The Multifunctional Protein, Snd1, Involved in tRNA Splicing of the Fission Yeast

Dae-Myung Kim(김대명) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2016 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.10 No.6

본 연구실에서는 이전의 연구에서 6개의 tRNA splicing mutant를 S. pombe의 ts mutant bank로 부터분리하였다. 본 연구에서는 이중의 하나 ptp 4<SUP>-</SUP>mutant에 해당하는 wild type의 유전자 (ptp4- 2<SUP>+</SUP> )를 genomic DNA library로부터 growth defect의 complementation에 의해 cloning하였다. ptp4- 2<SUP>+</SUP> 유전자는 ptp 4<SUP>-</SUP> mutant의 growth defect와 tRNA splicing defect를 complementation하였다. 이 유전자의 서열을 분석한 결과 NCBI의 database에 등록된 Snd1 유전자의 서열과 일치하였다. Snd1은 세포의 여러 과정에 관련된 multifuctional protein으로 알려져 있고 이 단백질은 4개의 SN domain과 하나의 Tudor domain으로 구성되어 있다. 이의 유전자 서열과 ptp4- 2<SUP>+</SUP> 유전자의 서열을 비교 분석한 결과 본 연구의 ptp4- 2<SUP>+</SUP> 는 Snd1 단백질의 4개의 SN domain 중 3개를 포함하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이 결과로 미루어 S. pombe의 tRNA splicing에는 Snd1 단백질의 SN domain이 관련되는 것으로 사료된다. Snd1은 암세포에서 과발현되고 carcinogenesis에 관여하는 단백질로써 알려져 있어 tumor marker의 좋은 후보자이다. 암세포에서 tRNA 또한 과발현되는 점을 고려하면 본 연구는 암세포에서 tRNA와 Snd1의 연관관계뿐만 아니라 나아가 carcinogenesis의 기작을 이해하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. By screening a bank of temperature sensitive mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we had previously isolated six pre-tRNA splicing mutants named ptp1 to ptp6. We cloned the ptp4-2<SUP>+</SUP> gene from a genomic DNA library by complementation of the growth defect. The recovered plasmid contains a 2.4 kb insert and complements the growth defect of the ptp4<SUP>-</SUP> mutant by 87%. The 2.0 kb subclone of this plasmid showed 60% complementation of the growth defect. Introduction of the ptp4-2<SUP>+</SUP>genes into the ptp4<SUP>-</SUP> mutant cells restores the ability to splice tRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the ptp4-2+ gene was identical to the part of sequence of S. pombe chromosome III in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information. There was only one truncated open reading frame in entire 2.4 kb sequence. The full-length open reading frame encodes Snd1, the multifunctional protein involved in various cellular processes. The 2.4 kb or 2.0 kb yeast DNA of the ptp4-2<SUP>+</SUP> subclone contains only staphylococcal nuclease (SN) domains of the Snd1, suggesting that the SN domains of the Snd1 protein may participate in tRNA splicing. Snd1 is known to be involved in carcinogenesis and over-expressed in cancer cells. Considering that all tRNA expression is increased in cancer cells, the results in here may shed light in understanding the connection between tRNA and Snd1 in tumor cells as well as the mechanisms of carcinogenesis by Snd1.

분열효모의 tRNA 스플라이싱에 관련된 강력한 종양 지표 단백질, Snd1

김대명 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2016 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.10 No.6

By screening a bank of temperature sensitive mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we had previously isolated six pre-tRNA splicing mutants named ptp1 to ptp6. We cloned the ptp4-2+ gene from a genomic DNA library by complementation of the growth defect. The recovered plasmid contains a 2.4 kb insert and complements the growth defect of the ptp4- mutant by 87%. The 2.0 kb subclone of this plasmid showed 60% complementation of the growth defect. Introduction of the ptp4-2+genes into the ptp4- mutant cells restores the ability to splice tRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the ptp4-2+ gene was identical to the part of sequence of S. pombe chromosome III in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information. There was only one truncated open reading frame in entire 2.4 kb sequence. The full-length open reading frame encodes Snd1, the multifunctional protein involved in various cellular processes. The 2.4 kb or 2.0 kb yeast DNA of the ptp4-2+ subclone contains only staphylococcal nuclease (SN) domains of the Snd1, suggesting that the SN domains of the Snd1 protein may participate in tRNA splicing. Snd1 is known to be involved in carcinogenesis and over-expressed in cancer cells. Considering that all tRNA expression is increased in cancer cells, the results in here may shed light in understanding the connection between tRNA and Snd1 in tumor cells as well as the mechanisms of carcinogenesis by Snd1.

동시 질산화-탈질(SND) 반응을 적용한 MBR 반응조에서 질소 및 인 제거 특성

전동걸(Dong Jie Tian),임현숙(Hyun Suk Lim),안찬현(Chan Hyun An),이봉규(Bong Gyu Lee),전항배(Hang Bae Jun),박찬일(Chan Il Park) 大韓環境工學會 2013 대한환경공학회지 Vol.35 No.10

동시 질산화 탈질은 미세 용존 산소하에 한 반응조내에서 일어난다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 인 방출을 위해 공기가 공급되는 MBR 전단에 혐기성 존을 만들어주었으며, 높은 DO 농도에서 탈질효율을 향상시켜 주기 위해서는 MBR 내에 배플을 설치하여 무산소 존이 이루어지게 하였다. 그리고 인 제거를 위한 테스트는 MBR 전단의 혐기성 반응조에 알럼 응집제를투입하여 수행하였다. 질소 제거를 위한 SND의 최적 DO 농도 도출은 MBR 내 DO 농도를 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.75 mg/L의 다양한조건에서의 운전을 통해 수행하였다. 심지어 높은 알칼리성 하수라 알럼 응집제를 투입하였을 때 알칼리 용액 첨가 없이도 pH 는 7.0~8.0로 유지되었다. TCODcr와 NH₄+-N의 제거 효율은 모든 DO 농도에서 90% 이상이었다. DO 농도 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.75mg/L에서의 TN 제거효율은 각각 50, 51, 54, 66%이었다. DO 농도 0.75 mg/L 조건에서 알럼을 첨가한 결과 TN 제거효율은 54%로 감소하였다. 혐기성 반응조에 알럼을 투입한 결과 TP 제거효율은 29%에서 95%로 향상되었다. 그리고 알럼 투입 후 분리막모듈의 화학적 세정 주기는 15~20일부터 40~50일으로 늘어났다. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) occurs concurrently in the same reactor under micro dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions. Anaerobic zone was applied for phosphorus release prior to an aerated membrane bio-reactor (MBR), and anoxic zone was installed by placing a baffle in the MBR for enhancing denitrification even in high DO concentration in the MBR. Phosphorus removal was tested by alum coagulation in the anaerobic reactor preceding to MBR. DO concentration were 2.0,1.5, 1.0, 0.75 mg/L in the MBR at different operating stages for finding optimum DO concentration in MBR for nitrogen removal by SND. pH was maintained at 7.0~8.0 without addition of alkaline solution even with alum addition due to high alkalinity in the raw sewage. Both TCODcr and NH₄+-N removal efficiency were over 90% at all DO concentration. TN removal efficiencies were 50, 51, 54, 66% at DO concentration of 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.75 mg/L, respectively. At DO concentration of 0.75 mg/L with addition of alum, TN removal efficiency decreased to 54%. TP removal efficiency increased from 29% to 95% by adding alum to anaerobic reactor. The period of chemical backwashing of the membrane module increased from 15~20 days to 40~50 days after addition of alum.

허혈성 심질환에 활용된 사역탕(四逆湯)의 최신 연구 동향

장일웅 ( Jang Il-woong ),홍준영 ( Hong Jun-yeong ),이숭인 ( Lee Soong-in ) 대한상한금궤의학회 2021 대한상한금궤의학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Purpose : Sayeok-tang (Sini decoction, SND) is a cold-dispelling formula used for cold deficiency syndrome and is composed of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preperata, Zingiberis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. It is used for diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute and chronic gastroenteritis, and gastric effusion. This study proposes the possibility of expansion of basic research and clinical applications for ischemic heart disease (IHD) through systematic analysis of domestic and foreign studies on SND. Methods :We collected studies within the last 10 years on the use of SND in IHD and excluded those lacking relevance. Selected studies were classified by research method and the main themes of the studies were analyzed for each classification. Result: Out of 15 studies, there were 5 animal studies, 8 metabolite analyses in animals, 1 in vitro study, and 1 systematic review. Our review suggests that SND may be used as an adjuvant to nitroglycerin and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and may improve symptoms and quality of life of patients with IHD. Myocardial protective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-hypertensive actions were confirmed through these studies. Effects on carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism were also reported. Conclusions : This study suggests that SND has potential as a treatment for IHD.

NADH 센서를 이용한 생물학적 동시 탈질·질산화공정에서 질소, 인제거 영향인자 및 거동 평가

김한래,이시진(Si-Jin Lee) 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.5

In this study, the factors affecting on biological N and P removal using SND (simultaneous nitrification and denitrification) process were investigated and evaluated to find the possibility for treating N and P through SND with NADH by surveying N and P trace in aeration tank. The results on surveying the variation of NH₄+-N+NO₃−-N concentration in order to estimate the degree of SND in each point (P2, P3, P4, P5) of aeration tank showed that denitrification efficiency in P2 (front zone), nitrification and denitrification efficiencies in P4 (middle zone) were 67%, 86% and 39%, respectively. When it analyzed PO₄-³-P concentration in each point of aeration tank, PO₄-³-P concentration into P2 was 1.25 mg/L, increased to 2.22 mg/L by P release in P2 zone, decreased to 0.74 mg/L by P uptake in P4. Consequently, we could estimate which high P removal efficiency observed in this study was caused by biological phosphorus removal. To find the operating factors affecting effluent T-N, we analyzed the correlation among FN/M ratio, C/N ratio, Temp. and SRT etc and then the results showed that the correlation among FN/M ratio, C/N ratio and Temp was no high. However, in the relationship of SRT and other parameters (effluent NH₄+-N and effluent BOD), the short SRT could be affected on effluent NH₄+-N and so effluent BOD could be increased. Thus, SRT operation should be controlled over 10 days. The results for analyzing the correlation between SRT and influent NO₃--N in order to investigate the operating factors affecting effluent T-P showed that T-P or PO₄-³-P was no high correlation with SRT, whereas PO₄-³-P concentration increased along with increasing NO₃--N concentration into P2. Based on these results, we could obtain the conclusion which effluent PO₄-³-P concentration depend on NO₃--N concentration into P2 using regression analysis (R²=0.97). In this study, the factors affecting on biological N and P removal using SND (simultaneous nitrification and denitrification) process were investigated and evaluated to find the possibility for treating N and P through SND with NADH by surveying N and P trace in aeration tank. The results on surveying the variation of NH₄+-N+NO₃−-N concentration in order to estimate the degree of SND in each point (P2, P3, P4, P5) of aeration tank showed that denitrification efficiency in P2 (front zone), nitrification and denitrification efficiencies in P4 (middle zone) were 67%, 86% and 39%, respectively. When it analyzed PO₄-³-P concentration in each point of aeration tank, PO₄-³-P concentration into P2 was 1.25 mg/L, increased to 2.22 mg/L by P release in P2 zone, decreased to 0.74 mg/L by P uptake in P4. Consequently, we could estimate which high P removal efficiency observed in this study was caused by biological phosphorus removal. To find the operating factors affecting effluent T-N, we analyzed the correlation among FN/M ratio, C/N ratio, Temp. and SRT etc and then the results showed that the correlation among FN/M ratio, C/N ratio and Temp was no high. However, in the relationship of SRT and other parameters (effluent NH₄+-N and effluent BOD), the short SRT could be affected on effluent NH₄+-N and so effluent BOD could be increased. Thus, SRT operation should be controlled over 10 days. The results for analyzing the correlation between SRT and influent NO₃--N in order to investigate the operating factors affecting effluent T-P showed that T-P or PO₄-³-P was no high correlation with SRT, whereas PO₄-³-P concentration increased along with increasing NO₃--N concentration into P2. Based on these results, we could obtain the conclusion which effluent PO₄-³-P concentration depend on NO₃--N concentration into P2 using regression analysis (R²=0.97).

MBR 단일 반응조에서 용존산소 농도에 따른 동시 질산화-탈질반응(SND)의 영향

박노백 ( Noh Back Park ),최우영 ( Woo Yung Choi ),윤애화 ( Ae Hwa Yoon ),전항배 ( Hang Bae Jun ) 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회지 Vol.28 No.4

In this study, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) from synthetic wastewater were performed to evaluate dissolved oxygen(DO) effects on chemical oxygen demand(COD) and nitrogen removal in a single membarne bio-reactor(MBR). DO levels in MBR at Run 1, 2, and 3 were 1.9~2.2, 1.3~1.6, and 0.7~1.0 mg/L, respectively. Experimental results indicated that DO had an important factor to affect COD and total nitrogen(TN) removal. SND were able to be accomplished in the continuous-aeration MBR by controlling ambient DO concentration. It is postulated that, because of the oxygen diffusion limitation, an anoxic micro-zone was formed inside the flocs where the denitrification might occur. From the results of this study, 96% of COD could be removed at DO of 0.7mg/L. At run 2 72.92% of nitrogen was removed by the mechanisms of SND (7.75mg-TN/L in effluent). In this study, SND was successfully occurred in a MBR due to high MLSS that could help to form anoxic zone inside microbial floc at bulk DO concentrations of 1.3~1.6mg/L.

Membrane-BNR 공정의 유동상 담체 호기조내 SND 평가

이정열 ( Jung Yeol Lee ),민경석 ( Kyung Sok Min ) 한국물환경학회 2009 한국물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.2

수처리용 스펀지 담체 적용에 따른 SBR 폭기구간에서의 질소 제거능 평가

유미영,김도은,김범수,황선진 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.05

호소의 부영양화와 같은 수계오염을 유발하는 질소 및 인에 대한 방류수 수질기준 규제가 점차 강화되고 있으며, 최종 개정된 방류수 수질기준에서는 처리수를 Ⅰ지역에 방류하는 경우, 총 질소 20 mg-N/L, 총 인 0.2 mg-P/L로 규제하고 있다. 이에 따라 대부분의 공공하수처리시설은 고도처리공법을 확보하고 있으며 현재 운영중인 고도처리시설에는 생물학적 고도처리법인 SBR공법과 A O 공법이 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 한국 하수 성상의 경우 질소에 대한 유기물의 비율이 낮기 때문에 질소 제거효율이 낮고, 탈질을 위해 외부 탄소원을 추가적으로 주입함에 따라 운영비의 증가 문제가 발생된다. 외부 탄소원의 주입에도 불구하고 2015년 환경부에서 발표한 방류수 수질현황을 참고하면 공공하수처리시설의 T-N 제거효율은 약 70%에 그친다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 생물학적 고도처리법으로 가장 많이 적용되고 있는 SBR 공법에 수처리용 스펀지 담체를 투입하였을 때, 폭기구간에서의 질소제거 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 스펀지 담체와 같이 담체 내외부의 물질전달이 자유로운 담체의 경우, 담체 내외부에 형성되는 산소 농도구배로 인하여 담체 내부에는 국소적인 무산소 조건이 형성되며, 그에 따라 담체 외부에서는 질산화가 내부에서는 탈질이 일어나는 SND(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification) 기작이 일어날 수 있다. 이에 폭기 전・후의 암모니아성 질소와 질산성 질소 측정을 통해 SND 효율을 계산한 결과, 약 30%의 효율을 나타내었으며, 이는 탈질이 유도되는 단위공정에서 탈질에 필요한 외부탄소원의 요구량을 감축시킬 수 있으므로 경제적인 측면에서 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

수처리용 스펀지 담체 적용에 따른 SBR 폭기구간에서의 질소 제거능 평가

유미영 ( Mi-yeong Yu ),김도은 ( Do-eun Kim ),김범수 ( Bum-soo Kim ),황선진 ( Sun-jin Hwang ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.-

호소의 부영양화와 같은 수계오염을 유발하는 질소 및 인에 대한 방류수 수질기준 규제가 점차 강화되고 있으며, 최종 개정된 방류수 수질기준에서는 처리수를 Ⅰ지역에 방류하는 경우, 총 질소 20 mg-N/L, 총 인 0.2 mg-P/L로 규제하고 있다. 이에 따라 대부분의 공공하수처리시설은 고도처리공법을 확보하고 있으며 현재 운영중인 고도처리시설에는 생물학적 고도처리법인 SBR공법과 A₂O 공법이 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 한국 하수 성상의 경우 질소에 대한 유기물의 비율이 낮기 때문에 질소 제거효율이 낮고, 탈질을 위해 외부 탄소원을 추가적으로 주입함에 따라 운영비의 증가 문제가 발생된다. 외부 탄소원의 주입에도 불구하고 2015년 환경부에서 발표한 방류수 수질현황을 참고하면 공공하수처리시설의 T-N 제거효율은 약 70%에 그친다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 생물학적 고도처리법으로 가장 많이 적용되고 있는 SBR 공법에 수처리용 스펀지 담체를 투입하였을 때, 폭기구간에서의 질소제거 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 스펀지 담체와 같이 담체 내외부의 물질전달이 자유로운 담체의 경우, 담체 내외부에 형성되는 산소 농도구배로 인하여 담체 내부에는 국소적인 무산소 조건이 형성되며, 그에 따라 담체 외부에서는 질산화가 내부에서는 탈질이 일어나는 SND (Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification) 기작이 일어날 수 있다. 이에 폭기 전·후의 암모니아성 질소와 질산성 질소 측정을 통해 SND 효율을 계산한 결과, 약 30%의 효율을 나타내었으며, 이는 탈질이 유도되는 단위공정에서 탈질에 필요한 외부탄소원의 요구량을 감축시킬 수 있으므로 경제적인 측면에서 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

Sinoatrial Reentrant Tachycardia in a Yorkshire Cross Dog

남소정,현창백 한국임상수의학회 2008 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.25 No.5

An 8-year-old intact male Yorkshire cross dog (7.5 kg of body weight) was referred with the primary complaint of exercise intolerance and occasional syncope. Initial cardiological examination could not identify any abnormalities except mild mitral regurgitation. Exercise stress test revealed chronotrophic incompetence. Furthermore the 1 hr-digital event recording found the sudden onset of paroxysmal sinus tachycaridas (156-172 bpm) lasting few minutes and stopping abruptly. In addition, the tachycardia terminated by vagal maneuver and verapamil administration. Based on this finding, the case was diagnosed as sinoatrial reentrant tachycardia (SART). The dog was treated with diltiazem and enalapril. Although the dog still has exercise intolerance, no syncope has been observed after medication.