Rural Development and Strategies for Sustainable Agrarian Livelihood

DEXANOURATH SENEDUANGDETH 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2009 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.38 No.1

This research aims to explore how rural development under the policy of market-oriented economy effects local people in terms of economic, social and cultural practices, and how they adapt themselves to those changes to sustain their livelihood strategies through focusing on Ban Huaxieng of Xaithany district as a case study. This study analyzes both primary data and secondary data and applies both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. Four methods are applied for primary data: household survey, participant observation, life history and indepth interview. This research focuses on three main parts: first, Ban Huaxieng and policy implementation of rural development; second, livelihood diversification as new livelihood strategies; and third, changing social and cultural practices under development. As a result of analyzing this case study, two main findings are discovered. Firstly, diversification of livelihood is considered as new livelihood strategies under rural development along with the mechanism of market economy. Secondly, rural development can improve living condition but creates contradictions; particularly, development under the market mechanism has created unintended consequences, which can endanger some agrarian households’ sustainable livelihood.

基于可持续生计的非遗旅游发展研究——以杨家埠民间艺术大观园和红高粱影视城为例

詹雪芳,石美玉,이명애 대한중국학회 2024 중국학 Vol.86 No.-

生计的可持续发展对于改善农民生活质量、保障粮食安全、促进农村经济发展和社会稳定等方面都具有重要意义,因此拓宽农民的生计策略选择范围是必要的。非遗旅游作为乡村振兴的重要途经之一,可以使生计多元化,提高农民生活的稳定性。本研究选取了杨家埠民间艺术大观园和红高粱影视城作为研究对象,运用可持续生计分析框架,通过深度访谈和参与式观察法,探究非遗旅游发展对可持续生计的影响,以期能够为其他需要丰富生计策略的乡村发展提供实践参考。研究结果表明,不同的非遗旅游发展路径带来不同的生计资本积累,因此乡村在规划发展非遗旅游时,应关注并解决不同类型的发展路径带来的生计资本短板,以促进非遗旅游和农户生计的持续发展。其次,乡村发展非遗旅游的过程中,不同生计资本之间存在相互转化和替代、相互影响和制约的关系,这意味着乡村在发展非遗旅游时,需要综合考虑各生计资本之间的关系,确保它们能够相互促进和协调发展。 The sustainable development of livelihood is of great significance to improve the livelihood of farmers. It‘s necessary to broaden farmers’ livelihood strategy choices. Intangible cultural heritage tourism diversifies livelihoods and improves stability of farmers‘ lives. Taking Yangjiabu Folk Art Park and Red Sorghum Movie City as research objects, this study uses sustainable livelihood analysis framework, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation methods to explore the impact of intangible cultural heritage tourism on sustainable livelihoods, providing reference for rural development in need of enriching livelihood strategies. The research finds that different paths of intangible cultural heritage tourism lead to different accumulation of livelihood capital. Therefore, when planning and developing intangible cultural heritage tourism, rural areas should solve the shortage of livelihood capital brought by different types of development paths, promoting sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism and farmers’ livelihoods. Secondly, in the process of rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, there is a mutual transformation and substitution, mutual influence and restriction relationship between different livelihood capital. Rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism needs to consider the relationship between various livelihood capital, ensuring they can promote each other and coordinate development.

How community-based forest management can improve rural livelihoods : A case of Kabhre district, Nepal

Tara Devi Manandhar,신만용 한국산림과학회 2013 Forest Science And Technology Vol.9 No.3

Community forestry (CF) is a government-adopted forest management practice introduced in Nepal in the late 1970s, in which the local community controls a legally defined area of forest in terms of its management and the conservation and utilization of forest products. In Nepal, CF is one of the most successful strategies for managing natural resources with the active participation of rural communities. The overall objective of this study was to determine how to improve the utilization of forest products and rural livelihoods through CF. The analysis was carried out through a household survey,using a random sampling, along with formal and informal discussions with concerned parties. The results showed that CF was effective in improving sustainable forest resources for rural livelihoods. CF income comes from forestry and nonforestry sources, and it is invested in various activities such as community development and forest management. These activities also improve rural people’s livelihood and foster social development.

한국과 파키스탄의 농촌개발 타임라인 분석: 파키스탄에 주는 교훈

바바사바즈무하마드루크만 ( Babar Shahbaz Muhammad Luqman ),조경래 ( Gyoung Rae Cho ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2014 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

The main objective of this paper is to sequentially analyze the major themes in rural development by taking the case studies of Pakistan and Korea using the framework proposed by Ellis and Biggs. The data presented in this paper is based on an intensive review of literature and in-depth interviews with some key persons from different organizations in the Republic of Korea. It indicates that at the time of independence, both countries had weak industrial base and the economy was largely dependent on agriculture. Agricultural development remained the main focus of Pakistan’s development policies since independence; however, it was not until early 1970s when development of agriculture and rural areas became the priority of Korean government. Though many development projects have also been implemented in Pakistan since its independence, inconsistent policies adopted by different political regimes is one of the main reasons for comparatively poor performance in agriculture and rural development sectors while the Korean government and policy makers have quickly responded to different challenges that emerged from time to time. It seems that Korean government is taking necessary measures to diversify the rural economy through the promotion of agricultural value addition, rural tourism and improved marketing infrastructure to meet new challenges, along with the commendable efforts of its research and extension organizations; however the response of Pakistan seems rather sluggish in this respect. The concluding argument is that though contextual, cultural and socio-economic differences may be taken into account while comparing the development history of different countries, developing countries can learn substantially from the experiences of a developed country in some particular sector, notably in the problem solving approach, integrated strategy, agricultural value addition, strengthening of local governments, livelihood diversification in rural areas, effective linkages between different organizations and emphasis on sustainable livelihoods.

Patterns and Determinants of Household Income Diversification in Rural Senegal and Kenya

Sarah ALOBO LOISON,Cé,line BIGNEBAT 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2017 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.8 No.1

Income diversification is considered one of the important household strategies for securing rural livelihoods. We investigate its patterns and determinants using data on 1,747 farm households collected in 2007-2008 from six regions in rural Senegal and Kenya. The empirical investigation shows that the regional variation in income diversification does not follow any clear patterns, with push and pull determinants acting concurrently within and between regions. Therefore, policies on income diversification need to be tailored to meet the development needs of specific regions. More generally, income diversification is significantly associated with household asset endowments, demographic factors, accessibility to rural towns, migration opportunities, and perceptions on food security.

People's livelihood and their perception towards forest degradation in central Nepal : The households' perspective

Menaka Panta,Kyehyun Kim,Cholyoung Lee 대한공간정보학회 2009 한국지형공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.9

Forests have been a key component of rural livelihood in Nepal for centuries. The villages around the Chitwan forest corridor depend largely on natural resources including forest which provide basic products for their livelihood. In this study, a field survey of 100 households in Chitwan in 2007 was conducted to analyze the people’s livelihood strategy and their perception towards forest degradation. Results showed that households' was dependent on multiple livelihood categories with 98% belongs to food crops and 92% to livestock husbandry. Almost 34% of household income was shared by agriculture (crop and livestock) and 20% by remittance. Data further revealed that income distribution was somehow more equal with Gini coefficient 0.25 than the distribution of landholdings with 0.37. However, average per capita income of households was only Nrs. 21,117.00 (about US $ 293.00) lower than the national standard and 33% of the households were below the poverty thresholds (Nrs.14, 942/annually) with the poverty gap index 0.0945. Further, 85% of the respondents mentioned that the present status of forest is degraded however 83% of households are not participated in forest management due to low awareness is still prevailing in 82% households. It could be a reason the traditional dependency on forest resources has been shifting towards the small scale farming, business and service because of the shrinkage of forest resources in the study area.

Homestead Plant Species Diversity and Its Contribution to the Household Economy: a Case Study from Northern Part of Bangladesh

Mohammad Golam Kibria,Sawon Istiak Anik 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2010 Journal of Forest Science Vol.26 No.1

This paper analyzes data on the plant species diversity and their contribution to the livelihoods of rural people in five villages of Domar upazila, Nilphamari district, Bangladesh. Assessment was done by means of multistage random sampling. Information collected from a total of 40 households ranging from small, medium and large categories. A total of 52 plant species belonging to 34 families were identified as being important to local livelihoods. Fruits (37%), timber (23%) and medicinal (17%) species were the most important plant use categories. Determination of the relative density of the different species revealed that Areca catechu constitutes 19.17% of homestead vegetation of the area followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus, which occupies 10.34%. Margalef index showed that there is no major difference (5.11 for large, 5.49 for medium, 4.73 for small) across the different size classes and Shannon-Weiner Index of the study area varies from 2.75 to 2.98. Results show that the average annual homestead income varied from US$108.69 to US$291.67 and contribute 6.63% of the household income.

Homestead Plant Species Diversity and Its Contribution to the Household Economy: a Case Study from Northern Part of Bangladesh

Kibria, Mohammad Golam,Anik, Sawon Istiak Institute of Forest Science 2010 Journal of Forest Science Vol.26 No.1

This paper analyzes data on the plant species diversity and their contribution to the livelihoods of rural people in five villages of Domar upazila, Nilphamari district, Bangladesh. Assessment was done by means of multistage random sampling. Information collected from a total of 40 households ranging from small, medium and large categories. A total of 52 plant species belonging to 34 families were identified as being important to local livelihoods. Fruits (37%), timber (23%) and medicinal (17%) species were the most important plant use categories. Determination of the relative density of the different species revealed that Areca catechu constitutes 19.17% of homestead vegetation of the area followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus, which occupies 10.34%. Margalef index showed that there is no major difference (5.11 for large, 5.49 for medium, 4.73 for small) across the different size classes and Shannon-Weiner Index of the study area varies from 2.75 to 2.98. Results show that the average annual homestead income varied from US$108.69 to US$291.67 and contribute 6.63% of the household income.

Households' Characteristics, Forest Resources Dependency and Forest Availability in Central Terai of Nepal

Panta, Menaka,Kim, Kyehyun,Lee, Cholyoung Korean Society of Forest Science 2009 한국산림과학회지 Vol.98 No.5

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

Impact Analysis of Urbanization on Rural Livelihood- An Empirical Study of an Urban Centre of Delhi, India

Ghuncha Firdaus,Ateeque Ahmad 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2011 도시과학국제저널 Vol.15 No.3

Urbanization, one of the most pressing global issues, with all of its concomitant consequences, is resulting in greater attention among planners and policy makers today than ever before. The present study intends to probe into the subject of urbanization with a specific focus on Delhi, and analysis of the same in the context of changing agricultural land use pattern and rural livelihood. A crosssectional design was used for data collection from a random sample of 896farming households. The analysis depicts that during 1951–2001, the urban area of Delhi expanded from 195.8 ㎢ to 924.6 ㎢, and the urban population increased from 0.1 to 2.3 million. Information at the household level shows that nearly 63% of the sampled household shifted their occupation from agriculture to non-agriculture, while almost 50% of the respondents reported change in cropping patterns, i.e. food grain versus vegetables, fruits and flowers. Through the application of the multiple linear regression model, the study reveals that residential complexes (p<0.01) and household industries (p<0.05) have a positive significant bearing on agricultural land use patterns. The development of transportation networks, orchards and nurseries, and brick kiln are shown to have an insignificant (p>0.05) correlation. Integrated planning for rural and urban areas may be key for balanced and sustainable urban development of Delhi.