Effects of Dietary Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Selenium Retention in Tissues and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-finishing Pigs

Tian, J.Z.,Yun, M.S.,Ju, W.S.,Long, H.F.,Kim, J.H.,Kil, D.Y.,Chang, J.S.,Cho, S.B.,Kim, Y.Y.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.1

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) sources and levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 crossbred pigs ([$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$]${\times}$Large White) with average $28.5{\pm}0.2kg$ BW were allotted to 7 treatments on the basis of sex and weight in two replicates and four pigs per pen. A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Two sources of Se (selenite Se or Se-enriched yeast) were added at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg to each treatment diet. A basal diet without Se supplementation was the seventh treatment group. Three pigs per treatment were randomly selected and samples of loin, liver, pancreas and a kidney were collected, frozen and later analyzed for Se. The digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the apparent absorption and retention of Se and availability of other nutrients. Growth performance was not affected by dietary sources and levels of Se. No growth retardation was observed in the 0.5 mg/kg dietary Se treatment group regardless of Se sources. The Se concentration of serum in Se supplemented groups was increased compared with the control group (p<0.01). During the growing and finishing phase, Se in serum was clearly increased when organic Se was provided (p<0.01). Interaction of Se source ${\times}$ Se level was observed in Se concentration of loin, liver and pancreas of the pigs at the end of experiment. Selenium retention in the liver, kidney, pancreas and loin of pigs was increased as dietary Se level increased and was higher when pigs were fed organic Se resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary Se sources or levels. No dietary Se source ${\times}$ Se level interaction was observed in nutrient digestibility. The results from this experiment indicated that dietary Se sources and levels affected the distribution of Se in the body of growing-finishing pigs. Organic source of Se, such as Se-enriched yeast resulted in higher serum and tissue Se concentration compared to inorganic form, while no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility were observed from dietary Se supplementation in growing-finishing pigs.

Comparison of Bioavailability of Organic Selenium Sources in Finishing Pigs

Jang, Y.D.,Choi, H.B.,Durosoy, S.,Schlegel, P.,Choi, B.R.,Kim, Y.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.7

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of different organic selenium (Se) products in finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs, average body weight $47.6kg{\pm}0.05$, were allotted to four different treatments in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in three replicates with four pigs per pen. Three different organic Se products, Se-enriched yeast (treatments A and B) and Se-proteinate (treatment C), were used in conjunction with a basal diet with no added Se as a control treatment. In growing period, pigs were fed the same diet but finishing pigs were fed each treatment diet containing organic Se products for 6 weeks. During the experimental period, feed intake and body weight were measured and blood samples were collected to determine the Se concentration. At the end of this experiment, 3 pigs per treatment were killed and various tissues (loin, liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen) were collected to analyze the Se concentration. The body weight, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were similar among treatments, but the average daily gain (ADG) was increased on Se-proteinate treatment (p<0.01) and gain-to-feed ratio (G/F ratio) was improved on Se yeast B or Se-proteinate treatment (p<0.01). The tissue Se content was also increased when pigs were fed organic Se sources, and Se was retained efficiently in loin (p<0.01) and kidney (p<0.05) when Se yeast B was provided. The serum Se concentration was increased when organic Se was provided and was higher when pigs were fed Se-proteinate (p<0.01); subsequently liver Se was also higher on Se-proteinate treatment than other treatments. The Se yeast A treatment did not show any increment of Se concentration both in serum and tissues. This result demonstrated that Se retention and bioavailability in finishing pigs were varied by Se products although organic sources were provided. Consequently, each organic Se product should be evaluated before it is used as a supplement in animal feed.

Effects of Different Products and Levels of Selenium on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility and Selenium Retention of Growing-finishing Pigs

Tian, J.Z.,Yun, M.S.,Kong, C.S.,Piao, L.G.,Long, H.F.,Kim, J.H.,Lee, J.H.,Lim, J.S.,Kim, C.H.,Kim, Y.Y.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.1

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

풍죽(風竹) 문인화(文人畵)의 심미지향(審美指向)

권윤희 ( Kwon Yun Hee ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2016 감성연구 Vol.0 No.13

풍죽 문인화는 대나무와 바람이 결합되어 이루어진 문인의 그림이다. 풍(風)은 보이지 않은 가운데 감화 ·교화를 시켜주는 형이상의 심미요소가 있으며, 竹은 유가미학의 상징으로 절개·지조·선비 등을 상징하는 심미요소가 있다. 따라서 풍죽 문인화는 竹이라는 자연물로 된 유가미학의 상징과 풍(風)이라는 형이상적인 심미요소가 결합되어 심미이상을 구현한다. 풍죽 문인화는 일반적으로 상리(常理)의 추구가 담겨 있으며, 중신사(重神似)의 원칙으로 청풍고절(淸風高節)의 정신미(精神美)가 드러나게 된다. 풍죽 문인화에 대한 심미는 다양한 관점과 기준에서 이루어질 수 있다. 본고는 기세(氣勢)와 신채(神采)를 가장 중요한 심미기준으로 본다. 왜냐하면 기세에는 동양예술의 기본원리인 숙(熟)이 담겨있고, 신채에는 풍죽 문인화의 품격을 격상시켜 주는 격조가 함께 있기 때문이다. 즉, 기세는 극공의 숙에 의한 개성이며 천착된 필력이 있어야 가능하다. 기세가 외적인 형태로 드러난다면 신채는 내적인 정신이 드러남이다. 풍죽 문인화의 심미기준으로 신채는 품격을 보여주는 심미요소이다. 신채는 속됨을 없애고 맑음의 드러남을 추구하게 됨으로 가능하게 된다. 풍죽 문인화 미학의 심미이상은 비덕을 통한 유가미학의 구현에 있다. 이는 자연물에 군자와 선비를 의인화하여 가능하게 한다. 또한 풍죽 문인화 미학의 심미이상은 선비정신의 가시화(可視化) 하여 줌에 있다. 이는 청풍고절의 의상(意象)과 문향청기의 의상(意象)을 통하여 가능하게 한다. 이와 같이 풍죽의 문인화가 지향하는 심미지향은 비덕에 의한 유가미학의 구현을 통하여 선비정신을 드러내는 바에 있다. Windy bamboo is literati painting combined with bamboo and wind. The wind can`t be seen but has a metaphysical aesthetic element for influence and enlightenment. The bamboo also has a metaphysical aesthetic element for symbol of fidelity, unworldliness, and literati. Therefore, it is combined with the aesthetic element of bamboo which is a natural object and a symbol of Confucian aesthetics and wind which is the aesthetic element of metaphysics to realize the ideal of aesthetics. It generally has the pursuit of the matter of course(常理) and spiritual beauty of the clear wind and high fidelity(淸風高節) is revealed by the principle of the focused on mentally copied(重神似). The aesthetic about the windy bamboo can be reached at many different viewpoints and standards. I believe gi-se(strong force) and sin-chae (noble & mystic state) are the most important. It is because being mature, the basic principle of eastern art, is in the gise and the sin-chae consists of dignity which improves the level of the windy bamboo. In other words, the gise is individuality by studying hard and deeply and it will be available if there were the excavated power of a brush stroke. So, the gise expresses its personality outward, then the sinchae is its inner mind. They are the aesthetic elements of windy bamboo which show grace. This is available through pursuing revelation of clear and erasing earthliness. The ideal of aesthetics in windy bamboo is to embody confucian aesthetics through metaphor. It is possible by personification of wise man and scholar to natural object. And the aesthetic orientation is in the realization of confucian literati`s visualization. It is feasible through the image of the clear wind and high fidelity(淸風高節) and the image of literati`s fragrance and clear vigor (文香淸氣). Like this, the aim of aesthetics expresses the realization of confucian literati by metaphor through confucian aesthetics.