24시간 수면 박탈의 정신생리적 변화와 카페인의 효과

김준호,왕성근,김정란 대한생물치료정신의학회 2004 생물치료정신의학 Vol.10 No.1

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of 24 hours sleep deprivation on the psychophysiologic functions(daytime sleepiness, fatigue, mood, vigilance, attention and short-term memory) and then to examine whether caffeine ingestion improves the effects induced by sleep deprivation in healthy korean population. Methods : 16 healthy korean university students who didn't have psychiatric disorder or sleep disorder and complain sleep-wake cycle disturbance, carried out ESS(Epworth Sleepiness Scale), VAS(Visual Analogue Scale), MSLT, and Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test under following conditions : after normal usual sleep(Baseline), after 24 hours sleep deprivation, and after 24 hours sleep deprivation followed by 150mg of caffeine ingestion. Results : After 24 hours sleep deprivation, the subjective and objective daytime sleepiness, fatigue and dysphoria were increased as compared to baseline, attention and vigilance were decreased compared to baseline and short-term memory wasn't significantly changed. When the subjects ingested 150mg of caffeine after 24 hours sleep deprivation, an increment of subjective and objective daytime sleepiness, fatigue and dysphoria and a decrement of attention and vigilance induced in sleep deprivation was improved, 150mg of caffeine given after 24 hours sleep deprivation improved significantly the objective daytime sleepiness, attention, and vigilance to the baseline level, and also improved significantly the subjective daytime sleepiness, fatigue and dysphoria but didn't reach the baseline level. Conclusions: 24 hours sleep deprivation in the normal young adult increased the subjective and objective daytime sleepiness, fatigue and dysphoria and decreased attention and vigilance, whereas didn't develop short-term memory disturbance. Following caffeine ingestion improves an increased objective daytime sleepiness, a decreased attention, and a decreased vigilance induced in sleep deprivation to almost same degree of baseline, but doesn't improve an increased objective daytime sleepiness, fatigue and dysphoria induced sleep deprivation to same degree of baseline.

수면 박탈에 의한 인지기능 장애에 대한 카페인의 효과

김형섭(Hyung-Seob Kim),왕성근(Seong-Keun Wang) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2005 생물치료정신의학 Vol.11 No.1

목적: 본 연구는 수면 박탈로 유발되는 인지기능저하에 대한 카페인의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 이를 위해 18명의 피검자를 대상으로 다음 상황에서 검사를 시행하였다 ; 평상시와 같은 충분한 수면, 완전 수면 박탈, 완전 수면 박탈 후 카페인 150㎎ 투여, 완전 수면 박탈 후 카페인 300㎎ 투여. 결과: 하룻밤의 완전 수면 박탈 시행 후 정상 수면일과 비교하여, 피검자들의 주관적 주간 졸음과 객관적 주간 졸음정도는 모두 심해졌다. 경계력은 경하게 저하되었으나, 지속적 주의력과 단기 기억력은 유의한 변화가 없었다. 하룻밤의 완전 수면 박탈 후 카페인 150㎎ 투여 시에는, 주관적인 주간 졸음을 유의하게 개선시키지만 정상 수면을 취한 날 수준으로는 개선시키지 못하였고, 객관적인 주간 졸음정도는 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 수준까지 개선시켰다. 경계력의 저하는 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 정도까지 개선시킨다. 하룻밤의 완전 수면 박탈 후 카페인 300㎎ 투여 시에는, 주관적인 주간 졸음을 유의하게 개선시켰지만 정상 수면을 취한 정도로까지는 개선시키지 못하였고, 객관적인 주간 졸음정도는 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 정도까지 개선시켰다. 경계력의 저하는 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 정도까지 개선시킨다. 결론: 요약하면, 정상 성인에 있어 하룻밤의 완전 수면 박탈 후에는 주간 졸음이 유발되고 경계력은 경하게 저하된다. 지속적 주의력과 단기 기억력의 장애는 없다. 카페인은 이러한 주관적 주간 졸음을 상당 부분 개선시킨다. 특히 입면 잠복기로 측정된 객관적 주간 졸음은 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 정도까지 개선되었다. 그리고 카페인은 수면 박탈에 의해서 유발된 일부 인지기능 저하를 정상 수면을 취한 날과 유의한 차이가 없는 정도까지 개선시킨다. Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of caffeine on cognitive dysfunction induced by sleep deprivation. Method : For this, 18 subjects were examined under following conditions ; normal usual sleep, one night sleep deprivation, 150㎎ of caffeine ingestion after one night sleep deprivation, and 300㎎ of caffeine ingestion after one night sleep deprivation. Results : After one night total sleep deprivation, Subjects felt daytime sleepiness compared to baseline. Objective sleepiness was increased. Vigilance was slightly impaired while continuous attention and short term memory showed no significant change. After one night total sleep deprivation and 150㎎ of caffeine ingestion, Impaired daytime sleepiness was improved, but not to the level of baseline. Increased objective sleepiness was improved almost to the level of baseline. Vigilance was improved to the level of baseline. After one night total sleep deprivation and 300㎎ of caffeine ingestion, Impaired daytime sleepiness was improved, but not to the level of baseline. Increased objective sleepiness was improved almost to the level of baseline. Vigilance was improved to the level of baseline. Conclusion : One night total sleep deprivation developed daytime sleepiness, and slightly decreased vigilance, with preserved continuous attention and short-term memory. Caffeine ingestion could significantly improve these subjective daytime sleepiness. Especially for objective sleepiness measured as sleep latency, caffeine could reverse it almost to the level of baseline. And caffeine could improve some impaired cognitive functions, caused by sleep deprivation, to those level of baseline level.

일시적 수면박탈에 의한 신경인지기능의 변화

서완석 大韓神經精神醫學會 2004 신경정신의학 Vol.43 No.6

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate intelligence, memory, and neurocognitive function differences after one night of sleep deprivation. Methods : Healthy medical students were recruited and randomly divided into normal sleep and sleep deprivation groups. Each group was given an initial test of Korean Form of the WAIS (K-WAIS) and the Korean Form of Memory Assessment Scales (K-MAS). Each group also performed Continuous Performance Tests (CPT), Controlled Continuous Performance Tests (CCPT) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests (WCST). The CPT and the CCPT had both visual and auditory components. One week later, the normal sleep group performed the same tests in the same conditions. The sleep deprivation group stayed up all night in a psychiatric ward and then repeated the same tests. Results : The scores on the calculation subscale in the K-WAIS and the verbal memory subscale in the K-MAS were not increased by the repetition of the same tests for the sleep deprivation group. Thus, it seems that verbal functions were influenced by transient sleep deprivation, In visual CPT, the sleep deprivation group had decreased numbers of correct response, increased numbers of commission errors, and prolonged reaction times. Finally, increased reaction times were consistently observed inthe sleep deprivation group in all forms of the CPT and CCPT. Conclusion : Even one night of sleep deprivation influences verbal function, visual function, and reaction time in cognitive tests. It was assumed that many sleep deprivation-related accidents might be associated with difficulties in visual attention and prolonged reaction times.

흰쥐의 수면 및 뇌파에 대한 카페인의 효과

권도훈(Do Hoon Kwon),원승희(Seung-Hee Won),김기민(Ki Min Kim),장수민(Su Min Chang),김상헌(Sang Heon Kim),이만기(Maan Gee Lee) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2006 생물치료정신의학 Vol.12 No.2

카페인은 기저전뇌의 아데노신의 아데노신 수용체의 작용을 차단함으로써 각성을 유발하고 피질에서 서파 활동의 감소를 야기한다. 또한 카페인은 용량-의존적인 각성상태의 증가를 초래한다. 따라서 카페인의 각성 효과는 아데노신의 뇌 조직 내 농도가 증가하여 수면 압력이 상승되어 있고 각성 중추의 활동이 감소된 상태의 각성인 반면, 정상 각성 상태는 아데노신의 농도가 낮아 수면 압력이 없이 각성 중추의 활동이 증가된 상태의 각성으로 생각된다. 이 연구는 이러한 각성의 서로 다른 상태가 피질 영역별 활동의 차이로 나타날 수 있는지 보기 위하여 뇌파의 스펙트럼 분석 방법을 이용하여 활동의 정량화를 시도하였다. 더 나아가 수면박탈로 수면 압력이 증가된 상태에서의 각성과 비교하여 카페인과 아데노신의 상호작용을 고찰하였다. Sprague-Dawley 수컷 쥐 8마리를 마취하에 뇌파 및 근전도 전극을 전두엽, 두정엽, 그리고 목근육에 각각 설치하고, 수술에서 회복된 후 뇌파/근전도 기록을 시작하였다. 기록은 10:30부터 시작하여 17:30까지 수행되었으며 13:30경에 카페인 7.5, 15, 또는 30㎎/㎏을 복강내 주사한 후, 각각의 수면-각성 단계와 그 기간 및 변화 방향을 계산하였다. 수면에 대한 카페인의 주된 효과는 활동각성의 증가와 수면의 감소로 나타났으며, 이 효과는 카페인 용량에 의존적이었다. 활동각성 기간의 증가는 그 단계의 유지기간의 증가로 야기되었고 서파수면의 감소는 서파수면 상태로 변화되는 빈도의 감소에 주로 야기되었다. 활동각성 단계에서 정적각성, 서파수면 단계로 변화가 감소되었고 그 반대로 변화는 증가되었다. 한편 수면박탈은 서파수면의 반동 증가를 초래하지 못했고 활동각성의 유의한 감소를 초래하지 못했다. 그러나 역설수면 기간의 유의한 감소를 초래하였다. 뇌파 스펙트럼 프로파일에서 수면박탈이 델타의 상대적 증가를 초래한 것을 제외하고는 수면박탈과 카페인 투여 모두 알파의 상대적 감소 및 감마의 증가를 초래하였다. 실제 진폭은 전두피질에서 25㎐ 이하 대역에서 감소와 이상 대역에서 증가, 두정피질에서 35㎐ 이하 대역에서 감소와 이상 대역에서 증가를 야기하였다. 주파수 대역별로 델타, 쎄타, 알파의 감소가 있었고 감마의 증가가 있었다. 감마의 증가는 전두피질에서 더 현저하게 나타났다. 결론적으로, 카페인에 의한 각성의 촉진은 수면-각성 상태의 천이를 한 방향으로 가속화함으로써 발생되며 그 방향은 수면박탈에 의한 방향과 반대이다. 따라서 수면박탈에서는 아데노신이 축적되어 수면 압력을 증가시키고, 수면 압력의 증가는 아데노신 수용체 길항제에 의해 차단될 수 있다. 델타 대역의 감소는 본 연구에서 사용한 최소 용량 투여 후 포화되어 최대 효능을 보인다. 이것은 뇌파의 주파수별 파워의 측정이 수면기간이나 각성기간과 같은 행동적 지표보다 더 민감한 방법임을 시사한다. 앞으로 사람에서 사용되는 정도의 카페인 투여에 의한 동물에서 효과를 검증해 보는 것이 생리학적 효과에 대한 이해를 도울 수 있을 것이다. Caffeine induces arousal and reduces slow-wave activity of the cortex by blocking adenosine action on the adenosine receptor. Caffeine induces dose-dependent arousal. Therefore, caffeine-induced arousal may be a different state from an arousal in waking subjects. So we compared EEG spectra between of a state produced by intraperiotoneal caffeine injection and of a state produced by 3-hour sleep deprivation. A total of 8 Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent EEG/EMG recording session from 10:30 to 17:30. They received intraperitoneal caffeine injection(7.5, 15, and 30mg/kg) at 13:30 and some cases received sleep deprivation from 10:30 to 13:30. Caffeine dose-dependently reduced the duration of slow-wave sleep and increased the duration of waking state. The increase of waking state resulted from the increase of maintanence of the state while the reduction of sleep state resulted from the decrease of transition from waking to sleep. Sleep deprivation did not show rebound increase of sleep but it decreased the period of paradoxical sleep. In spectral profile, sleep deprivation increased relative proportion of delta activity and both caffeine and sleep deprivation decreased relative proportion of power in alpha band and increased in gamma band. Caffeine decreased the absolute power of delta and alpha bands and increased absolute power of gamma band which was more prominent in the frontal cortex. In conclusion, caffeine promoted waking state by acceleration of transition to waking state from other states which was reverse in sleep deprivation. Therefore, adenosine may accumulate during sleep deprivation and mediate sleep pressure and caffeine may block its action on the adenosine receptor. The comparison of the spectral profiles indicates that caffeine-induced waking state may differ from normal awake state and from awake state after sleep deprivation.

Gallic Acid Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment Caused by Sleep Deprivation through Antioxidant Effect

Pang Xiaogang,Xu Yifan,Xie Shuoxin,Zhang Tianshu,Cong Lin,Qi Yuchen,Liu Lubing,Li Qingjun,Mo Mei,Wang Guimei,Du Xiuwei,Shen Hui,Li Yuanyuan 한국뇌신경과학회 2023 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.32 No.4

Sleep deprivation (SD) has a profound impact on the central nervous system, resulting in an array of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Despite this, the dynamic alterations in neuronal activity during sleep deprivation have not been extensively investigated. While some researchers propose that sleep deprivation diminishes neuronal activity, thereby leading to depression. Others argue that short-term sleep deprivation enhances neuronal activity and dendritic spine density, potentially yielding antidepressant effects. In this study, a two-photon microscope was utilized to examine the calcium transients of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons in awake SD mice in vivo at 24-hour intervals. It was observed that SD reduced the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ transients while increasing the proportions of inactive neurons. Following the cessation of sleep deprivation, neuronal calcium transients demonstrated a gradual recovery. Moreover, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) after SD. The investigation also assessed several oxidative stress parameters, finding that sleep deprivation substantially elevated the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), while simultaneously decreasing the expression of Nuclear Factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the ACC. Importantly, the administration of gallic acid (GA) notably mitigated the decline of calcium transients in ACC neurons. GA was also shown to alleviate oxidative stress in the brain and improve cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation. These findings indicate that the calcium transients of ACC neurons experience a continuous decline during sleep deprivation, a process that is reversible. GA may serve as a potential candidate agent for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.

산조인탕이 수면박탈 흰쥐 심장의 혈역학적 기능에 미치는 영향

신유정,김덕곤,Shin, Yu-Jeong,Kim, Deog-Gon 대한한방소아과학회 2010 대한한방소아과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Objectives: Sanjointang has been clinically used much for treating sleeplessness. However, the effects of Sanjointang in artificial sleep deprivation situations are not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio which are related to the hemodynamic functions of the heart by using sleep-deprived Sparague-Dawley rats, in order to clarify the impact of Sanjointang on hemodynamic functions of the heart of sleep deprived rats. Methods: Eighteen hearts were removed from the male Sparague-Dawley rats weighting about 180g were perfused by the Langendorff technique with modified 37 Krebs-Henseleit's buffer solution at a constant perfusion pressure (60mmHg). They were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups, 1) Normal group (those which did not have sleep deprivation and received normal saline administration), 2) Control group (sleep deprived and normal saline administered), 3) Sample group (sleep deprived and Sanjointang was administered). Control and sample groups rats were deprived 96 hours of sleep by using the modified multiple platform technique. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio were evaluated at baseline after the administration of either normal saline or Sanjointang. Results: The heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio was significantly decreased in rats with 96 hours of sleep deprived significantly decreased. The change in the heart rate after administering Sanjointang did not show any significant difference. The left ventricular systolic pressure of the removed heart significantly decreased due to Sanjointang administration, while the left ventricular diastolic pressure significantly increased (p<0.05). The +dp/dt maximum and -dp/dt maximum both significantly decreased in the removed heart after administering Sanjointang. (p<0.05). There was no significant difference observed in the -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio after administering Sanjointang. Conclusions: According to the results above, sleep deprivation significantly decreases heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio. This is considered as a result of exhaustion due to accumulation of fatigue. Meanwhile, Sanjointang reduced left ventricular systolic pressure and raised left ventricular diastolic pressure, and relieved the contractility and relaxation of the myocardium. Consequently, this reduces the burden of the heart and creates a relatively stabilized heart condition similar to a sleeping condition.

Changes in Human Gene Expression After Sleep Deprivation

Sun, Je Young,Kim, Jong Woo,Yim, Sung-Vin,Oh, Miae,Kang, Won Sub The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry 2022 생물정신의학 Vol.29 No.1

Objectives Sleep is fundamental to maintaining homeostatic control and has behavioral and psychological effects on humans. To better understand the function and pathophysiology of sleep, specific gene expressions in reference to sleep deprivation have been studied. In this study, we investigated the gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after sleep deprivation to better understand the functional consequence of sleep. Methods In eight healthy men, 24 h sleep deprivation was induced. Blood was sampled at 14:00, before and after sleep deprivation. mRNA was isolated and analyzed via microarrays. cDNAs before and after sleep deprivation were coupled to Cy3 or Cy5, respectively, and normalized cDNAs were selected with a ratio greater than two as a significant gene. Results are expressed as mean. Results Among 41174 transcripts, 38852 genes were selected as reliable, and only a small minority (< 1%) of the genes were up-or down-regulated. Total six and eleven genes were selected as significant upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O was most upregulated (6.9-fold), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5-like protein showed the most substantial inhibition (0.06-fold). Conclusions This study showed significant associations between sleep deprivation and the immune system. Acute sleep deprivation affects pathways in proinflammatory cytokines as well as metabolic pathways of glutamate and purine, neurotransmitters related to sleep and wake cycle.

Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on the First Positive Lyapunov Exponent of the Waking EEG

Kim, Dai-Jin,Jeong, Jae-Seung,Chae, Jeong-Ho,Kim, Soo-Yong,Go, Hyo-Jin,Paik, In-Ho Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility 1998 감성과학 Vol.1 No.1

Sleep deprivation may affect the brain functions such as cognition and consequently, dynamics of the BEG. We examined the effects of sleep deprivation on chaoticity of the EEG. Five volunteers were sleep-deprived over a period of 24 hours They were checked by EEG during two days. thc first day of baseline period and the second day of total sleep deprivation period. EEGs were recorded from 16 channels for nonlinear analysis. We employed a method of minimum embedding dimension to calculate the first positive Lyapunov exponent. Fer limited noisy data, this algorithm was strikingly faster and more accurate than previous ones. Our results show that the sleep deprived volunteers had lower values of the first positive Lyapunov exponent at ten channels (Fp1, F4. F8. T4, T5. C3, C4. P3. P4. O1) compared with the values of baseline periods. These results suggested that sleep deprivation leads to decrease of chaotic activity in brain and impairment of the information processing in the brain. We suggested that nonlinear analysis of the EEG before and after sleep deprivation may offer fruitful perspectives for understanding the role if sleep and the effects of sleep deprivation on the brain function.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Vigilance, Attention, and Performance During Simulated Train Driving

Clara Theresia,Hardianto Iridiastadi,Gradiyan Budi Pratama 대한산업공학회 2021 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.20 No.1

Sleep deprivation has been cited as a major factor that plays an important role in many incidents in the transportation sector. Sleep-deprived train drivers is a fairly common phenomenon in Indonesia, with local reports indicating a good percentage of train drivers who are sleep deprived prior to work. The present study was aimed at quantifying the effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and performance during prolonged simulated train driving. A total of 12 subjects participated in this study and were asked to sleep for approximately 2 h (sleep deprived) and 8 h (normal sleep) the night before the experimental day. The experiment consisted of driving a train simulator for 4 h on a monotonous route. Fatigue and sleepiness were assessed using Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and Sustained Attention Test (SAT), conducted before and after the driving simulation. Subjective levels of fatigue and sleepiness were determined using questionnaires, while driving performance was measured based on the number of speed-limit violations. Results of this study showed that two hours of sleep was characterized with an initial subjective fatigue and sleepiness measures that were up to two to three times greater than the normal sleep condition. This condition also resulted in poorer driving performance (75% increase in the number of speeding error). While the effects of sleep deprivations on the performance of train driving is probably obvious, the quantitative effects have not been addressed extensively in the literature. It is concluded in this study that the effects of excessive sleep deprivation on fatigue and sleepiness varies, depending on the measures used.

Effect of sleep deprivation on hearing levels in rats

Jung, Jae Hyun,Kim, Miryeong,Lee, Seung Jae,Lee, Eunsang,Lee, Se A,Lee, Jong Dae,Choi, Ji Ho,Kim, Bo Gyung Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OTORHINOLARYNGO Vol.112 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>To our knowledge, the influence of sleep deprivation on hearing levels has yet to be assessed in animals. Therefore, we evaluated whether auditory function was affected by sleep deprivation in rats.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Male Wistar rats (aged 9 weeks, weighing 300–400 g) were used for the study and were randomly assigned to a control (n = 15) or sleep deprivation group (n = 12). Hearing levels were evaluated at baseline and 9 days after sleep deprivation using auditory evoked brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements. Blood was collected for the measurement of interleukin-1β and corticosterone levels.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>The ABR thresholds (at 8, 16, and 32 kHz) at 9 days were significantly elevated in the sleep deprivation group compared to the control group (<I>p</I> < 0.05, respectively). The sleep deprivation group showed a defect in the function of outer hair cells, as evidenced by decreased levels of distortion product otoacoustic emission. IL-1β was significantly increased in the sleep deprivation group. Sleep-deprived rats exhibited rupture of Reissner's membrane and morphological damage to stereocilia.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>These results suggest that sleep deprivation induces damage to the cochlea and results in hearing loss in Wistar rats.</P>