A Study on the Comparative Method Using AHP and GIS Based Distributed Runoff Model

박진혁 대한토목학회 2010 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.14 No.6

Research in the field of river hydrology has been mainly concerned with the investigation of the rainfall-runoff phenomenon through the analysis of hydrological factors such as meteorology and geography, with the focus being on each river basin. Recently,various forms of digital information such as GIS (Geographic Information System) and RS (Remote Sensing) data have been made available in worldwide digital map format. Therefore, there has been a shift in focus from lumped-parameter models to distributed runoff models, as the latter can consider temporal and spatial variations in water quantity. Distributed runoff models have made possible the comparison of runoff field and rainfall-runoff characteristics considering spatial distribution. Hydrological conditions are differently distributed regionally or nationally, and each river basin has unique characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to compare hydrological characteristics in several river basins and methodologies by using a GIS based distributed runoff model and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) for the analysis of river basins based on their regional hydrological characteristics and considering their temporally and spatially-distributed physical properties is proposed. Based on the methods, the main purpose of this study, as proposed is to clearly identify the characteristics and similarities for each river basin so that we can understand the differences and similarities of river basin characteristics quantitatively and to provide objective criteria for the characteristics of each river basin as a basic study on comparative hydrology. An application of the comparative hydrology approach is presented for the comparison of three river basins located in the Asian-Pacific region.

한강 유역의 형태학적 특성과 강우-유출의 상관분석

이지행,이웅희,최흥식 대한토목학회 2018 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.38 No.2

The basin characteristics reflect the attributes of geomorphological pattern of basin and stream networks affect the rainfall-runoff. In order to analyze the relationship between the basin runoff and stream morphometric characteristics, the morphometric characteristics were investigated for 27 water-level observation stations on 19 rivers in the Han River basin using Arc-map. The morphometriccharacteristics were divided into linear, areal and relief aspects for calculation while the annual mean runoff ratio as a basin responseby rainfall was estimated using the measured precipitation and discharge to analyze the rainfall-runoff characteristics. The correlation among the morphometric parameters were schematized to analyze the correlations among them. The multiple regression equation for rainfall-runoff ratio was provided with morphometric parameters of stream length ratio, form factor ratio, shape factor, stream area ratio, and relief ratio and the coefficient of determination was 0.691. The RMSE and MAPE between the measured and the estimated annual runoff rates were found as 0.09, 11.61% respectively, the suggested regression equation showed good estimation. 유역 특성은 유역과 하도망의 지형학적인 구성에 대한 특성을 반영하는 것으로 유출 특성에 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 형태학적 특성과 유출의 관계를 분석하기 위해 한강 유역의 19개 하천의 27개 지점을 대상으로 유역 형태학적 특성을 Arc-map을 이용하여 구하였다. 하천 형태학적 특성은 선형, 면적, 기복 측면으로 구분하여 산정하였고, 강우에 의한 유역의 반응인 연평균 유출률은 실측 강수량과 유출량 자료를 이용하여 산정하였다. 각각의 형태학적 매개변수에 대한 상관을 도식화하고, 상관특성을 분석하였다. 길이비, 형상계수, 형상인자, 면적비, 기복비, 함몰도에 의한 연간 유출률에 대한 다중 회귀분석식을 제시하였고, 결정계수는 0.691로 나타났다. 실측과 회귀분석식에 의해 계산된 연간 유출률과의 RMSE와 MAPE는 각각 0.09, 11.61%로 나타나 비교적 정확히 예측하였다.

강우-유출모형을 활용한 소규모 산지 유역의 유출특성 분석_충북 단양1교

장형준,이호진,박기순,김성구 한국지반환경공학회 2023 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.24 No.12

본 연구에서는 국내 소규모 산지유역을 대상으로 홍수 위험지역에 대한 예·경보 시스템을 구축하기 위한 기초연구로 유출특성 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 유역은 충청북도 단양군에 위치한 단양1교 유역을 선정하였으며, 연구유역의 수치표고 모형(DEM)을 바탕으로 Q-GIS를 활용하여 유역특성인자를 산정하였다. 또한, 국가수자원관리종합정보시스템에서 제공하는 수문기상자료를 활용하여 2020년부터 2023년 기간 동안 9개의 호우사상을 선정하였다. 소규모 산지유역의 유출특성을 분석하기 위하여 HEC-HMS 강우-유출모형을 활용하였으며, 9개의 호우사상과 산정된 유역특성인자를 반영하여 강우-유출 모형 모의를 수행하였다. 강우-유출 모형을 바탕으로 모의된 사상 중 오차율이 크게 발생한 6개의 호우사상을 대상으로 하여 매개변수 최적화를 수행 후, 소규모 산지 유역인 단양1교 유역에 적합한 매개변수 범위를 0.8~3.4로 산정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 소규모 산지유역에 대한 홍수 예·경보 시스템 구축의 기초자료로 활용될 것이며, 추가적인 연구를 통하여 유역특성에 따른 매개변수 범위를 도출하고자 한다. In this study, runoff characteristics analysis was conducted as a basic research to establish a forecasting and warning system for flood risk areas in small mountainous basins in South Korea. The Danyang 1 Bridge basin located in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do was selected as the study basin, and the watershed characteristic factors were calculated using Q-GIS based on the digital elevation model (DEM) of the basin. In addition, nine heavy rainfall events were selected from 2020 to 2023 using hydrometeorological data provided by the National Water Resources Management Comprehensive Information System. HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model was used to analyze the runoff characteristics of small mountainous basins, and rainfall-runoff model simulation was performed by reflecting 9 heavy rainfall events and calculated basin characteristic factors. Based on the rainfall-runoff model, parameter optimization was performed for six heavy rain events with large error rates among the simulated events, and the appropriate parameter range for the Danyang 1 Bridge basin, a small mountainous basin, was calculated to be 0.8 to 3.4. The results of this study will be utilized as foundational data for establishing flood forecasting and warning systems in small mountainous basin, and further research will be conducted to derive the range of parameters according to basin characteristics.

유출특성 분포함수의 표준화를 통한 종합홍수지수의 개발

위성욱,정건희,김태웅 한국수자원학회 2008 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.41 No.6

본 연구에서는 우리나라 홍수유출의 특성을 종합적으로 표현할 수 있는 홍수지수를 개발하였다. 홍수유출특성을 종합적으로 지수에 반영하기 위하여 유출곡선으로 표현되는 홍수유출의 특성을 홍수수문곡선의 상승률, 첨두유량, 홍수 응답시간, 첨두발생 전 홍수용적 등 4가지의 특성인자로 표현하였다. 이러한 유출특성인자를 객관적인 상대심도로 표현하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 특성인자의 분포함수를 표준정규분포함수로 변환하여 특성지수를 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 산정한 종합홍수 This study developed a flood index which evaluates runoff characteristics. Runoff characteristics expressed in a hydrograph were reflected in the flood index in the form of characteristic factors such as a rising curve gradient, a peak discharge, a flood

TANK 모형 매개변수 추정을 위한 회귀식 개발

안지현,송정헌,강문성,송인홍,전상민,박지훈,An, Ji Hyun,Song, Jung Hun,Kang, Moon Seong,Song, Inhong,Jun, Sang Min,Park, Jihoon 한국농공학회 2015 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.57 No.4

The TANK model has been widely used in rainfall-runoff modeling due to its simplicity of concept and computation while achieving forecast accuracy. A major barrier to the model application is to determine parameter values for ungauged watersheds, leading to the need of a method for the parameter estimation. The objective of this study was to develop regression equations for estimating the 3th TANK model parameters considering their variations for the ungauged watersheds. Thirty watersheds of dam sites and stream stations were selected for this study. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize TANK model parameters. Watershed characteristics used in this study include land use percent, watershed area, watershed length, and watershed average slope. Generalized equations were derived by correlating to the optimized parameters and the watershed characteristics. The results showed that the TANK model, with the parameters determined by the developed regression equations, performed reasonably with 0.60 to 0.85 of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for daily runoff. The developed regression equations for the TANK model can be applied for the runoff simulation particularly for the ungauged watersheds, which is common for upstream of agricultural reservoirs in Korea.

하천차수를 고려한 유출량 산정에 관한 연구

최종인,강상혁,Choi. Jong-In,Kang. Sang-Hyeok 한국방재학회 2005 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.5 No.4

본 연구는 Horton의 하천차수 구분방법으로 대상유역을 분할하고 하천차수별 유출량을 산정하고자 하였다. 등고선 데이터를 이용하여 소유역 하도망과 같은 유역의 지형량을 자동적으로 도출하였으며, 등고선 데이터를 모형화하여 하천 차수에 따른 강우 유출량을 해석하였다. 하천 차수별 첨두유출량을 계산한 결과, 1차 하천까지를 모두 고려한 유출량이 실측치에 근접한 것으로 나타났다. 본 등고선 모형은 향후 소유역별 하천 복원계획의 수립시 유효한 자료를 제공할 것으로 기대한다. In this paper the watershed is divided by stream order law of Horton to estimate the runoff with stream order. We use the contour data to extract spatially distributed topographical information like stream channels and networks of sub-basins. A contour model is developed, validated, and adopted to estimate the effective stream order number for the runoff. The results show that the peak discharge which is divided into first river order was close to observed one. The contour model will provide effective informations to plan river works classified by sub-basins for river restoration.

SWMM을 이용한 홍수유출 모의의 합리적 적용에 관한 연구

강태욱,이상호 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.6

Rainfall runoff process differs depending on if it occurs in a rural area or an urban area. While surface flow is dominant in an urban area, in a rural area, groundwater flow is also important. However, in Korea, most studies for a watershed runoff event simulation by the storm water management model (SWMM) have used only the surface flow module regardless of the runoff characteristics for a basin. The purpose of the study is to evaluate application results of the SWMM for a rural area and to suggest the necessity of considering runoff characteristics of a basin in a watershed runoff event simulation. Two basins, which can represent urban and rural areas, are selected: the Guro 1 Pumping Station Basin and the Milyang Dam Basin. Watershed runoff event simulations were conducted by including the groundwater module of the SWMM and the results were derived by an automatic calibration. The calibration results for the watershed runoff event simulation model of the Guro 1 Pumping Station Basin were quite similar to the observed hydrograph, even when the groundwater module is not included. On the other hand, calibration results for the watershed runoff event simulation model of the Milyang Dam Basin were poorly done when the groundwater module is not considered. When we derived the calculated runoff hydrograph by the watershed runoff event simulation model with the groundwater module for the Milyang Dam Basin, the results were well fitted into the observed data. Thus, runoff characteristics should be considered for a watershed runoff event simulation by the SWMM. 도시유역과 전원유역의 유출 형태는 서로 상이하다. 도시유역에서는 지표면 유출이 지배적인 반면, 전원유역의 경우 지표면유출은 물론 지하수 유출도 큰 비중을 차지한다. 하지만 우리나라에서는 SWMM을 이용한 홍수유출 해석 시, 대상유역의 유출특성을 고려하지 않고 지표면 유출만을 모의한 사례가 대부분이다. 본 연구의 목적은 전원유역에 대한 SWMM의 적용성을 평가하고, 유역의 유출 특성을 고려한 홍수유출 모의의 필요성을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 모형 적용의 대상유역을 도시유역인구로1 빗물펌프장 배수유역과 전원유역인 밀양댐 배수유역의 두 곳으로 선정하였다. 홍수유출 모의는 SWMM의 지하수 유출계산 모듈의 포함 유무에 따라 수행되었고, 홍수유출 모의의 적절성은 자동 보정을 통해 검토되었다. 그 결과, 도시유역인 구로1 빗물펌프장 배수유역에서는 홍수유출 모의 시 지하수 모듈을 고려하지 않더라도 비교적 관측 수문곡선을 잘 모사하였다. 반면에 유역의 대부분이 투수 지역인 밀양댐 배수유역에서는 지하수 유출 계산 모듈을 고려하지 않을 경우, 계산된 수문곡선의오차는 매우 크게 나타났다. 이와 달리, 밀양댐 배수유역의 홍수유출 모의 모형에 지하수 모듈을 고려할 경우, 계산된 결과는관측자료를 잘 모사하였다. 따라서 SWMM을 이용한 홍수유출 해석 시 대상유역의 유출 특성을 고려할 필요가 있다.

청양-홍성간 도로에서의 강우 시 비점오염 유출특성 및 오염부하량 분석

이춘원,강선홍,안태웅,양주경 대한상하수도학회 2011 상하수도학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Nowadays, the importance of non-point source pollution treatment is being emphasized. Especially, the easy runoff characteristic of highly concentrated pollutants in the roads makes the circumstance more complicated due to impermeability of roads. When the pollutants flow into steam it could make water quality in stream worse and it also causes a bad influence in the aquatic ecosystem because the effluents of rainfall-runoff may contain indecomposable materials like oil and heavy metals. Therefore, we tried to figure out the property of non-point source pollution when it is raining and carried out an assessment for the property of runoff for non-point source pollution and EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) of the essential pollutants during this study. As the result of the study, the EMC was BOD 5.2∼21.7 mg/L, COD 7.5∼35.4 mg/L, TSS 71.5∼466.1 mg/L, T-N 0.682∼1.789 mg/L and T-P 0.174∼0.378 mg/L, respectively. The decreasing rate of non-point pollutant in Chungyang-Hongsung road indicates the maximum decrease of 80% until 5 mm of rainfall based on SS concentration; by the rainy time within 20∼30 minutes, the decreasing rate of SS concentration was shown as 88.0∼97.6%. Therefore it was concluded that it seems to be possibly control non-point pollutants if we install equipments to treat non-point pollutants with holding capacity of 30 min. It is supposed that the result of this study could be used for non-point pollutants treatment of roads in Chungyang-Hongsung area. We also want to systematically study and consistently prepare the efficient management of runoff from non-point source pollution and pollutant loading because the characteristics of non-point source pollution runoff changes depending on different characteristics and situations of roads and rainfall.

산림특성에 따른 강우유출수 유출특성 및 상관관계 분석

정우진 ( Woojin Chung ),장순웅 ( Soonwoong Chang ) 한국환경과학회 2016 한국환경과학회지 Vol.25 No.7

Environmental policy implementation has been strengthened to protect the source waters in Korea and to improve their water quality. Increasing of non-point source caused water quality problem continuously. Research on runoff from forests, which occupy over 65% of the land in korea, is insufficient, and studies on the characteristics and influences of storm runoff are necessary. In this study, we chose to compare the effects of land use in the form of two types of forest distribution and then gathered data on storm characteristics and runoff properties during rainfall events in these areas. Furthermore, the significance and influences of the discharges were analyzed through correlation analysis, and multilateral runoff characteristics were examined by deducing a formula through COD(Mn) and TOC regression analysis. At two forest points, for which the basin areas differed from each other, flow changed according to storm quantity and intensity. The peak discharge at point A, where the basin area was big, was high, whereas water-quality fundamental items (BOD, COD(Mn), and SS) and TOC density were high at point B where the slope and storm intensity were high. Effects of dissolved organic matter were determined through correlation analysis, and the regression formulas for COD(Mn) and TOC were deduced by regression analysis. It is expected that the data from this study could be useful as basic information in establishing forest management measures.

도시화 진행에 따른 유역 유출특성 변화에 관한 연구

손광익,김민철,Son,Kwang-Ik,Kim,Min-Chol 한국방재학회 2010 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.10 No.4

유역의 급격한 도시화는 지체시간, 첨두유량 및 총 유출량 등 홍수 유출특성 뿐만 아니라 개발행위에 따른 토사유출특성 변화를 초래하여 배수관로내의 토사퇴적을 유발하여 도시홍수 발생 가능성 등 다양한 문제를 유발하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시화가 진행 중인 시험유역을 선정하여 지난 3년 동안 토지이용분포의 변화양상은 물론 강우 및 수위 자동계측기를 이용하여 연속적으로 유출수문 특성을 계측하였으며 유량-유사량 관계곡선을 유도하였다. 실측결과로부터 호우사상별 토지이용분포 변화에 따른 유출률과 첨두유출량의 변화를 정량적으로 분석하였으며 유역개발 건설과정에 따른 토사유출량의 변화특성을 정성적으로 분석하였다. 도시화가 진행될수록 합리식의 유출계수는 증가하였다. 토사의 경우 공사기간 중 유출량의 변화가 심하다는 사실과 특히, 공사기간 중 1 cms 미만의 유출을 유발하는 소규모 강우에 의한 부유사 유출은 약 10배 이상 증가한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 그러나 소류사의 경우 강우의 크기에 민감하지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. It is well known that the drastic change of hydrological characteristics of an urbanized basin causes severe runoff, sediment yield, and peak flow. High vulnerability of urban flood disasters is caused by land-use change and development of a basin. A typical site suffering urbanization was selected and the experimental site has being operated last three years. Hydrological and hydraulic characteristics of the urbanizing basin were examined by observation of runoff, sediment loads and precipitation with T/M. The effects of land-use change were analyzed by examination of the hydrological characteristics, such as run-off ratio (runoff volume/rainfall volume), sediment yields. Runoff coefficient of rational equation was increased as basin was urbanized. Suspended sediment yields due to a urban development activities were raised almost 10 times compare to undisturbed condition for small runoff less than 1 cms. Meanwhile, no big change could be detected for bed loads.