Computational Fluid Dynamics를 이용한 부유식 새꼬막 채묘장치의 유동 특성에 관한 연구

편용범,이경훈,최환석,이인태,김형호,이창제,Yong-Beom PYEON,Kyung-Hoon LEE,Hwan-Seok CHOI,In-Tae LEE,Hyoung-Ho KIM,Chang-Je LEE 한국수산해양기술학회 2023 수산해양기술연구 Vol.59 No.2

This study analyzed the flow inside floating seedling equipment for Scapharca subcrenata. Due to the aging society of fishing villages, it is impossible to continuously input the labor force. Therefore, it is necessary to improve efficiency. Scapharca subcrenata has high per capita consumption. It serves as an important aquatic food resource. Scapharca subcrenata culture tends to be highly dependent on the natural environment. Production of Scapharca subcrenata is difficult to predict with low stability. In the past, manpower directly installed bamboo nets in mudflats. The seedling equipment devised in this study is a floating type and can be freely moved on the sea according to the prediction of Scapharca subcrenata generation. The flow around the floating seedling equipment was analyzed by numerical analysis. The physical phenomena of the flow around the net inside the floating seedling equipment were visualized. As a result, the space between the floating seedling equipment and the bottom net and the space between the net groups showed a lower flow rate than the inlet flow rate. It is expected that the low flow rate of the floating seedling equipment will have a positive effect on the attachment of Scapharca subcrenata.

가온사육에 의한 새꼬막, Scapharca subcrenata의 성 성숙 및 난 발생

정춘구,오봉세,김태익,진영국 한국패류학회 2010 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.26 No.3

인위적인 가온만으로도 새꼬막의 성숙 및 정상적인 난 발생이 이루어지는지 알아보기 위해 생존율, 성비, 비만도, 생식소발달빈도, 생식소지수, 수정률, 부화율 및 D형 유생까지의 발생소요시간을 조사하였다. 생존율은 대조구에 비해 가온구에서 낮았으며, 성비는 암컷의 비율이 높았다. 비만도는 대조구와 가온구가 유의한 차이를 보이는 가운데 수온 17℃ 이상부터 증가폭이 높게 나타났다. 생식소발달빈도는 암․수 모두 대조구의 경우 발달이 느렸으며, 가온구는 수온 20℃인 사육 21일부터 28일 사이에 성숙기에 도달한 개체들이 80%이상 관찰되었다. 생식소지수는 대조구에 비해 수온이 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 새꼬막의 수정률은 82.17 ± 3.55% 였으며, 부화율은 63.57 ± 2.36%로 나타났다. D형 유생의 발생소요시간은 약 15시간으로 나타났다. The investigated of survival rate, sex ratio, condition index, gonad development frequency, gonad index, fertilization rate, hatching rate and time required development of D shape larvae of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata. Survival rate was lower in heating group compared with control group(P < 0.05). Sex ratio(female:male) observed 1:0.97 in control group, 1:0.62 in heating group. Condition index was significantly higher in heating group than control group(P < 0.05) and higher increased more than water temperature 17℃ of heating group. Gonad development observed slow in control group but more than ripe stage 80% in heating group(21-28 day, 20℃). Gonad index was higher in heating group compared with control group(P < 0.05). Fertilization rate and hatching rate of the ark shell was observed 82.17 ± 3.55% and 63.57 ± 2.36%, respectively. The time required development of D shape larvae of the ark shell was observed 15 hour after fertilization. The suggested that results of the ark shell by heating were effective sex maturation and normal egg development.

여자만 새꼬막 Scapharca subcrenata의 생식소 발달과 생식주기

김성연(Sung Yeon Kim),신윤경(Yun Kyung Shin),임한규(Han Kue Lim),이원찬(Won Chan Lee) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2008 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

가온사육이 새꼬막, Scapharca subcrenata의 성 성숙과 난 발생에 미치는 영향

정춘구,오봉세,김태익,진영국 한국발생생물학회 2010 한국발생생물학회 학술발표대회 Vol.29 No.-

국내 유용 양식품종인 새꼬막, Scapharca subcrenata은 돌조개 목 (Order Arcoida) 돌조개 과 (Family Arcidae)에 속하는 종으로써, 같은 과에 속하는 꼬막, Tegillarca granosa과 피조개, Scapharca broughtonii의 중간크기이다 (Kwon et al., 2001). 새꼬막이 국내 연 총생산량은 많게는 3,000 톤 가까이 되지만, 종패의 수급에 있어 주로 자연채묘에 의존하고 있기 때문에 지속적이고 양호한 채묘율을 기대할 수 있다. 새꼬막에 관련된 연구는 수온과 염분 등 환경요인에 의한 영향 (Nakamura, 2005; Shi et al., 2007; Fang et al., 2008), 생식주기 (Kim et al., 2008), 유생분포 (Kim et al., 2006), 채묘와 성장 (Lim and Hur, 2010) 등 그 보고되고 있지만, 꼬막에 비해 많지 않으며, 특히 국내의 경우 인공성숙 등에 관한 연구는 찾아보기 힘들다. 따라서 본 연구는 새꼬막의 성패를 이용하여 성 성숙에 있어 가장 중요한 요인 중 하나인 수온 상승만으로도 생식소의 발달 및 정상적인 난 발생이 진행되는지 파악하고자 하였다. 연구에 사용된 새꼬막의 크기는 각장 31.81±2.21 ㎜, 전중 9.87±1.94 g이었으며, 전라남도 고흥군의 여자만에서 채집하였다. 사육기간은 28일 간이었으며, 대조구는 일반수온으로 설정하였고, 가온구는 매일 0.5℃씩 수온을 상승시킨 후 20℃가 되는 시점에서 일주일간 수온을 유지하였다. 먹이는 Isochrysis galbana, Chactoceros calcitrans, Tetraselmis tetrathele 3종의 미세조류를 혼합하여 1 ton 수조에 3시간마다 200ℓ (5,000~6,000 cells/㎖)씩 자동급이장치에 의해 공급하였다. 매일 사망개체를 파악하여 생존율을 조사하였으며, 7일 간격으로 채집하여 성비, 생식소발달 및 생식소지수를 분석하였다. 또한, 가온성숙된 개체들을 대상으로 간출자극에 의한 산란유발을 실시한 후 정상적인 난발생이 이루어지는지 관찰하였다. 연구 종료 후 관찰된 새꼬막의 생존율은 대조구에 비해 낮은 생존율을 보이고 있었다. 성비는 암:수의 비가 대조구는 1:0.97로 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 가온구는 1:0.62로 암컷이 높게 나타났다. 비만도는 대조구와 가온구가 유의한 차이를 보이는 가운데 수온 17℃ 이상부터 증가폭이 높게 나타났다. 생식소발달빈도는 암․수 모두 대조구의 경우 발달이 느렸으며, 가온구는 수온 20℃인 사육 21일부터 28일 사이에 성숙기에 도달한 개체들이 80% 이상 관찰되었다. 생식소지수는 대조구에 비해 수온이 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수온 26℃ (32‰)에서 새꼬막의 수정란 크기는 직경 63.17±1.22 ㎛였으며, 수정률은 82.17±3.55%였다. 부화율은 63.57±2.36%였다. D형 유생의 발생소요시간은 수정 후 약 15시간으로 나타났으며, 크기는 각장 82.85±0.87 ㎛, 각고 72.65±1.07 ㎛였다.

Survival of the Ark Shell, Scapharca subcrenata and Physiological and Histological Changes at Decreasing Salinity

Shin, Yun-Kyung,Lee, Won-Chan,Jun, Rae-Hong,Kim, Sung-Yeon,Park, Jung-Jun The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2009 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.12 No.3

We examined physiological and histological responses related to the survival, oxygen consumption, excretion, and O/N ratio of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata, as a result of salinity changes. The 20-day $LS_{50}$ (median lethal salinity) at $15^{\circ}C$ was 13.87 practical salinity units (psu; confidence limits 10.30-18.74 psu), whereas the 14-day $LS_{50}$ at $25^{\circ}C$ was 12.59 psu (confidence limits 8.03-18.16 psu). In conditions of decreasing salinity, the osmolarity of individuals acclimated within 5 h above 26.4 psu but required more than 60 h below 13.2 psu. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates varied irregularly as salinity decreased. The O/N ratio was 19 and 27 at water temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, but decreased to 1-10 as salinity declined. The effects of decreasing salinity were observed in the histological changes to each organ of S. subcrenata. As salinity decreased, cilia fell off, the epithelial layer underwent necrosis and vacuolation, the connective tissue layers of the mantle and visceral mass were destroyed, and hemocytes increased in the gills. The results of this study could prove important in investigating causes of mass mortality and managing shellfish aquaculture farms.

Survival of the Ark Shell, Scapharca subcrenata and Physiological and Histological Changes at Decreasing Salinity

신윤경,이원찬,정래홍,김성연,박정준 한국수산과학회 2009 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.12 No.3

We examined physiological and histological responses related to the survival, oxygen consumption, excretion, and O/N ratio of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata, as a result of salinity changes. The 20-day LS50 (median lethal salinity) at 15ºC was 13.87 practical salinity units (psu; confidence limits 10.30-18.74 psu), whereas the 14-day LS50 at 25ºC was 12.59 psu (confidence limits 8.03-18.16 psu). In conditions of decreasing salinity, the osmolarity of individuals acclimated within 5 h above 26.4 psu but required more than 60 h below 13.2 psu. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates varied irregularly as salinity decreased. The O/N ratio was 19 and 27 at water temperatures of 15ºC and 25ºC, respectively, but decreased to 1-10 as salinity declined. The effects of decreasing salinity were observed in the histological changes to each organ of S. subcrenata. As salinity decreased, cilia fell off, the epithelial layer underwent necrosis and vacuolation, the connective tissue layers of the mantle and visceral mass were destroyed, and hemocytes increased in the gills. The results of this study could prove important in investigating causes of mass mortality and managing shellfish aquaculture farms.

한국산과 중국산 새꼬막(Scapharca subcrenata)의 원산지 판별을 위한 SNP 마커의 개발 및 검증

최성석(Seong Seok Choi),유승현(Seung Hyun Yoo),서용배(Yong Bae Seo),김종오(Jong Oh Kim),권익정(Ik Jung Kwon),배소희(So Hee Bae),김군도(Gun Do Kim) 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.12

본 연구에서는 한국산과 중국산 새꼬막(Scapharca subcrenata) 사이의 원산지 판별을 위하여 quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 분석을 기반으로 하는 Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 마커의 primer set를 개발 및 검증하였다. 총 180개의 새꼬막 sample을 genotyping by sequencing으로 분석하여 원산지 판별에 유용할 것이라 판단되는 7개의 후보 MS 마커와 15개의 후보 SNP 마커를 선정하였다. 후보 SNP 마커는 PCR과 sanger sequencing, SYBR green-based qPCR을 통해 원산지별 분리 여부를 확인하였다. 이 중 Insertion 1, SNP 21 마커가 qPCR 증폭 양상에서 집단이 확연히 분리되었으며 예상과 실제 증폭 형태가 일치하였다. 추가적으로 새꼬막을 무작위로 섞어서 진행한 blind test에서 Insertion 1은 새꼬막 100개에 대하여 74%의 정확도, 52%의 민감도, 96%의 특이도를 보였고, SNP 21은 새꼬막 137개에 대하여 86%의 정확도, 79%의 민감도, 93%의 특이도를 보였다. 따라서 개발된 두 개의 SNP 마커는 독립적 또는 복합적으로 사용하면 새꼬막 원산지 판별의 진위 여부를 검증하는 데 유용할 것으로 기대된다. In this study, we analyzed SNPs that appear between Korean and Chinese Scapharca subcrenata using the nucleotide sequence data of S. subcrenata analyzed by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). To distinguish the country of origin for S. subcrenata in Korean and Chinese, we developed a primer set as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis and validated by sequencing SNPs. A total of 180 samples of S. subcrenata were analyzed by genotyping by sequencing, and 15 candidate SNPs were selected. SNP marker selection for country of origin were identified through real-time qPCR. Insertion 1 and SNP 21 markers showed the most distinct separation between the sequence types as well as the country of origin through qPCR, with the observed amplification patterns matching the expected outcomes.. Additionally, in a blind test conducted by mixing samples of S. subcrenata at random, Insertion 1 showed 74% accuracy, 52% sensitivity, and 96% specificity, and SNP 21 showed 86% accuracy, 79% sensitivity, and 93% specificity. Therefore, the two SNP markers developed are expected to be useful in verifying the authenticity of the country of origin of S. subcrenata when used independently or in combination.

새꼬막 (Scapharca subcrenata) 부착기 유생을 이용한 고밀도 채묘에 관한 비교 연구

한종철,황인준,강정하,강희웅 한국패류학회 2022 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.38 No.2

The purpose of this study is to improve economical seed production of ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata by remote induced setting method. The setting rate according to the ark shell setting method differed from the set on net by 5.7% and high-density settlement system (Downwelling system) by ranging from 11.1-19.8%. Setting rate of high-density system was significantly influenced by initial stock in density were setting rate of high-density system was variable, at stocking density 30 × 104 individuals per setting aquarium with a setting rate 19.8%. however setting rates of between 60-90 × 104 individuals per setting aquarium were 13.8-11.1%, with higher density leading to higher setting rate. Using substrate in the high-density setting system, the setting rate was investigated and without substrate, microcultch 300 mL and microcultch 600 mL experimental condition with a non substrate condition was 17.2%, the microcultch 300 mL condition was 14.1%, the microcultch 600 mL condition 13.8%. The stimulation of increased setting rate by less substrate as microcultch, a situation beneficial to setting efforts for the species. As a result of investigating the new setting method of S. subcrenata artificial seeds, the hige-density setting method (Downwelling system) was able to produce 85 times higher per unit area than existing natural setting method, and it is expected that mass artificial seed production, S. subcrenata will be possible.

여자만 새꼬막, Scapharca subcrenata (Bivalvia: Arcidae)의 생리적변화 및 계절별 에너지수지

신윤경,이원찬,김성연,전제천,김응오 한국패류학회 2011 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.27 No.3

This study presents physiological rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, feeding rates, O/N ratio and assimilation efficiency of the blood cockle, Scapharca subcrenata, determined from specimens collected in Yeoja bay on the south coast of Korea. Physiological parameters were measured monthly under static, laboratory controlled conditions with ambient conditions, and measurements were performed seasonally in order to estimate scope for growth and its probable sources of variation. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates have been increased as temperature increased with the highest value of August, 2008. Feeding rate was the highest during April whereas the lowest was during August which is a period of gametogenesis with minimum biomass of phytoplankton around sampling area. Assimilation efficiency was not significantly different seasonally and O/N ratio decreased during July to August. The scope for growth was negative during high temperature months(July to August), reflecting the high temperature and low feeding rate, and had its highest positive values during spring and autumn. Data on the physiological parameters and scope for growth of Scapharca subcrenata obtained in this study will be used to assess the carrying capacity for blood cockle cultivation.

Genetic Distances for Intra- and Between-Group of Scapharca subcrenata from Yeosu of the Korea

윤종만 한국발생생물학회 2021 발생과 생식 Vol.25 No.4

The oligonucleotides polymers (ON-polymers) were used producing a total of 110 loci unique to each clam population (LUECP) in group one and 132 in group two, respectively, varying in amount of DNA fragments (FRs) from greater than near 50 to a smaller quantity than 1,050 bp. The larger FR amounts (>1,050 bp) are not noticed in the two Scapharca subcrenata groups. The ON-polymer OPD-01 produced 33 LUECP, which were defining each group, almost 300 bp, 450 bp, and 500 bp, in the group one. The OPD-15 recognized 22 loci shared by the two clam populations (Loci shared by the two clam populations, LSTCP), a variety of FRs of sizes 300 bp that were equivalent in all specimens. The mean number of LUECP was varied and 1.2-fold greater in the shellfish group two than in the group one. Respecting mean bandsharing (BS) grade outcomes, entities in the shellfish group one (0.779±0.011) had a little higher BS grades than did entities from the group two (0.756±0.009) (p<0.05). The entities of the shellfish group one are not tightly gathered with other entities of the group two. The genetic distance (GD) (0.422) of this invertebrate (SUBCRENATA 02 and 01) is 7.41-fold hereditarily distinct to the GD (0.057) of the other invertebrate (SUBCRENATA 22 and 19). The polar dendrogram (PDG) procured by the five ON-polymers underlines two characteristic groups.