Effects of Exposure to a Weak Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Daytime Sleep Architecture and Length

Vladimir B. Dorokhov,Anton I. Taranov1,Anna M. Narbut,Dmitry S. Sakharov,Svetlana S. Gruzdeva,Olga N. Tkachenko,Gleb N. Arsen’ev,Ilya S. Blochin,Arcady A. Putilov 대한수면학회 2019 sleep medicine research Vol.10 No.2

Background and Objective Human brain appears to be able to absorb, detect, and respond to low-level extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF). Controlled laboratory studies on human sleep under exposure to such fields are scarce. Only sleep-disturbing effects on nighttime sleep were reported for frequencies of 50/60 Hz, while lower frequencies (i.e., below 20 Hz) have not been tested. These frequencies overlap with the frequency range of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal, and sleep researchers utilized the specific frequency patterns (1–15 Hz) for subdivision of the sleep-wake state continuum into wake and sleep stages. In particular, the deepest sleep stage (N3) is characterized by slow-wave EEG activity (1–4 Hz) and serves as an electrophysiological indicator of sleep restorative function. We examined the effects of exposure to a low-level ELF EMF on sleep architecture in afternoon naps. Methods Ten polysomnographic sleep characteristics obtained during two naps of 23 healthy volunteers, either with or without exposure to a 1 Hz/0.004 μT electromagnetic field, were compared. Results The effect of the 1 Hz/0.004 μT electromagnetic field exposure on amount of stage N3 was not significant despite the overlap of this intervention frequency with the frequency of slow waves. However, the total duration of sleep was significantly increased due to a significant increase of amount of stage N2. Thus, the exposure to an extremely slow (1 Hz) electromagnetic field did not reveal any sleep-disturbing effects. Instead, total duration of sleep increased due to increase of N2 amount. Conclusions A sleep-promoting action of exposure to the low-level 1 Hz electromagnetic field cannot be excluded.

Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Post-Anesthetic Sleep-Wake Architectures in Rats

장환수,정지영,장광호,이만기 대한약리학회 2010 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.14 No.5

The sleep homeostatic response significantly affects the state of anesthesia. In addition, sleep recovery may occur during anesthesia, either via a natural sleep-like process to occur or via a direct restorative effect. Little is known about the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on sleep homeostasis. We investigated whether 1) isoflurane anesthesia could provide a sleep-like process, and 2) the depth of anesthesia could differently affect the post-anesthesia sleep response. Nine rats were treated for 2hours with ad libitum sleep (Control), sleep deprivation (SD), and isoflurane anesthesia with deltawave-predominant state (ISO-1) or burst suppression pattern-predominant state (ISO-2) with at least a 1-week interval. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram were recorded and sleep-wake architecture was evaluated for 4 hours after each treatment. In the post-treatment period, the duration of transition to slow-wave-sleep decreased but slow wave sleep (SWS) increased in the SD group, but no sleep stages were significantly changed in ISO-1 and ISO-2 groups compared to Control. Different levels of anesthesia did not significantly affect the post-anesthesia sleep responses, but the deep level of anesthesia significantly delayed the latency to sleep compared to Control. The present results indicate that a natural sleep-like process likely occurs during isoflurane anesthesia and that the post-anesthesia sleep response occurs irrespective to the level of anesthesia.

Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Post-Anesthetic Sleep-Wake Architectures in Rats

Hwan-Soo Jang,Ji-Young Jung,Kwang-Ho Jang,Maan-Gee Lee 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2010 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.14 No.5

The sleep homeostatic response significantly affects the state of anesthesia. In addition, sleep recovery may occur during anesthesia, either via a natural sleep-like process to occur or via a direct restorative effect. Little is known about the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on sleep homeostasis. We investigated whether 1) isoflurane anesthesia could provide a sleep-like process, and 2) the depth of anesthesia could differently affect the post-anesthesia sleep response. Nine rats were treated for 2 hours with ad libitum sleep (Control), sleep deprivation (SD), and isoflurane anesthesia with delta- wave-predominant state (ISO-1) or burst suppression pattern-predominant state (ISO-2) with at least a 1-week interval. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram were recorded and sleep-wake architecture was evaluated for 4 hours after each treatment. In the post-treatment period, the duration of transition to slow-wave-sleep decreased but slow wave sleep (SWS) increased in the SD group, but no sleep stages were significantly changed in ISO-1 and ISO-2 groups compared to Control. Different levels of anesthesia did not significantly affect the post-anesthesia sleep responses, but the deep level of anesthesia significantly delayed the latency to sleep compared to Control. The present results indicate that a natural sleep-like process likely occurs during isoflurane anesthesia and that the post-anesthesia sleep response occurs irrespective to the level of anesthesia.

Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Post-Anesthetic Sleep-Wake Architectures in Rats

Jang, Hwan-Soo,Jung, Ji-Young,Jang, Kwang-Ho,Lee, Maan-Gee The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2010 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.14 No.5

The sleep homeostatic response significantly affects the state of anesthesia. In addition, sleep recovery may occur during anesthesia, either via a natural sleep-like process to occur or via a direct restorative effect. Little is known about the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on sleep homeostasis. We investigated whether 1) isoflurane anesthesia could provide a sleep-like process, and 2) the depth of anesthesia could differently affect the post-anesthesia sleep response. Nine rats were treated for 2 hours with $ad$ $libitum$ sleep (Control), sleep deprivation (SD), and isoflurane anesthesia with delta-wave- predominant state (ISO-1) or burst suppression pattern-predominant state (ISO-2) with at least a 1-week interval. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram were recorded and sleep-wake architecture was evaluated for 4 hours after each treatment. In the post-treatment period, the duration of transition to slow-wave-sleep decreased but slow wave sleep (SWS) increased in the SD group, but no sleep stages were significantly changed in ISO-1 and ISO-2 groups compared to Control. Different levels of anesthesia did not significantly affect the post-anesthesia sleep responses, but the deep level of anesthesia significantly delayed the latency to sleep compared to Control. The present results indicate that a natural sleep-like process likely occurs during isoflurane anesthesia and that the post-anesthesia sleep response occurs irrespective to the level of anesthesia.

Does Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Aggravate Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

김성희,양찬주,백종태,현상민,김천식,이상암,정유삼 대한이비인후과학회 2019 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.12 No.2

Objectives. To investigate the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) according to the sleep stage in more detail after control of posture. Methods. Patients who underwent nocturnal polysomnography between December 2007 and July 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >18 years, sleep efficacy >80%, and patients who underwent polysomnography only in the supine position (100% of the time). Patients were classified into different groups according to the methods: the first, rapid eye movement (REM)-dominant group (AHIREM/AHINREM >2), non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-dominant group (AHINREM/AHIREM >2), and non-dominant group; and the second, light sleep group (AHIN1N2>AHISWS) and slow wave sleep (SWS) group (AHISWS>AHIN1N2). Results. A total of 234 patients (mean age, 47.4±13.9 years) were included in the study. There were 108 patients (46.2%) in the REM-dominant group, 88 (37.6%) in the non-dominant group, and 38 (16.2%) in the NREM-dominant group. The AHI was significantly higher in the NREM-dominant group than in the REM-dominant group (32.9±22.9 events/hr vs. 18.3±9.5 events/hr, respectively). There were improvements in the AHI from stage 1 to SWS in NREM sleep with the highest level in REM sleep. A higher AHISWS than AHIN1N2 was found in 16 of 234 patients (6.8%); however, there were no significant predictors of these unexpected results except AHI. Conclusion. Our results demonstrated the highest AHI during REM sleep stage in total participants after control of posture. However, there were 16.2% of patients showed NREM-dominant pattern (AHINREM/AHIREM >2) and 6.8% of patients showed higher AHISWS than AHIN1N2. Therefore, each group might have a different pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and we need to consider this point when we treat the patients with OSA.

GABAergic neurons intermingled with orexin and MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus discharge maximally during sleep

Hassani, Oum Kaltoum,Henny, Pablo,Lee, Maan Gee,Jones, Barbara E. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 The European journal of neuroscience Vol.32 No.3

<P>Abstract</P><P>The lateral hypothalamus (LH), where wake-active orexin (Orx)-containing neurons are located, has been considered a waking center. Yet, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-containing neurons are codistributed therein with Orx neurons and, in contrast to them, are active during sleep, not waking. In the present study employing juxtacellular recording and labeling of neurons with Neurobiotin (Nb) in naturally sleeping–waking head-fixed rats, we identified another population of intermingled sleep-active cells, which do not contain MCH (or Orx), but utilize &ggr;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. The ‘sleep-max’ active neurons represented 53% of Nb-labeled MCH-(and Orx) immunonegative (−) cells recorded in the LH. For identification of their neurotransmitter, Nb-labeled varicosities of the Nb-labeled/MCH− neurons were sought within sections adjacent to the Nb-labeled soma and immunostained for the vesicular transporter for GABA (VGAT) or for glutamate. A small proportion of sleep-max Nb+/MCH− neurons (19%) discharged maximally during slow-wave sleep (called ‘S-max’) in positive correlation with delta electroencephalogram activity, and from VGAT staining of Nb-labeled varicosities appeared to be GABAergic. The vast proportion of sleep-max Nb+/MCH− neurons (81%) discharged maximally during paradoxical sleep (PS, called ‘P-max’) in negative correlation with electromyogram amplitude, and from Nb-labeled varicosities also appeared to be predominantly GABAergic. Given their discharge profiles across the sleep–wake cycle, P-max together with S-max GABAergic neurons could thus serve to inhibit other neurons of the arousal systems, including local Orx neurons in the LH. They could accordingly dampen arousal with muscle tone and promote sleep, including PS with muscle atonia.</P>

알코올이 정상 한국인 청년의 수면에 미치는 영향에 관한 수면다원검사 연구

이정국,서광윤,김인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.3

Objects: The author tried to test the direct alcohol effect on the earlier part of sleep and the possible rebound changes in the later part of sleep in normal young adults. Methods: The polysomnographic records of 14 normal Korean young adults after alcohol adminstration(1.5ml of 43% whisky per 1kg of body weight) were compared with the baseline records. Results: The alcohol administration did not change the sleep efficiency significantly, but shortened the latencies of sleep and stage 3 significantly. It also increased the percentage of stage 4 significantly in the first half of sleep, however, it did not change the REM sleep significantly. The alcohol decreased the frequency of body movement significantly in the first half of sleep. Conclusion: The amount of alcohol administered in this study did not produce a significant effect on the sleep efficiency, however, the hypnotic effect and the effect of rapidly inducing slow wave sleep were evident. The slow wave sleep appeared to be more sensitive than REM sleep to the CNS depressant effect of alcohol. It may be inferred that REM sleep might have a biphasic effect by alcohol and an inverse relationship with slow wave sleep. The significant decrease of movement frequency in the first half reflected the direct effect of blood alcohol.

취침 전 고강도 운동이 수면 패턴에 미치는 영향

김정규,신영오 한국생활환경학회 2008 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intensive exercise prior to bedtime on sleep pattern. The subjects of present study were 7 male university students. All subjects participated in VO2 max test to calculate their 80% VO2 max workload. One bout exercise were continued until subjects stopped because of fatigue. To discriminate between wakefulness and sleep, and to identify sleep stages, we performed measurement of electroencephalogram(EEG), electromyogram(EMG), and electrooculogram(EOG) using standardized procedures. The experimental conditions were divided into 2 treatments(normal sleep, sleep after exercise). There were significant differences between experimental conditions in the time of total sleep time(TST), sleep onset(SO), rapid eyes movement(REM), REM cycle, slow-wave sleep(SWS), and wake time(WT)(p<.05) These results demonstrate that exercise prior to bedtime significantly increased time of SWS and deceased time and frequency of REM. Of particular significant is to focus on time and frequency of REM as well as time of SWS. In general terms, the optimal physical performance time is very important to keep the circadian rhythm for the body's homeostasis, and also, training program of circadian rhythm adaptation is needed for sleep quality and exercise performance.

취침 전 고강도 운동이 수면 패턴에 미치는 영향

김정규(Jung-Kyu Kim),신영오(Young-Oh Shin) 한국생활환경학회 2008 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.15 No.4-1

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intensive exercise prior to bedtime on sleep pattern. The subjects of present study were 7 male university students. All subjects participated in VO2 max test to calculate their 80% VO₂ max workload. One bout exercise were continued until subjects stopped because of fatigue. To discriminate between wakefulness and sleep, and to identify sleep stages, we performed measurement of electroencephalogram(EEG), electromyogram(EMG), and electrooculogram(EOG) using standardized procedures. The experimental conditions were divided into 2 treatments(normal sleep, sleep after exercise). There were significant differences between experimental conditions in the time of total sleep time(TST), sleep onset(SO), rapid eyes movement(REM), REM cycle, slow-wave sleep(SWS), and wake time(WT)(p<.05) These results demonstrate that exercise prior to bedtime significantly increased time of SWS and deceased time and frequency of REM. Of particular significant is to focus on time and frequency of REM as well as time of SWS. In general terms, the optimal physical performance time is very important to keep the circadian rhythm for the body's homeostasis, and also, training program of circadian rhythm adaptation is needed for sleep quality and exercise performance.

서파수면이 유지되는 중증 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 환자의 특성 분석

김민우,최명수 대한이비인후과학회 2023 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.66 No.6

Background and Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a complex sleep-related re-spiratory disorder with various pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. Diagnosis andtreatment considering only the number of respiratory events, such as sleep duration, may havelimitations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical and polysomnography (PSG)characteristics of patients with severe OSA in whom slow wave sleep (SWS) was well-main-tained. Subjects and Method This study retrospectively analyzed 203 patients who underwentPSG due to suspected OSA. Severe OSA patients were classified into a SWS maintainedgroup (SWS≥15%) and a SWS reduced group (SWS<15%), and their clinical records, PSG re-sults, and heart rate variability (HRV) were compared. Results The SWS maintained group (n=27), compared to the SWS reduced group (n=58),had a significantly longer total sleep time ( p=0.027) and lower wake after sleep onset ( p=0.001), rapid eye movoement (REM) latency ( p=0.007), non-supine apnea-hypopnea index(A HI, p=0.006), non-REM AHI ( p<0.001), arousal index ( p<0.001) and Epworth SleepinessScale ( p=0.048). In addition, the SWS maintained group had a significantly low value in verylow frequency in HRV than that of the SWS reduced group ( p=0.046). Conclusion The SWS maintained group in the severe OSA showed better PSG and HRV re-sults and reduced daytime sleepiness than those of the SWS reduced group.