형사재판에서의 회복적ㆍ치료적 사법에 관한 연구

박기쁨(Park, kippeum) 사법정책연구원 2021 사법정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.2021 No.-

회복적·치료적 사법이 우리나라에 소개된 지 약 20년이 경과하였으나 이와 관련한 제도나 인식은 여전히 낮은 수준에 머물러 있다. 그러나 미국을 비롯한 여러 나라에서 회복적·치료적 사법 이념에 기초한 형사조정제도나 약물치료법원, 정신건강법원 등을 운영한 결과 피고인 및 피해자 모두 기존의 형사사법절차와 비교하여 보다 높은 만족도와 공정성에 대한믿음을 나타내었고, 재범률의 감소나 약물 사용 비율의 감소 등의 효과가 나타났다. 이런 실질적인 효과는 법원에 대한 신뢰도가 낮고, 약물이나 정신적 문제 등으로 인한 범죄자의 재범률이 상당히 높은 우리나라에 많은 시사점을 준다. 우리나라의 경우 정신장애 등을 가진 범죄자들에 대한 치료의 필요성을 인식하여 치료명령 등의 제도가 도입되기는 하였으나 그 제도적 한계가 분명하여 치료적 사법의 이념에 부합하는 제도라고 보기 힘들다. 또한 형사조정 등의 경우에는 명확한 법 규정이 없어 소송촉진등에 관한 특례법상 형사소송에서의 화해제도(제36조)를 이용하여 형사화해를 시도하는 등의 극히 예외적인 경우를 제외하고는 실질적으로 이루어지지 않고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이에 이 보고서는 현행 형사법 규정 중 회복적·치료적 사법과 관련된 여러 제도의 내용이나 운영현황, 한계 등에 대해 알아보고, 위 각 제도를 이용하여 실제 이루어진 여러 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 재판에 대해 검토하였다. 그리고 이와 관련하여 치료감호 등에 관한법률상의 치료명령이 부과된 피고인들과 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 재판을 받은 피고인들의 재범률을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 재판을 받은 피고인들의 재범률이 다른 일반 범죄자들의 재범률에 비하여 상당히 낮다는 것과 치료명령과 치료조건부 보호관찰이라는 유사한 제도를 시행하였음에도 재판장의 치료적 사법에 대한 깊은 고민이나 이해, 피고인에 대한 면밀한 조사 등이 없이 그 제도가 시행된 경우 그 효과가 반감될 수도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 보고서는 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 재판이 위와 같은 실질적인 효과가 있음을 기반으로 하여 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 제도의 구체적인 도입 방안으로, 먼저 현행 법 규정을 활용하여 회복적·치료적 사법 관련 재판을 실시할 수 있는 방안을 검토한 후 나아가 법률 개정 등을 통한 개선 방안에 관하여 살펴보았다. 다만 이런 제도적인 부분의 개선 등에 앞서 반드시 필요한 것은 법조인뿐 아니라 일반 국민을 대상으로 한 회복적·치료적 사법에 대한 체계적인 교육과 홍보 그리고 이를 바탕으로한 시범재판의 실시이다. Although approximately 20 years have passed since restorative and therapeutic justice was initially introduced in Korea, the related systems and social awareness still remains at a low level. In contrast a number of countries including the United States of America, various judicial systems based on the principle of restorative and therapeutic justice such as criminal mediation system, drug treatment courts, and mental health courts have been introduced and successfully operated. The results of the operation of those systems show that both the accused and the victims expressed greater satisfaction and confidence in fairness compared to the existing criminal justice process and that they brought positive effects such as the meaningful decrease in the rate of recidivism and drug use. These practical effects have a lot of implications for Korea, the country of which demonstrates a relatively low trust in the courts and a considerably high recidivism rate of criminals due to drugs or mental problems. While Korea has already introduced certain systems such as medical treatment orders by recognizing the need for medical treatment provided to offenders with mental disorders, it is difficult to say that the systems fall under restorative or therapeutic justice because of their institutional limitations. In addition, the criminal mediation process has not been substantially utilized in practice because there are no express legal provisions prescribed to that effect, ex-cept for extremely exceptional cases such as attempting the criminal reconciliation under the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition, etc. of Legal Proceedings(Article 36). In the context above, this study has examined the contents, operational status, and limitations of various systems related to restorative and therapeutic justice under the current criminal law provisions and has reviewed various restorative and therapeutic judicial trials that were actually conducted using each of the above systems. Furthermore, in this regard, this study has analyzed the rate of recidivism of the accused who had received a medical treatment order or had been brought to trial based on restorative and therapeutic justice under the Act on Medical Treatment and Custody, etc. The result of the this analysis suggests that the recidivism rate of the accused who were brought to a restorative and therapeutic judicial trial was considerably lower than that of other general criminal offenders. Meanwhile, it also shows that the effectiveness of such systems would be significantly diminished, if an administering judge would deal with the systems without profound thoughtfulness and thorough understanding on therapeutic justice, and in lack of meticulous scrutiny on the relevant facts surrounding the accused, nevertheless the judge apparently handles two similar systems such as medical treatment orders and probation on condition of medical treatment. In addition, based on the finding that restorative and therapeutic judicial trials have the practical above-mentioned effects, this study has explored the introduction plans to carry out restorative and therapeutic trials by using current legal provisions, and has searched for the improvement plans through the amendments thereto. However, ahead of pushing for improvement of systems, prerequisite for the holistic improvement should be to provide the general public as well as legal professionals with systematic education and publicity activities on restorative and therapeutic justice and to design for the implementation of pilot trials based on those measures.

형사재판에서의 회복적ㆍ치료적 사법에 관한 연구

박기쁨 ( Park Kippeum ) 사법정책연구원 2021 연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.8

Although approximately 20 years have passed since restorative and therapeutic justice was initially introduced in Korea, the related systems and social awareness still remains at a low level. In contrast a number of countries including the United States of America, various judicial systems based on the principle of restorative and therapeutic justice such as criminal mediation system, drug treatment courts, and mental health courts have been introduced and successfully operated. The results of the operation of those systems show that both the accused and the victims expressed greater satisfaction and confidence in fairness compared to the existing criminal justice process and that they brought positive effects such as the meaningful decrease in the rate of recidivism and drug use. These practical effects have a lot of implications for Korea, the country of which demonstrates a relatively low trust in the courts and a considerably high recidivism rate of criminals due to drugs or mental problems. While Korea has already introduced certain systems such as medical treatment orders by recognizing the need for medical treatment provided to offenders with mental disorders, it is difficult to say that the systems fall under restorative or therapeutic justice because of their institutional limitations. In addition, the criminal mediation process has not been substantially utilized in practice because there are no express legal provisions prescribed to that effect, except for extremely exceptional cases such as attempting the criminal reconciliation under the Act on Special Cases Concerning Expedition, etc. of Legal Proceedings(Article 36). In the context above, this study has examined the contents, operational status, and limitations of various systems related to restorative and therapeutic justice under the current criminal law provisions and has reviewed various restorative and therapeutic judicial trials that were actually conducted using each of the above systems. Furthermore, in this regard, this study has analyzed the rate of recidivism of the accused who had received a medical treatment order or had been brought to trial based on restorative and therapeutic justice under the Act on Medical Treatment and Custody, etc. The result of the this analysis suggests that the recidivism rate of the accused who were brought to a restorative and therapeutic judicial trial was considerably lower than that of other general criminal offenders. Meanwhile, it also shows that the effectiveness of such systems would be significantly diminished, if an administering judge would deal with the systems without profound thoughtfulness and thorough understanding on therapeutic justice, and in lack of meticulous scrutiny on the relevant facts surrounding the accused, nevertheless the judge apparently handles two similar systems such as medical treatment orders and probation on condition of medical treatment. In addition, based on the finding that restorative and therapeutic judicial trials have the practical above-mentioned effects, this study has explored the introduction plans to carry out restorative and therapeutic trials by using current legal provisions, and has searched for the improvement plans through the amendments thereto. However, ahead of pushing for improvement of systems, prerequisite for the holistic improvement should be to provide the general public as well as legal professionals with systematic education and publicity activities on restorative and therapeutic justice and to design for the implementation of pilot trials based on those measures. Restorative and therapeutic judicial trials could proceed smoothly only when the accused and the victims required to voluntarily participate in the trials should be sufficiently aware of such systems and have confidence on them. In addition, the educations should be offered to judges who will administer the proceedings on restorative and therapeutic justice, as well as other participants such as prosecutors, lawyers, court officials, probation officers who will play an important role in criminal trials. On the strength of the above education and publicity activities, pilot trials should be conducted using the currently enacted system. For reference, the number of drug treatment courts in the United States started with only one in 1989, however subsequently recognizing its effect, had increased to 3,057 in 2014. Considering such empirical outcome verified in other countries, it is well recommended for Korea to have several courts designated as pilot trial courts and have pilot trials for restorative and therapeutic justice conducted through a specialized panel in those designated courts, and then evaluate and analyze the results of the pilot programs so as to reflect them for improvement of the system, and gradually expand the scope of the pilot trials in proportion to its identifiable effectiveness. When implementing the education, publicity activities as well as conducting pilot trials on restorative and therapeutic justice, courts, prosecutors, police, probation offices, etc. which are playing an important role in the criminal justice process should abandon institutional selfishness and cooperate with each other so that the systems could be operated properly. Also it is expected that the relevant laws and regulations shall be amended in the right direction aiming at stably establishing and enhancing the restorative and therapeutic justice system in Korea.

상황인지를 이용한 진료 안내 시스템

정화영(Hwa Young Jung),박재욱(Jae Wook Park),이용규(Yong Kyu Lee) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2014 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.19 No.1

대형병원의 의료 서비스 수준이 점차 높아지면서 이를 이용하려는 환자들이 늘어남에 따라 환자들이 받아야 할 진료의 대기 시간이 증가하여 병원 이용에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 진료 대기 시간을 단축하기 위하여 처방 전달 시스템, 진료 안내 시스템 등의 다양한 연구들이 진행 중이다. 그러나 기존에 제안되었던 연구들은 환자가 받아야 할 진료들의 상황을 고려하지 않고 순차적으로 진료 순서를 정하기 때문에 환자의 병원 이용 시간이 증가한다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 환자가 받아야 할 진료들의 예상 대기 시간과 평균 진료 시간을 더한 값인 예상 체재 시간이 가장 작은 진료를 추천하는 상황인지를 이용한 진료 안내 시스템을 제안한다. 상황인지를 이용한 진료 안내 시스템은 추천된 진료 순서를 바탕으로 환자의 스마트폰에 진료 정보 안내 서비스를 제공한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 상황인지를 이용한 진료 안내 시스템을 이용하면 환자가 병원에 머무는 시간이 최소화되며, 같은 시간 내에 최대한 많은 환자를 진찰할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안한 상황인지를 이용한 진료 안내 시스템과 기존 처방 전달 시스템의 성능 비교를 통하여 진료 순서 추천 방법의 우수함을 보인다. As the quality of the medical treatment service provided by large hospitals grow, the number of patients utilizing the facilities is increasing dramatically. Various studies such as order communication system and treatment guidance system are under their process in order to shorten the waiting time for patients. However, the existing methods assign the treatments in successive order without recognizing the situation of each treatment, therefore increasing a patient's standby time at a hospital. This paper proposes a context-aware treatment guidance system, which recognizes the previously undermined estimated waiting time of each treatment for a patient and recommends a treatment with shorter estimated sojourn time first. This context-aware treatment guidance system provides detailed information of treatment services based on the recommended order of treatments to a patient's smartphone. By utilizing the context-aware treatment guidance system introduced in this paper, patients can reduce their standby time at hospitals to the minimum while hospitals can efficiently service more patients at the same amount of time. The proposed context-aware treatment guidance system proves to be outstanding in treatment order recommendation through comparisons to previously used methods.