디지털그림자노동의 분류와 동태성 및 연구 방향

이웅규 ( Lee Woong Kyu ) 한국정보시스템학회 2021 情報시스템硏究 Vol.30 No.1

Purpose Today, through digital services, many people enjoy a conveient and comfortable life. Nevertheless, it is easy to find people in our daily lives who are buried in work without any payment that we did not do before digital services. Such un-payed works under digital environment are called digital shadow works. The purpose of this study is to classification and dynamics of digital shadow works and to suggest research direction. Design/methodology/approach Based on two dimension, voluntary participation (‘should’ type and ‘want’ type) and work orientation (management-operation), digital shadow works were classified into four categories - chore, makeup, routine, and quest. Findings In digital shadow work there are four types of dynamics - routine and quest, makeup and chore, makeup and quest, and quest and actions in offline. According to the classification and analysis of dynamics, three research directions in digital shadow work are suggested and discussed- digital shadow works operation mechanism considering dynamics, expansion of existing user theories based on survey method by digital shadow works and social influences by digital shadow works.

How do consumers decide to engage in 'Shadow Work' in Self-service environments? : A mixed- methods approach

Liu TingTing,Joon Koh 한국경영정보학회 2023 한국경영정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.11

The advancement and widespread adoption of digital technologies have given rise to a novel service paradigm - self-service. Concurrently, this emerging service model has also ushered in a new form of labor known as shadow work. Self-service empowers consumers to assume more proactive and leading roles in the service process, yet it also imposes upon them a significant burden of concealed, non-monetary remunerated shadow work, traditionally delegated to employees. While some scholars have introduced and elucidated the concepts and manifestations of shadow work, research on the decision factors and comprehension of consumers engaging in shadow work remains limited. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to delve into the psychological decision factors underpinning consumers' engagement in shadow work within self-service environments. This research adopts a mixed-method approach. It initiates with an exploratory qualitative study, utilizing a grounded theory methodology through interviews with consumers, to identify the psychological decision factors influencing the engagement in shadow work. Subsequently, a quantitative confirmatory study employs a survey to scrutinize the newly derived theoretical model and hypotheses, which are founded upon grounded theory. This study not only serves to augment consumers' awareness and comprehension of the psychological decision factors associated with engaging in shadow work but also advances the academic recognition of the concept of shadow work. Furthermore, it contributes to enhancing consumers' self-protective awareness when employing self-service technologies. Given that comprehending consumer decision psychology has perennially posed a challenge for non-face-to-face self-service enterprises, this research also assists businesses in acquiring deeper insights into consumer psychology, thereby providing valuable theoretical underpinnings to facilitate the sustainable development of enterprises.

디지털 기술 환경에서의 그림자 노동 메커니즘 규명 연구

박상철(Sang Cheol Park),이웅규(Woong Kyu Lee),고준(Joon Koh),류성열(Sung Yul Ryoo) 한국경영학회 2020 經營學硏究 Vol.49 No.1

In nowadays, individuals should do their unpaid labors in the form of self-service, which is so called by involuntary digital shadow work, even though they have enjoyed automated and intelligent digital services due to the advancement of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data. In order to explore the essentials of such unique behaviors, we have aimed to identify individuals’ psychological mechanism which governs involuntary digital shadow work. By using the grounded theory methodology, we have conducted in-depth interviews with 12 individuals who have prior experiences on doing involuntary digital shadow work such as changing passwords, updating applications and deleting spam-mails. By analyzing the interview manuscripts, we have extracted 69 concepts in the coding steps and ultimately developed 6 key categories by either comparing or incorporating similar concepts from the initial concepts. In this grounded theory-based study, we found that there are two types of decision making such as decision making for formulating shadow work intention and decision choices for completing the shadow work during the interactions between human and digital technologies as trigger of initiating shadow work. This study has also found that there are two types of unique attitudes during the digital shadow environments such as negative attitude when performing shadow and attitude toward the phenomenon that occurs when individuals do not do shadow work. Finally, we have presented three types of psychologically controllable drivers such as the degree of adherence to individuals’ own unique digital technology management approach, the degree of cognitive effort required for shadow work, the degree of individuals’ perception of what to do for either facilitating or inhibiting individuals’ shadow work. The implications of our findings for both theory and practice are discussed.

디지털그림자노동(Digital Shadow Work)의 개념화:강제성과 대가성 이슈를 중심으로

Bu, Shaoyang,고준 한국정보시스템학회 2022 情報시스템硏究 Vol.31 No.3

Purpose The purpose of this study is to clarify the conceptualizations of mandatory and reward that have come into focus in the definition of digital shadow work. And explore how users in a shared services environment view cost and coercion from the perspective of digital shadow work. Design/methodology/approach We conducted one-on-one interviews with 4 participants, with each interview being an average of 25 minutes. Based on literature review, stakeholder observation, and interviews on digital shadow work so far, very objective results can be derived through triangulation based on the basis of multiple sources. Findings According to the results of the preliminary study, there are some rewards for each type of digital shadow work, but time saving and service convenience are considered more than financial rewards. Unfair demands in determining whether to implement them in consideration of the difficulty and expected benefits of the demanding digital work can cause dissatisfaction with the service. Academic implications and future research directions are also discussed.

플랫폼 노동자의 플랫폼노동과 그림자노동: 직무소진 및 이직의도와의 관계 검증

박상철 한국정보시스템학회 2023 情報시스템硏究 Vol.32 No.2

Purpose In online delivery platforms, platform workers are required to perform both platform labor, which is compensated with immediate wages, and shadow work which is a kind of unpaid job to support the platform labor. Thus, the objective of this study is to empirically examine how platform workers’ platform labor and shadow work affect their job burnout and their turnover intention in the online delivery platform context. Design/methodology/approach This study developed a research model by employing platform labor and shadow work to influence job burnout and turnover intention. This study also tested the model by partial least square techniques after collecting 169 cross-sectional data from food delivery riders in Korea. Findings This study found that both platform labor and shadow work affected platform workers’ job burnout. In addition, the results showed that shadow work influenced their turnover intention while platform labor did not affect the turnover intention. Based on the results, this study contributed to relevant researchers who are interested in platform contexts by offering measurable constructs on platform labor and shadow work. In addition, this study could provide practitioners with practical implications on managing platform workers.

How do Consumers Decide to Engage in Digital Shadow Work in Self-service Environment?: Grounded Theory Methodology Research

유팅팅,고준 한국지식경영학회 2024 지식경영연구 Vol.25 No.1

The development of digital technology has given rise to a new service model: self-service. This model introduces the concept of “digital shadow work”, in which consumers conduct unpaid behind-the-scenes digital tasks instead of employees. While consumers are engaging in increasingly more digital shadow work in self-service environments, they are unaware of their unpaid labor. This raises concerns about consumer rights and businesses’ long-term sustainability and health. This study aims to reveal the psychological awareness factors that influence consumers’ decisions to engage in digital shadow work in self-service environments. This exploratory qualitative study utilizes a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to reveal the psychological awareness factors that contribute to consumers’ decision to engage in digital shadow work. By revealing the psychological awareness of decision-making factors, this study enhances consumer’s understanding and awareness of digital shadow work, which helps increase their awareness of self-protection in the context of self-service technologies. Additionally, understanding consumers’ decision-making psychology is crucial for non-face-to-face self-service technology companies and provides a theoretical basis for sustainable and healthy business development.

돌봄노동의 여성화에 대한 비판적 고찰

안숙영(Ahn, Sook-Young) 한국여성학회 2018 한국여성학 Vol.34 No.2

돌봄은 인간의 삶에서 결정적인 중요성을 갖는다. 출생에서 죽음에 이르는 삶의 전 과정에서 인간은 타인이 제공하는 돌봄에 의존하며, 타인의 돌봄에 의존하지 않는 독립적인 삶의 시간은 길지 않다. 그러나 이러한 돌봄의 중요성에도 불구하고 돌봄이 학문의 연구대상으로 떠오른 것은 겨우 1970년대였다. 돌봄은 여성이 집안에서 수행하는 ‘사랑의 행위’라는 인식, 즉 돌봄의 제공자는 여성, 돌봄의 수행공간은 집안, 돌봄의 성격은 사랑이라는 인식이 지배적이었기 때문이다. 돌봄노동의 탈가족화가 이루어지고 있는 오늘날에도 돌봄제공자의 대부분이 여성이라는 현실에는 커다란 변화가 없다. 따라서 우리의 시급한 과제의 하나는 돌봄노동의 여성화에 대한 비판적 분석을 바탕으로 ‘돌봄노동의 탈가족화’를 넘어 ‘돌봄노동의 탈여성화’로 나가기 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 첫째, 그림자 노동으로서의 돌봄노동의 성격에 대해 살펴본다. 둘째, 돌봄노동의 여성화의 현주소가 어떠한지로 시선을 돌린다. 셋째, 돌봄노동을 둘러싼 5개의 이론적 프레임워크를 중심으로 돌봄노동의 탈여성화를 위한 방향을 탐색해 본다. Care has a significant meaning in human life. In the whole process of life, humans depend on care from other people, and the independent life time is not so long. Although care is so important, it was only in the 1970s that care became a topic of academic research, because care was mainly perceived as an act of love which is done at home by women. That is, care was understood as an activity in which it’s actor is female, it’s performance place is home, and it’s character is love. Up until now there has been no fundamental change in the reality of the ‘feminization of care work’, since most caregivers are still women and most care-related jobs are low-wage jobs, although the defemilization of care work has progressed in the last years. Therefore, it is urgent to approach critically the feminization of care work and search for various alternatives for the ‘defeminization of care work’. Firstly, this study examines the character of care work as shadow work. Secondly, it tries to reveal the current state of the feminization of care work. Thirdly, it outlines a theoretical framework for the defeminization of care work.

플랫폼 배달 경제를 뒷받침하는 즉시성의 문화와 그림자 노동

박수민 비판사회학회 2021 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.130

최근 플랫폼 경제에서 비가시화된 노동이 확산하는 현상에 대한 문제 제기가 이어지고 있다. 이 연구는 현장 참여를 통해 수집한 데이터를 통해, 기술경제의 논리가 강조하는 즉시성이 비가시화된 그림자 노동의 증가로 이어지는 과정을 분석했다. 이를 통해 플랫폼 경제에서 생산/비생산 시간이 어떻게 새롭게 구성되고 있는지를 이해하는 것을 목표로 한다. 한국의 음식 배달 산업의 운영모델은 주문-배달 데이터 통합 정도와 고용 관계에 따라 분류할 수 있다. 배달 속도를 빠르게 만들기 위해 기업이 구사하는 경영전략을 일감 배분, 노동 통제, 노동 분업이라는 세 가지 측면에서 분석한 결과, 운영모델에 따라 인당 생산성 최대화와 규모의 경제 달성이라는 상이한 경영전략이 나타나고 있다. 플랫폼 음식 배달 기업들은 각자의 전략에 따라 배차 방식을 달리해 노동의 시·공간을 통제하며, 이에 따라 노동자는 다양한 시간 경험을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 생산력 향상 전략을 택한 기업들이 노동시간을 더욱 압축적으로 사용하면서 노동자들은 자율성을 제약받고, 시간 압박을 강하게 느끼게 된다. 반면 규모의 경제 달성 전략을 택한 기업들은 더 많은 노동자를 대기시키고 있었는데, 그 결과 대기나 준비 시간과 같은 그림자 노동의 시간이 늘어나고 있었다. With the rise of the platform economy, invisible work also has expanded together. Drawing on the fieldwork data, I investigated the relationship between technology-driven immediacy and shadow work. I analyzed the increase of shadow work in the Korean food delivery economy to understand how this economy newly constructs the (non)productive time. The operation model of the Korean food delivery business can be categorized according to the integration of order-delivery data and employment relations. Each model deploys different strategies for task dispatching systems, labor control, and division of labor. The integrated model tries to achieve economies of scale, whereas the disintegrated model endeavor to maximize worker productivity. Workers experience various temporalities depending on how platform companies control the Spatio-temporal dimension of labor by developing a task dispatch system according to their business strategies. Productivity maximizing strategy leads to time-compression and worker autonomy constraints. Economies of scales strategy require workers to wait for a job, which increases shadow work.

혜택/비용, 그림자 노동에 대한 부정적 태도, 반응행동 간 구조적 관계

( Liu Ting Ting ),고준 ( Koh Joon ) 한국정보시스템학회 2021 情報시스템硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Purpose Based on consumers' economic, psychological, self-development and conversion costs, this study discusses the relationship between consumers' negative attitude to their shadow work during the course of using self-service in unmanned supermarkets and their behavior. Design/methodology/approach Along with the Hirschman(1970)’s EVLN(Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect) reviewed, the proposed model of this study is based on the S-O-R model(Mehrabian and Russel, 1974) and mental accounting theory(Thaler, 1999), having empirical validation. Findings In the process of visits and consumption in unmanned supermarkets, increasing economic and psychological benefits can effectively reduce consumers’ negative attitudes towards shadow work. In addition, the increase in switching costs will also effectively reduce consumers’ negative attitudes towards shadow work. When shadow work holds a negative attitude, all the three kinds of actions will occur. Unmanned supermarket operators use consumers to create value while giving a certain return to them, which is conducive to the sustainable development of unmanned supermarket enterprises.

고령층의 키오스크 사용에서의 기술스트레스와 주관적 규범이 그림자노동 지각에 미치는 영향: 실증 분석

지도성,고준 한국지능정보사회진흥원 2023 정보화정책 Vol.30 No.4

While the introduction of kiosk has become an essential element, enjoying the effect of labor cost reduction, it has not been able to embrace the senior population due to the digital divide. This study investigated which factors have relationships with conflict over use for kiosk from the viewpoint of shadow work that appears during self-service kiosk use. An analysis of 159 seniors through survey revealed that both technostress and subjective norms had significant relationships with conflict over use for kiosk, and that the perception of shadow work had a partial mediating effect on these relationships. Further, user experience showed a moderating effect on the relationship between technostress and perception of shadow work. These results suggest theoretical and practical implications related to digital shadow work, providing the relevant policy regarding digital inclusion for seniors.