouse small intestine and cecum and 2 segments of the large intestine and small intestine tissue, and detected immunoreactivity with eukaryotic caveolin-1 and β-actin antibodies only in the cecum and 2 segments from the large intestine. Bacterial agitation of the mouse intestine with Shigella disrupted the architecture and absorptive function of the small intestine. Small intestine eluates were immunoreactive with murine caveolin-1 and contained heme as determined by dot blot analysis. We concluded that the body conserves resources in the small intestine by disposing of and recycling shedded cells.

Resistant starch (RS), a novel endogenous inert marker for detecting glucose absorption of small intestine with sweeteners administration in mice

Wu Yaran,Cai Lei,Xie Xingzi,Yang Shuying,Shi Qing,Jia Hongzhe,Gu Xuqiang,Deng Jingmin,Shi Mingzhao,Chen Qiuping,Cao Shaoqian,Cai Shuangfeng 한국응용생명화학회 2022 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.65 No.2

Resistant starch could be degraded by the fermentation of colonic microorganisms in the large intestine of mammals, but not in the small intestine. In this study, we established a novel strategy by using resistant starch as an endogenous marker to determine the glucose absorption of the small intestine of laboratory animals. By optimization of the classical enzymatic method of starch measurement, the demand for the sample weight was reduced by 90%. Moreover, the amount of resistant starch in normal feed was detectable without any extra addition. The value of small intestine glucose absorption of mice was similar when using resistant starch and titanium dioxide as inert markers. The fermentation of resistant starch by intestinal microorganisms in the small intestine was demonstrated not disturbing the detection of glucose absorption significantly. Artificial sweeteners exposed ICR mice showed different glucose absorption which indicated, first, resistant starch can be used as a novel endogenous marker in the small intestine of small animals; second, although glucose tolerance did not change in mice after short-term exposure to artificial sweeteners, there were significant changes in glucose absorption associated with it; third, the short-term exposure resulted in no significant change in glucose tolerance.

흰쥐 작은창자에서 Carbonic Anhydrase 동위효소의 분포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

전병조(Byeong Jo Chun),나진희(Jin Hee Na),남광일(Kwang Il Nam),이승원(Seung Won Lee),안규윤(Kyu Youn Ahn),배춘상(Choon Sang Bae),박성식(Sung Sik Park) 대한해부학회 2006 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.39 No.1

흰쥐 작은창자에서 부위에 따른 carbonic anhydrase (CA)의 발현 양상을 관찰하고자 샘창자 시작부, 빈창자 시작부, 빈창자-돌창자 경계부, 돌창자 끝부를 대상으로 CAI, CAII, CAIV, CAIX 동위효소에 대한 항체를 사용하여 면역조직화학 염색을 시행하였고, 이들 조직에서 각각의 CA 동위효소 단백 발현을 Western blotting 분석을 시행하여 확인하였다. Western blotting 분석에서 CAI은 빈창자-돌창자 경계부를 제외한 모든 부위에서 강한 발현을 보였고, CAII는 샘창자에서 가장 강한 발현을 보였다. CAIV와 CAIX는 전반적으로 약한 발현을 보였으며, CAIV의 경우는 돌창자 끝부분에서 가장 강한 발현을 보였고 CAIX은 샘창자에서 가장 강하게 발현되었다. 면역조직화학 반응에서 CAI은 혈관을 제외하고는 작은창자 전체에서 음성이었다. CAII는 일반적으로 융모상피의 핵상부 세포질에서 양성이었고 창자샘에서는 음성이었으며 샘창자에서 제일 강하게 염색되고 나머지 부위에서는 약하게 염색되었다. CAIV는 빈창자 끝 부분에서는 강한 반응을 보였으나 나머지 부위는 약한 반응을 보였다. 반응 부위는 주로 융모상피세포의 내강쪽 세포막이었다. CAIX은 작은창자 각 부위에서 융모상피세포 및 창자샘에서 모두 양성 반응을 보였으며 샘창자 점막밑샘세포에서도 강한 양성 반응을 보였다. 반응 부위는 핵상부 세포질이었다. 이상의 관찰로 작은창자 융모상피는 주로 CAII, IV, IX가, 창자샘과 샘창자 점막밑샘세포는 CAIX가 강하게 발현됨을 알 수 있었으며 CAIX는 작은창자 모든 부위에서 산-염기 균형 조절에 관여할 것임을 시사하였다. Carbonic anhydrase catalizes the reversible hydration of carbonic dioxide and participate in various biological processes. There are several isozymes and differ in their kinetic properties, tissue distribution and subcellular localization. The expression of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in digestive tract vary according to animal species and region of the tract. The distribution of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes I, II, IV and IX was investigated in various portions of the rat small intestine using Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Western blotting analysis of rat small intestine revealed that CAI was found to be abundantly expressed throughout the small intestine. Expression of CAII in duodenum was much higher than that in jejunum and ileum. Expression of CAIV and IX was found to be weak throughout the small intestine. Immunohistochemical reaction revealed no staining of CAI in all parts of small intestine except blood vessels. CAII was detected at the supranuclear cytoplasm of surface epithelium, but not in intestinal gland. Staining intensity was most strong in the proximal duodenum. CAIV was detected at the apical surface of epithelial cells of villi, and showed most strong staining intensity in the terminal ileum. CAIX was detected at the surfcae epithelium, cells of intestinal gland and Brunner’s gland, and the positive reaction was confined to the supranuclear cytoplasm. CAIX differed from CAII in tissue distribution, but subcellular localization of CAIX and II were the same. These results indicate that the surface epithelium of small intestine express CAII, IV and IX, intestinal gland and Brunner’s gland express CAIX, and suggest that CAIX may somewhat contribute the control of acid-base balance in the small intestine.

Clinical Course of Small Subepithelial Tumors of the Small Bowel Detected on CT

Seohyun Kim,Seung Joon Choi,Su Joa Ahn,So Hyun Park,Young Sup Shim,Jeong Ho Kim 대한영상의학회 2022 대한영상의학회지 Vol.83 No.3

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the natural growth of subepithelial tumors of the small bowel detected on CT. Materials and Methods Consecutive patients who were suspected of having subepithelial tumors of the small bowel between January 2005 and December 2020 were reviewed. Eligible patients with suspected small (< 30 mm) subepithelial tumors on at least two CT evaluations were included in the analysis. The patients’ data on demographic characteristics, tumoral characteristics, and tumoral size changes during the follow-up were collected. Results This study included 64 patients with suspected small subepithelial tumors (n = 64) of the small bowel. After a median follow-up of 15.8 months, the diameter and volume growth rates were 0.02 mm/month and 1.5 mm3/month, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the initial size and the growth rate of the small bowel subepithelial tumors. The group of large-sized tumors (initial diameter ≥ 10 mm) tended to show lobulated contours, heterogeneous enhancement, and necrotic changes more frequently than the group of small-sized tumors (initial diameter < 10 mm). Conclusion Small bowel subepithelial tumors measuring less than 10 mm grew more slowly than those measuring 10–30 mm.

The Relationship between Small-Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

( Jung Ho Park ),( Dong Il Park ),( Hong Joo Kim ),( Yong Kyun Cho ),( Chong Il Sohn ),( Woo Kyu Jeon ),( Byung Ik Kim ),( Kyoung Hee Won ),( Soon Min Park ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2009 Gut and Liver Vol.3 No.3

Background/Aims: Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a frequent finding in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Many patients with IBS also have abnormal intestinal permeability, which is probably due to low-grade inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Our aim was to verify the relationship between SIBO and small-intestinal permeability in IBS patients. Methods: A cohort of 38 IBS patients (20 women and 18 men; age range 16-70 years; mean age 40.2 years) with symptoms that fulfilled Rome-II criteria, and 12 healthy controls (5 women and 7 men; age range 25-52 years; mean age: 37.8 years) were recruited. All subjects underwent lactulose breath tests (LBTs) and intestinal permeability tests using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350/400 retrieval ratio. Results: A positive LBT was found in 18.4% (7/38) of patients with IBS and 8.3% (1/12) of control subjects. Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in patients with IBS compared with the normal controls (0.82±0.09 vs 0.41±0.05 [mean±SD], respectively; p<0.05). However, the intestinal permeability did not differ significantly between IBS patients with a positive LBT and those with a negative LBT (0.90±0.13 and 0.80±0.11, respectively; p>0.05). Conclusions: Intestinal permeability was increased in patients with IBS, but this finding did not correlated with the occurrence of SIBO. (Gut and Liver 2009; 3:174-179)