Do Foreign Vehicle Manufacturers Delay Recalls? The Case of the Korean Car Market

Yong-Kyun Bae 한국응용경제학회 2018 응용경제 Vol.20 No.4

본 논문은 한국 자동차 시장에서의 자동차 제조회사들의 리콜결정과 그 요인 들을 분석하였다. 특히 자동차 결함이 확실시될 때, 어떤 회사들은 신속히 리콜 을 결정하는데 반해 왜 다른 회사들은 리콜을 지연시키는가에 대해 분석하였다. 우리는 자동차 제조회사들이 리콜을 결정하는 데에 있어 결함의 심각성, 결함에 따른 예상책임비용, 그리고 리콜 비용이 중요한 요인들임을 밝혔다. 또한 한국 자동차 시장에서 외국자동차 제조회사들의 사전 리콜기간이 국내 제조사의 그 것보다 더 길다는 점도 아울러 밝혔다. 이들의 리콜은 한국 자동차 리콜에 비해 서 보통 1년에서 4년 정도 지체되었다. 유럽 자동차 제조회사들의 리콜은 미국 시장에서는 지체되지 않았으나 한국시장에서는 지체되었다. 한국 자동차 제조사 들의 리콜은 미국시장에서 지체되지 않았으나 반대로 미국 자동차 제조사들의 리콜은 한국에서 지체되었다. 일본의 제조사들은 한국과 미국시장에서 동일한 사전 리콜기간을 보여 주었다. 배출가스 관련 리콜의 사전 리콜기간이 안전 관 련 리콜의 그것보다 긴 것은 기업들이 가급적 리콜을 피하려고 한다는 사실과 무관해 보이지 않았다. This paper investigates vehicle manufacturers' recall decisions, and their determinants in Korea. In particular, it identifies why some manufacturers are slow to issue recalls, while others are quicker. We find that vehicle manufacturers make recall decisions based on the degree of risk, expected liability, and recall costs from defective vehicles. We also find that all foreign manufacturers have longer pre-recall periods in the Korean market. They delay their recalls for about one to four years, compared to Korean manufacturers' faster-recalls. European manufacturers do not show any procrastination in the US market, but do in the Korean one; US manufacturers show the same pattern. Korean exporters do not procrastinate in the US market; however, US exporters do in the Korean one, and Japanese manufacturers have longer pre-recall periods in both markets. The fact that emission-related recalls have longer pre-recall periods than safety-related recalls could be indirect evidence on manufacturers' reluctance in recall issuance whenever possible.

Do Foreign Vehicle Manufacturers Delay Recalls? The Case of the Korean Car Market

배용균 한국응용경제학회 2018 응용경제 Vol.20 No.4

This paper investigates vehicle manufacturers' recall decisions, and their determinants in Korea. In particular, it identifies why some manufacturers are slow to issue recalls, while others are quicker. We find that vehicle manufacturers make recall decisions based on the degree of risk, expected liability, and recall costs from defective vehicles. We also find that all foreign manufacturers have longer pre-recall periods in the Korean market. They delay their recalls for about one to four years, compared to Korean manufacturers' faster-recalls. European manufacturers do not show any procrastination in the US market, but do in the Korean one; US manufacturers show the same pattern. Korean exporters do not procrastinate in the US market; however, US exporters do in the Korean one, and Japanese manufacturers have longer pre-recall periods in both markets. The fact that emission-related recalls have longer pre-recall periods than safety-related recalls could be indirect evidence on manufacturers' reluctance in recall issuance whenever possible.

Vehicle Manufacturers Decisions on Recall Timing: a Synthetic Panel Data Model

배용균(Yong-Kyun Bae) 한국경제통상학회 2019 경제연구 Vol.37 No.3

본 논문은 자동차 제조사들이 언제 리콜을 하느냐에 관한 리콜 시기 결정에 대해 연구하였다. 특히, 본 논문은 어떤 제조사들은 리콜을 신속히 결정하는데 비해, 왜 다른 제조사들은 리콜 결정을 지체하는지를 분석하였다. 리콜에 대응하는 기업들의 상이한 반응에 대한 그 이유를 답하기 위하여, 본 논문은 2008년부터 2017년까지의 미국의 자동차 리콜 자료와 유도 패널 데이터 모형을 사용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 우리는 기업들의 자발적 리콜은 상대적으로 짧은 “사전 리콜 기간”을 보여 주는데 반해, 규제당국의 강제적 리콜은 긴 “사전 리콜 기간”을 보여 주었다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한 자동차 제조사들은 리콜결정을 하는 데에 있어서, 결함이 있는 자동차들의 위험도, 예상 배상책임, 그리고 리콜 비용을 중요하게 고려한다는 것도 밝혔다. 이 외에 제조사와 자동차 모델들의 특성이 리콜 시기 결정에 영향을 미친다는 사실도 아울러 밝혔다. 특히, 미국의 제조사들에 비해, 한국과 일본의 제조사들이 상대적으로 긴 “사전 리콜 기간”을 보여 주었다. 유럽의 자동차 제조사들과 미국의 제조사들 사이에는 “사전 리콜 기간”에 유의미한 차이가 없었다. This paper focuses on the timing decisions of manufacturers recall issuance. In particular, it identifies why some manufacturers are slow to issue recalls, while others are quicker. To answer why firms behave differently in responding to recalls, we use the US recall data from year 2008 to year 2017 and synthetic panel regression models. Our estimation results show that voluntary recalls usually have shorter pre-recall periods, while government mandated recalls have much longer pre-recall periods. We also find that vehicle manufacturers make recall issuance decisions based on the degree of risk, expected liability, and recall costs from defective vehicles. Furthermore, manufacturer and vehicle characteristics affect the timing of recall issuance. In particular, Japanese and Korean manufacturers are slow to issue recalls compared to U.S. manufacturers. The pre-recall periods of European manufacturers are not different from those of U.S. manufacturers.

어휘 목록의 학습방법이 영어 어휘 기억에 미치는 영향

백연지(Baik, Yeonji),정태원(Chung, Taewon),남기춘(Nam, Kichun) 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.1

The present study investigated the effects of repeated recall and repeated encoding in relation to long-term English vocabulary retention. Korean learners of English were divided into three different learning conditions(Repeated encode-recall, Repeated recall, Repeated encode), and they learned 160 English-Korean word pairs across four sets of study and test trials. A delayed recall test was given one week after the initial learning phase, and the results showed that although the cumulative learning curve was similar in all three learning conditions, Repeated encode-recall and Repeated recall conditions produced greater delayed recall rates compared to Repeated encode condition Moreover, lexical decision test and word completion test were administered to examine word recognition and implicit learning of given words, but no significant group difference was found Hence, this study suggests that repeated testing by engaging in the retrieval process of English vocabulary learning is a stronger determiner for long-term retention.

A Hybrid Model for Android Malware Detection using Decision Tree and KNN

Sk Heena Kauser,V.Maria Anu International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.7

Malwares are becoming a major problem nowadays all around the world in android operating systems. The malware is a piece of software developed for harming or exploiting certain other hardware as well as software. The term Malware is also known as malicious software which is utilized to define Trojans, viruses, as well as other kinds of spyware. There have been developed many kinds of techniques for protecting the android operating systems from malware during the last decade. However, the existing techniques have numerous drawbacks such as accuracy to detect the type of malware in real-time in a quick manner for protecting the android operating systems. In this article, the authors developed a hybrid model for android malware detection using a decision tree and KNN (k-nearest neighbours) technique. First, Dalvik opcode, as well as real opcode, was pulled out by using the reverse procedure of the android software. Secondly, eigenvectors of sampling were produced by utilizing the n-gram model. Our suggested hybrid model efficiently combines KNN along with the decision tree for effective detection of the android malware in real-time. The outcome of the proposed scheme illustrates that the proposed hybrid model is better in terms of the accurate detection of any kind of malware from the Android operating system in a fast and accurate manner. In this experiment, 815 sample size was selected for the normal samples and the 3268-sample size was selected for the malicious samples. Our proposed hybrid model provides pragmatic values of the parameters namely precision, ACC along with the Recall, and F1 such as 0.93, 0.98, 0.96, and 0.99 along with 0.94, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.99 respectively. In the future, there are vital possibilities to carry out more research in this field to develop new methods for Android malware detection.

지방분권의 제2도약으로서 대한민국의 자치분권 추진과제에 관한 연구

최진혁(崔珍赫) 한국지방자치학회 2017 韓國地方自治學會報 Vol.29 No.3

대한민국 지방분권정책이 소기의 성과를 얻기 위해서는 그동안 중앙집권정책 내지 중앙집권적 지방자치가 얼마나 많은 폐해점이 있었는가를 정확하게 진단하고 이를 국민들에게 소상히 알리고 교감(소통)하여 우리나라가 진정한 선진국가로 발돋움하기 위해 자치분권정책으로 갈 수밖에 없는 논리를 제공해야 한다. 여기에서 그동안의 참여정부와 MB정부, 박근혜정부에서 수행한 자치분권정책을 정확히 진단해야 하는 이유가 있다. 어떤 배경에서 무슨 정책이 입안되었고 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 어떤 결과(성과 유무 판단)를 내고 있는가를 분석하여 문재인정부의 제2의 도약으로서의 동력을 확보해야 하는 이유이다. 우리나라 자치분권의 올바른 방향 및 추진과제를 단체자치와 주민자치의 논리에 입각해 국가의 성격규정, 지방정부 역량강화, 시민사회활성화 차원의 논점을 부각해보고자 한다. 첫째, 우리나라에 합당한 중앙-지방자치단체간의 바람직한 관계를 설정해야 한다. 그런 배경에서 광역지방자치단체장의 국무회의 참석제도(제2국무회의)는 긍정적이다. 여기에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 정치적 측면에서의 연계성을 강화하는 차원에서 지역의 지방의회가 국회와의 연계성을 가지면서 지방행정을 펼쳐나갈 수 있는 제도적 보완을 고민해야 한다. 지역대표가 참여하는 상원개념의 국회를 모색해 볼 수 있는 이유이다. 둘째, 지방자치단체의 자율성을 확대하고 이에 상응하는 행정역량 및 책임성을 강화하는 자치분권 개혁이어야 한다. 중앙행정권한의 지방이양을 추진하고, 국세와 지방세의 합리적 조정과 지방재정조정 제도를 통해 재정자립도를 제고하며, 자치입법권 확대 및 지방인사의 공정성과 개방성을 확대해 나감으로써 자치역량을 강화해야 한다. 또한 지방자치단체의 자율성을 신장시켜주기 위해서는 국가가 지방자치단체에게 자치권을 확대해 주어야 하는 것도 필요하지만 이와 더불어 그동안 지방자치단체에게 행했던 강력한 중앙통제의 게임을 바꿔주어야 할 것이다. 신지방분권하의 통제방식으로 권력적・사전적 통제의 폐지와 행정법원에 의한 적법성의 통제, 감사원(지역감사원)에 의한 예산・회계의 적법성 통제를 논의해야 하는 이유이다. 셋째, 주민자치적 측면을 강화한 지방분권개혁이 되어야 한다. 이제 주민의식과 역량을 제고할 수 있는 지방민주주의를 위해 고객지향적이고 수요자중심의 논리에서 만들어 놓은 피동적 주민의 형상에서 행정서비스의 공동생산자(co-producer)로서 함께 책임질 수 있는 성숙한 주민의식과 역량을 구축해 내어야 한다. 이와 함께 직접민주주의의 강화로 지방자치단체는 결정적 주민투표(réferendums décisionnels), 주민발의, 주민소환제, 주민참여예산제를 확대 보완해주어야 한다. In order for the decentralization policy of the Republic of Korea to achieve the desired outcome, it is necessary to first diagnose exactly how many harmful points the centralization policy had so far, inform the public of this in detail, and to communicate, Korea must provide logic that can only go to the decentralization policy in order to stretch the developed country. Along with this, we must discuss what the reason why the left-right-wing government proposed local decentralization policy failed to achieve the desired result. It is necessary to analyze what kind of policy is planned under several backgrounds and what kind of result (judging the existence of outcome) is going through what kind of process. Based on this, we must present the issues of decentralized visibility (new issues, continuing tasks) that can lead to success from Moon Jae In government. Here we define the nature of the Korean nation (the form of the nation), in which the basic principles and direction of decentralization are settled in the context of the national system (national administration : country - regional relations) in a large framework, And the sub-targets and principles accompanying it should be presented. First of all, it is necessary to establish a desirable relationship between the central and local governments in the country, that is, the relationship between the government and local governments, In view of this background, the attendance system(the second Cabinet) in the Chief of the Regional Local Government Organizations that have been discussed so far is affirmative, which is a step forward in the political aspect. It is necessary to consider institutional complementarity in which the regional local councils in the region can broaden the local government administration while maintaining cooperation with the Diet(Parliament). Second, it must be autonomy decentralization reform that expands the autonomy of local autonomous groups and strengthens administrative capacity and responsibility equivalent to this. Promoted regional transfer of central administrative authority, increased rational adjustment of national tax and local tax and increased fiscal independence through the local fiscal adjustment system, expanded the autonomous legislative power and expanded the fairness and openness of local personnel affairs, we must strengthen our autonomy competence by doing. Also, in order to increase autonomy of local governments, it is also necessary for the country to expand autonomy rights to local governments, but in addition to this, a powerful central, you have to change control game. It is the reason why it is necessary to discuss legality control of budget / accounting by the Board of Audit and Inspection (Regional Inspection and Inspection Bureau), abolition of power / a priori control and control by the administrative court under the control method under the new decentralized power. Third, there must be a decentralization reform that strengthens aspects of residents" autonomy. Until now, we tried to pursue local participation and local governance oriented local democracy, but its effect was offset before group selfish residents. Therefore, we need equipment that can improve current residents" awareness and ability. We will establish a mature residents" consciousness and ability to be responsible together as a co-producer of administrative services in the form of residents made by customer-oriented consumer-centered logic and begin the investigation. Direct reinforcement of democracy departs from an accident that local decentralization will be realized for the first time when local residents have the ability to express directly about policy decisions and enforcement of their local governments. Therefore, local autonomous organizations expand and complement the decisive referendum, residents recall system, and citizen participation budget system.