Nutritional Evaluation of Distillery Sludge and Its Effect as a Substitute of Canola Meal on Performance of Broiler Chickens

Sharif, M.,Shahzad, M.A.,Rehman, S.,Khan, S.,Ali, R.,Khan, M.L.,Khan, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.3

The study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of distillery yeast sludge and its inclusion in broiler diets to replace canola meal. Raw distillery yeast sludge was washed with water using water and sludge in the ratio 6:1, respectively. Proximate analysis of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge was carried out for crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ether extract (EE), ash, acid insoluble ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) determination. Mineral contents and amino acid profile of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge were also determined. After chemical evaluation, four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous broiler starter and finisher diets were prepared in mash form using 0 (control), 4, 8 and 12% levels of washed distillery sludge replacing canola meal. One hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 12 experimental units in such a way that each diet was offered to three experimental units, each comprising of 10 chicks. It was observed that washing affected the nutrients either by decreasing or increasing their concentration. It decreased the total mineral contents whereas CP, TP, EE and NFE contents increased. Washing also increased amino acid profile. Average feed intake and weight gain were higher in birds fed diet containing 8% washed distillery sludge and lower in birds fed diet containing 0% washed distillery sludge. Feed cost per kg live weight gain decreased significantly as the level of washed distillery sludge was increased in the diet. Average heart, liver and pancreas weights decreased with increased level of washed distillery sludge in the diet. The study revealed that after washing, distillery yeast sludge can be used successfully in broiler diets up to the level of 8% without any adverse effect on broiler's performance.

유온감압증발을 이용한 농축슬러지와 소화슬러지의 건조 특성 비교

김석환,임병란,이수구 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.30 No.5

The drying and fuel technologies for sewage sludge have been developed due to the prohibition of ocean dumping and new renewable portfolio standard. This study was performed to enhance the quality of sludge derived fuel and compare drying characteristics for thickened and digested sewage sludge at different temperature, pressure and mixing oil conditions in oil vacuum evaporation system. In addition to investigate calorific value and characteristic analysis of dried sludge. The thickened and digested sludge used in this study were taken from municipal sewage treatment plant and coagulated using polymer (C-310P) in laboratory. The drying rate was increased with temperature and degree of vacuum and it was 25 mL/kg-sludge·min at 110oC and -450 mmHg. The moisture content of dried sludge products showed very low within 1% in the range of 0.4 ~ 0.8%. The evaporation rate of thickened sludge was lower than digested sludge and the constant evaporation period was also shorter. Compared the effect of waste cooking oil and refined waste petroleum oil on drying efficiency, the waste cooking oil showed more effective than refined oil in evaporation rate and drying time. The carbon and hydrogen contents of dried sludge with refined oil were higher than waste cooking oil. The low heating value of thickened dried sludge was higher than digested dried sludge about 400 kcal/kg and both of dried sludge showed high calorific value more than 4,000 kcal/kg.

난지도 하수슬러지 매립지의 슬러지 성상분석

남궁완(Wan Namkoong),황선숙(Seon Suk Hwang),김철수(Chul Soo Kim),윤범한(Bum Han Yeun),류범수(Bum Su Ryu) 유기성자원학회 1996 유기물자원화 Vol.4 No.2

난지도 하수슬러지 매렵지 내 슬러지의 적정 처리방안을 검토하기 위한 기초조사로서 슬러지의 매립량 빛성상을 조사하였다. 보링시험을 통하여 매렵지의 깊이를 측정하였고 슬러지성상분석을 위한 시료를 채취하였다. 주요 분석내용은 슬러지의 화학적 특성, 중금속함량 그리고 용출시험이었다. 조사결과 슬러지 매립지는 펑균 15m 깊이에 약 5만 평방미터 넓이로 총 매렵량은 60만톤 정도로 추정되었다. 슬러지의 성상을 분석한 결과 일반적인 하수슬러지에 비하여 상당히 안정화된 슬러지임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중금속 함량 시험에서 구리를 제외한 모든 항목에서 미국 캘리포니아주의 일반폐기물기준을 만족하였으며, 외국의 퇴비내 중금속허용기준치와 비교한 결과 대부분 기준치 이내 이었다. 슬러지의 용출시험결과 난지도 하수슬러지매렵장의 슬러지는 일반폐기물로 분류되었다. This study was carried out to estimate the amount and the characteristics of sewage sludge dîsposed of in the Nanjido sludge landfill sîte. Borîng test was conducted to estimated the landfîll volume and to get sludge samples to be analyzed. Total analysis and leaching test were performed to find the characteristics of sewage sludge. The Nanjido sludge landfill site had the surface area of 50,000 m2 and the average depth of 15 m. The estimated sludge volume was 600 ,000 ton. Sewage sludge in Nanjido sludge landfill site was very stable. Results of total analysis of heavy metals indicated that the sludge could be classified as a non - hazardous waste according to the California state regulation. The sludge also could be used as compost based on compost quality criteria of foreign countries. Results of Korea Extraction Procedure showed that sewage sludge in Nanjido sludge landfill site was not a hazardous waste.

The Characteristics of Solidified Sludge According to the Distribution of Ferro Frit Powder in Sludge

Ki Joon Kang,Sia Hwang,Hee Reyoung Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2

In nuclear power plant, there were many contaminated tanks dispose of radioactive fluid waste. These tanks are made of stainless-steel, and corrosion can occur when tanks are exposed to radioactive fluid waste containing moisture for a long time. Therefore, those sludge waste including radionuclide should be collected, solidified, and disposed of. If sludge can be melted, sludge can be easily solidified. However, melting points of sludge components (Fe2O3, NiO, Cr2O3) are very high as 1565, 1955, and 2435 , respectively. Therefore, melting sludge is difficult. If a solidification auxiliary material such as cement or asphalt is used to help solidify, solidification can easily occur, but cement and asphalt are vulnerable to heat. Vitrification using glass material can be solidification method, but the waste loading ratio of glass material is higher than 50%. High waste loading ratio is weakness in terms of volume reduction of waste. In this study, ferro frit powder (Na2O, K2O, CaO, Al2O3, B2O3, SiO2, ZnO) is used as solidification auxiliary material. When ferro frit powder mixed with sludge material are melted in sludge material, melted ferro frit powder can stick sludge material and can solidify sludge material without melting. Sludge can be solidified by using ferro frit powder with a smaller waste loading ratio than the vitrification method. However, since the waste loading ratio of the solidification auxiliary material is small, if ferro frit powder is not uniformly distributed between sludge powder, solidification may not be performed properly. Although the mixing ratio between sludge and ferro frit in solidified sludge is same, when the distribution of ferro frit powder in sludge is non-homogeneous, the difference in chemical and physical characteristics as compressive strength and leaching resistance can be observed in solidified sludge. As the ferro frit mixing ratio in the site where ferro frit exists was relatively high, the melting point of the mixed powder (sludge+ferro frit) decreased, and the mixed powder could not maintain its shape and melted. In the case of the area where ferro frit does not exist, since only the stainless-steel oxide sludge exists, sludge was not melted, and the shape was maintained. However, it was confirmed that the leaching resistance was lowered by visually observing the color change of the leachate within a short period of time (about 2 hours) when solidified sludge was immersed in the leachate.

Removal of Phosphorus in Thickened Sludge and Anaerobic Sludge using T-P Sludge in MWTP

( Seong-eun Park ),( Ho-seok Yoon ),( Sang-hun Lee ),( Jung-in Suh ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Total phosphorus (T-P) of municipal wastewater is removed by flocculation, precipitation and filtration in South Korea, using coagulant such as aluminum sulfate or poly aluminum chloride (PAC). A lot of sludge generated during the removal process of T-P and this sludge contains a large amount of aluminum. In this study, T-P sludge generated from T-P removal process was introduced into thickened sludge and anaerobic to remove T-P in A2/O wastewater treatment plant. Also, an evaluation of the dewaterability of the mixed sludge was conducted. More than 46% of phosphate is removed when the concentration of the phosphate solution is lower than 20mg/L with 10 Ml (0.089g, TS) of P-sludge. During the adsorption process of phosphate, pH is increased. Maximum absorption capacity of phosphorus from the Langmuir isotherm plot was 4.7mg/g-sludge for T-P sludge. The removal rate of phosphate from thickened sludge and anaerobic sludge is the highest at 38% and 54% respectively with 60 mL (0.536g, TS) of T-P sludge. Then, the level of dewaterability variance of the sludge is not significant. These results indicated that the T-P sludge can further be used as a adsorbent material for removal of T-P released from thickened sludge and anaerobic sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Characteristics of sludge hydrolysis by ultrasound and thermal pretreatment at low temperature

김동진,Yoosik Youn 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.9

Ultrasonic treatment and thermal treatment at low temperature were employed together to analyze and compare the effect of temperature on ultrasonic sludge hydrolysis. Waste activated sludge was more susceptible to ultrasound than anaerobic sludge and primary sludge. In ultrasonic treatment of waste activated sludge for 1 hour, △SCOD/(−△VSS) ratio decreased from 2.40 to 0.44, indicating that high COD components were solubilized faster than the low COD components. Ultrasonic treatment increased the temperature significantly and the heat effect on sludge hydrolysis was not negligible. Primary sludge was more susceptible to heat than waste activated sludge. A sequential treatment of heat and ultrasound of primary sludge showed that hydrolysis efficiency was more affected by the ultrasonic power than the temperature and the time duration. In case of waste activated sludge, the overall hydrolysis efficiency increased with the temperature up to 50 ℃, and it remained almost constant at higher temperature. From the results the contribution of shear force by cavitation bubbles decreased at higher temperature. The effects of shear and heat in ultrasonic sludge treatment need to be analyzed separately for the optimum sludge pretreatment.

생슬러지의 초음파 조사에 의한 BNR공정의 탄소원 타당성 연구

황규대 ( Hwang Gyu Dae ),강재순 ( Kang Jae Sun ),장준기 ( Jang Jun Gi ) 한국물환경학회 2003 한국물환경학회지 Vol.19 No.5

In the sonochemical reaction, the solid of sludge can be disintegrated and solubilized by hydromechanical shear force, pyrolysis, and free radical attack during the cavitation. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasonically treated raw sludge as carbon source for biological denitrification and phosphate release. A 530W ultrasonic processor with a frequency of 40kHz was used to sonicated the raw sludge from wastewater plant. To find the optimal SCODcr buildup condition. we examined the effects of solid concentration of sludge, ultrasonic density, irradiation time, aeration, and pH on TSS and SCODcr concentration during the ultrasonic irradiation on raw sludge. Ultrasonic irradiation was applied to raw sludges with different solid contents (1, 3, and 5%.) and different ultrasonic density (0.04, 0.06, and 0.12W/rnl). Ultrasonic irradiation showed a rapid and significant decrease in TSS concentration in raw sludge. The kinetic of the degradation rates of TSS by ultrasonic irradiation was satisfactorily described by a pseudo-first order reaction. The degradation efficiency of solid in raw sludges were over 60%, and ranged from 3.0 to 7.2 ㎎TSS/W . hr. Also the SCODcr yields of 2.1 -3.2 ㎎SCODcr/W·hr in this study were observed and depended strongly on ultrasonic density. With aeration. the sonication on raw sludge further increased SCODcr concentration. However, it is less effective to irradiate ultrasonically the pH-adiusted raw sludge. The optimal operating condition to increase soluble organics was to sonicate the sludge with 5% TSS under the ultrasonic density of 0.12W/ml and showed the yield of 3.2 ㎎SCODcr/W . hr. Also the sonicated sludges with different sonication time(ranging between 0-9hrs) under 0.I2W/ml were fed into the batch reactors as carbon source. Those ones had a strong influence on the denitrification rate and the P-release concentration. The specific denitrification rates of batch reactors varied within a range from 0.46 to 1.97 mgNO₃-N/gVSS·hr, and 1.33-1.85 gSCODCr consumed/gNO₃-N removed was observed. The concentration of phosphate which was released by poly P microbes were in the range of 0-4.75㎎/L. and 0.55-1.22gPO₄-P released /gSCODcr consumed was showed. The economically most competitive sludge as carbon source was one under 3hr sonication time to accomplish the high denitrification rate and the P-release concentration. Therefore, the ultrasonically treated sludge can be another carbon source for BNR process.

Mechanism of sulfamethoxazole adsorption on wastewater-sludge-based biochar: Sludge type and modification improvement

Yongkui Yang,Yifeng Ling,Longfei Wang,Peizhe Sun,Lin Zhao,Hongyang Wang 한국화학공학회 2023 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.40 No.5

With rapid industrialization and population growth, sewage sludge generation has increased worldwide, and it needs to be treated properly. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge into biochar provides sustainable benefits for concomitant pollutant adsorption and waste treatment. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotics are highly prevalent in waste-water owing to their widespread utilization and low metabolic rate and removal efficiency during conventional waste-water treatment. Biochar is known to effectively remove pollutants from wastewater. However, the adsorption capacity and mechanism of SMX adsorption onto sludge-based biochar are currently unclear. Therefore, the adsorption behavior of SMX on sludge-based biochar from three sources (raw sludge, compost sludge, and digested sludge) and ZnCl2-modified biochar was investigated. Among the unmodified biochars, raw sludge-based biochar exhibited the highest adsorption capacity, followed by compost sludge-based and digested sludge-based biochar. The pore-forming effect of ZnCl2 application significantly increased the biochar specific surface area, which increased the equilibrium adsorption of SMX from 6.1 mg/g to 49.3 mg/g. The adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic interactions, pore filling, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. The findings of this study demonstrate the development of sewage sludge biochar and its effectiveness for the treatment of antibiotics containing wastewater.

Determination and characterization of pharmaceuticals in sludge from municipal and livestock wastewater treatment plants

Ekpeghere, Kalu Ibe,Lee, Ji-Woo,Kim, Hee-Young,Shin, Sun-Kyoung,Oh, Jeong-Eun Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.168 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated 24 pharmaceuticals compounds belonging to the classes of analgesics, stimulants, anti-seizures, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antibiotics in the sludge of 12 municipal sewage treatment plants (S-sludge) and 4 livestock wastewater treatment plants (L-sludge) located across Korea. Over 70% of the target compounds were detected in at least one sample of S-sludge and L-sludge. The total concentration of the target pharmaceutical compounds detected in S-sludge was 2.622–422.8 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP>and the most dominant compound was acetylsalicylic acid (ASA: 0.374–367.0 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP>) whereas in L-sludge, the total concentration was 43.87–156.8 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP>and the most abundant compound was oxytetracycline (OTC: 34.54–86.39 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP>). Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups: group A, which were S-sludge samples including ASA, carbamazepine (CBM), and others, and group B were L-sludge samples, dominated by antibiotics (CTC, OTC, LIN). The total daily load amount of the target pharmaceuticals in S-sludge was 0.010–268.9 kg day<SUP>−1</SUP> while the L-sludge was 0.021–0.529 kg day<SUP>−1</SUP>. The estimated amounts of the target pharmaceutical discharged from S-sludge and L-sludge into the Korean environment were 150.2 ± 47.94 ton yr<SUP>−1</SUP> and 15.05 ± 5.671 ton yr<SUP>−1</SUP> respectively, but the discharged amount of antibiotics from S-sludge (6.945 ton yr<SUP>−1</SUP>) was lower than that from L-sludge (9.234 ton yr<SUP>−1</SUP>).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pharmaceuticals in sewage and livestock sludge were studied. </LI> <LI> Acetylsalicylic acid was the most abundant pharmacuetical in the sewage sludge. </LI> <LI> Over 80% of the pharmacueticals observed in the livestock sludge were antibiotics. </LI> <LI> Estimated annual discharge amount of antibiotics from livestock sludge was 25% greater than sewage sludge. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

하수슬러지의 에너지 자원화를 위한 마이크로파 건조특성 분석

이성민(Lee Seongmin),이윤식(Lee Yoonsik) 한국지반환경공학회 2009 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.10 No.7

하수를 정화하는 과정에서 발생하는 슬러지는 과거 주로 매립되어 왔으나, 2003년 유기성 슬러지의 매립금지라는 폐기물 관리법이 개정됨에 따라 최근에는 주로 해양투기 되어왔다. 그러나 ‘런던협약 96의정서’에 의해 2011년부터 해양투기도 금지될 예정이어서, 세계 각국은 슬러지의 다양한 처리방법에 대해 노력하고 있다. 우리나라도 예외 없이, 하수슬러지의 합리적인 처리방법을 찾기 위해 현재 많은 전문가들이 노력하고 있으며, 그중 하나가 재생 에너지화이다. 슬러지의 재생 에너지화의 성패는 친환경적이고 경제적인 건조방법에 달려 있다 해도 과언이 아니다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영동군에서 발생하고 있는 하수슬러지를 재생에너지화하기 위해, 슬러지의 화학적 특성을 분석하여 에너지화 가능성을 검토하고, 마이크로파를 물과 슬러지에 각각 조사하여 슬러지의 건조 특성과 효율성 등을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 영동군하수 슬러지는 중금속 성분이 매우 적고 열량이 3,370㎉/㎏ 이상으로 재생 에너지화하기에 적당함을 확인하였다. 또한, 마이크로파에 의한 슬러지 건조 특성을 분석한 결과, 슬러지 중량 대비 시간의 곡선은 투입 슬러지 량에 관계없이 늘어진 S자 형태의 거동특성을 보임은 물론 그 기울기가 일정함을 확인하였다. 또한, S 곡선을 변곡점 기준으로 세 영역으로 나눌 경우 두 번째 영역에서 건조가 가장 많이 일정하게 발생하며, 전체 건조량의 약 80% 이상임도 확인하였다. 본 결과는 향후 마이크로파를 이용한 full-scale 건조공정에서 투입 슬러지 대비 슬러지 건조량을 예측하는데 적용할 수 있다. 또한 본 실험 결과에 의하면, 마이크로파에 의한 건조능력이 약 1.0㎏/㎾ 이상을 보이고 있어 경제성도 갖고 있음을 확인하였다. Wastewater sludge had normally filled up in land before revising the law of waste material management in 2003, which does not permit landfill of organic sludge in Korea. After the law, most sludge has been littered in the ocean up to now. However, due to the London Convention 96 Protocol, littering sludge in the ocean will also be prohibited after 2011. This Protocol makes countries find out new methods to treat wastewater sludge. There is no exception in Korea too. Many researchers have urgently try to find out better ways to treat sludge. One of ways is to make sludge recycle energy and the success of it depends on drying method. Specifically, it really depends how to make sludge dry ecologic friendly and economic efficiently. Therefore, wastewater sludge produced in Youngdong was analyzed to make it energy resources in this study. The sludge was tested to analyze the drying and chemical characteristics of it by irradiating microwave. In the result, it is sure that the sludge has little heavy metals as like as others in country side. High calories, 3370 ㎉, shows that it has good potential to be recycle energy. Moreover, weight deduction of the sludge vs. time shows long S-curve and has same deduction ratio. Specifically, S-curve can be divided by three sections based on the curvature points. There are steady state reduction ratio of weight and approximately 80% of weight duction in the second section. This results can be used to estimate the amount of sludge reduction in the full-scale microwave dryer. Drying capacity of microwave shows approximately 1.0 ㎏/㎾/hr. It makes sure that sludge recycle energy has the potential of economic efficiency too.