원유의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 감귤 부산물 TMR 사료 급여의 영향

문윤희(Yoon-Hee Moon),양승주(Seung-Ju Yang),정인철(In-Chul Jung) 동아시아식생활학회 2009 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.19 No.5

In this study, the effects of feeding providing Holstein cows with with TMR feed including amended with undried citrus byproducts on the properties of their raw milk were investigated. Two samples were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed not including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). The All experiments were conducted with Holstein cows at a dairy farm in the on Jeju island, and were repeated three times, in each, after of which raw milk obtained from 7 cows of each samplein each group was analyzed[ED highlight - please ensure this is correct]. The daily milk yield and somatic cell numbers of T0 and T1 were 24.16 ㎏ and 25.97 ㎏, and 660,000 thousands and 445,000 thousands, respectively, which means that feeding citrus byproducts to cows increases daily milk yield and reduces somatic cell numbers. There was were no significant differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the raw milk's total plate count, specific gravity, titration acidity, and or the amount of milk protein, lactose, nonfat solids, free amino acids and volatile compounds, while raw milk in T1 showed significantly lower levels of milk fat in raw milk. The antioxidant activity of raw milk was improved by citrus byproducts TMR feed containing citrus byproducts.

원유 시장 수급 상황 판단을 위한 지수 개발 연구

조재성 ( Jaesung Cho ),정세미 ( Semi Jeong ),배지윤 ( Baeji Yoon ),지인배 ( Inbae Ji ) 한국축산경영학회 2018 농업경영정책연구 Vol.45 No.2

In Korea, the farm gate price of raw milk is determined by the price formula based on milk production cost. Total raw milk production at the national level is also heavily limited by the national quota system. Therefore, it is almost impossible to understand the status of raw milk market by observing raw milk price at the farm level or total supply of raw milk. This study develops an index to measure the imbalance of supply and demand of raw milk. To do this, we first analyzed the structure of raw milk market and then developed the milk market pressure index by applying the structure of the foreign exchange market pressure index. In addition, this study sets the seven market crisis stages using the average and standard deviation of the milk market pressure index and analyzed the main causes of the market crisis.

우리나라 일부 우유의 무기질 함량 조성에 관한 연구

이영희,정문호 한국환경보건학회 2004 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.30 No.1

This study was performed to investigate and assess the composition of mineral and macronutrient contents in Korean cow′s milk.48 individual farm raw milk, 10 plant raw milk and 29 market milk were collected from June to August in 2003. The minerals such as calcium(Ca), potassium(K), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe) and phosphorus(P) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS). The macronutrients such as fat, protein and lactose were tested by using IR spectrometer. The obtained analytical results of minerals(mg/100 g) and rnaetronutrients (%) are as follows:1. In case of raw cow′s milk ; Ca 113.56, K 144.09, Mg 10.86, Na 42.53, Zn 0.42, Fe 0.030, p 113.32, fat 3.85, protein 3.08, lactose 4.80,2. In case of market cow′s milk ; Ca 103.04, K 142.46, Mg 10.27, Na 43.21, Zn 0.40, Fe 0.034. p 97.30, fat 3.78, protein 3.05, lactose 4.70,3. In case of fortified market cow′s milk ; Ca 165.40, K 145.79, Mg 10.57. Na 42.55, Zn 0.57, Fe 0.414, p 94.68, fat 3.74, protein 3.08, lactose 4.68,4. In case of processed market cow′s milk ; Ca 134.72, K 142.74, Mg 10.33, Na 45.07, Zn 0.50, Fe 0.650, p 92.48, fat 3.72, protein 3.07, lactose 4.74. According to the group of market milk(milk, fortified market row′s milk, processed market cow′s milk), the mean concentration of Ca and Fe were significantly higher in fortified and processed milk than milk(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in macronutrient(fat, protein, lactose) and mineral contents between pasteurized milk and UHT(ultra high temperature) treated milk($\alpha$=0.05). The labeled "Nutritional Facts" of market milk were satisfied with "Labeling Standards for Livestock Products of Korea". The measured mean concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn were generally higher than lower limit of labeled value(above 80% of labeled value). The mean concentration of sodium was lower than upper limit of labeled value(below 120% of labeled value).

안전하고 위생적인 우유생산을 위한 HACCP 시스템 적용에 관한 연구 III. 목장원유의 미생물학적 위생상태 조사

문진산(Jin San Moon),주이석(Yi Seok Joo),임숙경(Suk Kyung Im),장금찬(Gum Chan Jang),김종염(Jong Yeom Kim),표수일(Su Il Pyo),사혁(Hyuck Sa),김태훈(Tae Hoon Kim),박용호(Young Ho Park) 한국예방수의학회 1999 예방수의학회지 Vol.23 No.4

In order to investigate the relationship between milk hygienic quality and some environmental factors such as the herd size, types of milking machines and installation of cowyard’ roof, we sampled and examined the level of total bacterial count, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk. Of the 108 dairy farms, the prevalence of level on number of standard plate count(SPC) over 100,000 CFU/ml and coliforms over 1,000 CFU/ml in bulk milk were 29.7% and 25.2%, respectively. Also, 3 farms (2.8%) were exceeed the level on number of 500 CFU/ml Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk. The prevalence of dairy herd with first grade of total bacterial count(TBC) according to Bucket, pipe line and parlour milking system was 53.6%, 80.0% and 88.9%, respectively. Also, the prevalence for first grade of TBC with herd installation and no installation of cowyard’ roof was 86.2% and 55.4%, respectively. Therefore, the relationships between hygienic quality in raw milk and the herd size, types of milking machines and installation of cowyard’ roof, were siginificant. In conclusion, this study could be overemphasized the importance of herd management condition for milk hygienic quality.

비살균 원유로 제조된 다양한 Gouda 치즈의 관능평가

최철,임현우,천정환,김동현,송광영,김세형,김현숙,서건호,Choi, Cheol,Lim, Hyun-Woo,Chon, Jung-Whan,Kim, Dong-Hyeon,Song, Kwang-Young,Kim, Se-Hyung,Kim, Hyunsook,Seo, Kun-Ho 한국유가공학회 2018 Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology (JMSB) Vol.36 No.2

2018년부터 한국에서도 비살균 우유로 제조된 치즈의 생산과 유통이 허용되기 시작하였다(식품의약 안전처, 2016a,b). 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국인들이 가장 많이 선호하는 Gouda 치즈를 선정하였으며, 비살균 원유로 제조된 60일 이상 숙성치즈의 관능검사를 중심으로 실험을 진행하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 원유의 평균 pH는 $6.7{\pm}0.4$이며 살균된, 원유에서도 비슷하게 나타났다. 비살균 Gouda 치즈의 pH는 $5.2{\pm}0.5$를 보였으며, 60일 숙성한 후 비살균 Gouda 치즈는 pH $5.5{\pm}0.3$을 나타내었다. 본 실험에서 관능검사에 이용된 샘플은 총 5개이며, Cheese 1부터 Cheese 5까지이다. 풍미를 비교해 보면 Cheese 1이 제일 높은 점수를 보였으며, Cheese 5가 가장 낮은 점수를 보였지만 Salmonella spp. 오염이 비살균 Gouda 치즈의 풍미에 큰 영향을 주지는 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 Salmonella spp. 오염된 원유로 제조된 비살균 Gouda 치즈의 외관에는 좋은 않은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. Since 2018, the Korean government has permitted the production and sale of any cheese made from raw milk and aged for at least 60 days. The present study aimed to investigate the sensory characteristics of various types of Gouda cheese produced from raw milk during 60-day aging. The average pH of the raw milk used in this experiment was $6.7{\pm}0.4$, similar to that of the sterilized milk. The pH of raw-milk Gouda cheese was $5.2{\pm}0.5$ a day after the 60-day aging period, wherein the pH was $5.5{\pm}0.3$. In total, 5 samples were used for sensory evaluation in this experiment: Cheeses 1~5. With respect to flavor, Cheeses 1 and 5 received the highest and lowest scores, respectively. Raw-milk Gouda cheese produced using Salmonella spp.-contaminated raw milk was not greatly influenced by flavor; however, it had a negative effect on its appearance. In the future, it is imperative to carry out sensory evaluation of cheese produced with raw milk contaminated with various food-contaminating bacteria.

제주도내 목장원유의 미생물학적 분석

김은주 ( Eun Joo Kim ),정경주 ( Kyong Joo Jeong ),김진영 ( Jin Young Kim ),김진희 ( Jin Hoe Kim ),전창익 ( Chang Ik Cheon ),이두식 ( Du Sik Lee ),임윤규 ( Yoon Kyu Lim ) 한국동물위생학회 2001 한국동물위생학회지 (KOJVS) Vol.24 No.1

In order to investigate the relationship between milk hygienic quality and some environmental factors such as the herd size and types of milking machines, we sampled and examined the level of total bacterial count, coliforms, Staphyococcus aureus, somatic cell counts(SCC) and fat rates in raw milk. Of the 84 dairy farms, the prevalence of level on number of standard plate count over l00,000cfu/mℓ and coliforms over 1,000cfu/mℓ in bulk milk were 25.0% and 15.6%, respectively. Also, 2 farms(2.4%) were exceed the level on number of 500cfu/㎖ S aureus in raw milk. The prevalence of dairy herd with first grade of total bacterial count(TBC) according to bucket, pipe line and parlour milking system was 40.0%, 74.0% and 84.0%, respectively. The prevalence of dairy herd with first grade of TBC according to grade 1, 2 and 3 by SCC was 77.8%, 83.2% and 69.2%, respectively. Therefore, the relationships between hygienic quality in raw milk and the herd size, types of milking machines, were significant. In conclusion, this study could be overemphasized the importance of herd management condition for milk hygienic quality.

Korean Dairy Sector in Transition

( Chul Ho Yoo ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2002 Journal of Rural Development Vol.25 No.2

The process of expansion of Korean dairy sector is reviewed in terms of the value of raw milk produced, supply and demand for dairy products, number of dairy farms and cows, herd sizes, ongoing change in the location of dairy farming, etc. Relevant government policies regarding pricing for raw milk and institutional changes are presented. With the market liberalization for dairy products in 1996, the sector faces a challenge. The strategy for `a stable growth of the industry` with strengthened quality competitiveness of drinking milk by the government faces a problem of balancing the supply and demand of raw milk, due to oversupply of raw milk in recent years and a continued declining demand for drinking milk. As a way of resolving the current oversupply problem of raw milk, some basic policy guidelines to follow are drawn.

원유로부터 Listeria monocytogenes의 신속검색을 위한 종합효소 연쇄반응법의 개선

이철현,손원근,강호조,Yi, Chul-hyun,Son, Won-geun,Kang, Ho-jo 대한수의학회 1996 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

The present study was conducted to rapidly detect Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk. Specificity and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique, and direct PCR were examinded in raw milk, also were compared the calssical culture methods with PCR technique. This method used a pair of primers based on a unique region in the 16S rRNA sequence of L nomocytogenes. In the PCR specificity tests, each of the 10 strains of L monocytogenes tested gave a single 70-bp band. But the other six Listera spp tested gave negative results. Results of the sensitivity tests showed that as few as 2 CFU of L monocytogenes in pure cultures could be detected with 16S rRNA-based primers, L-1 and L-2. In different PCR cycles, a PCR product was detected with $10^3$ cells of L monocytogenes from 25 cycles to 50 cycles and the concentration of PCR products was cycle-dependent. Raw milk samopes added L monocytogenes cells gave negative results. However, these samplers gave a single 70-bp band by pretreatment of pronase, and PCR products were detected with $10^1$ cells of L monocytogenes. To detemine the most sensitive culture protocol to use in conjunction with the PCR assay, raw milk samples were inoculated with L monocytogenes at concentrations ranging from 1 to $5.7{\times}10^4CFU/ml$. PCR assays from Listeria enrichment broth(LEB) containing raw milk samples added L monocytogene EGD could dtect 10 cells in pronase-pretreated samples without incubation, and 1 cell of L monocytogenes in both 12 hr and 24 hr incubation, respectively. Isolation raw of PCR assays was similar to that of classical culture methods, but required time for detection of L monocytogenes could remarkably be reduced compare to culture methods.

국내산 원유에 대한 식품위생학적 연구

이원창,이상목,추범수,용준환 한국식품위생안전성학회 1986 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.1 No.1

Sanitary condition for raw milk in Korea was investigated in this study. It is hoped that the information will be used for reference in future endeavors of study in the field of public health and food sanitation in Korea. The results were summerized as follows: 1) The viable cell counts of bacteria in raw milk were tend to be increased under the various atmospheric temperature, and the correlation coefficient between temperature and total viable cells was r=+0.921(p<0.01). 2) The correlation coefficient between methylene blue reduction time test and viable cell counts of bacteria in raw milk was r=-0.799(p<0.01). 3) The relationship between total solid rate(%) and milk fat rate(%) was highly significant level as r=+0.745(p<0.01). 4) Highly significant correlation coefficient was r= +0.945(p<0.01) between milk fat and protein rate in raw milk.

원유를 두유에 첨가한 혼합액으로 Mozzarella Cheese Analogue 제조에 관한 연구

이준하 ( Joon Ha Lee ),송광영 ( Kwang Young Song ),서건호 ( Kun Ho Seo ),윤여창 ( Yoh Chang Yoon ) 한국유가공기술과학회 2013 한국유가공기술과학회지 Vol.31 No.1

The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Mozzarella cheese analogue generation by using a mixture of soy milk and raw milk and to compare the quality of the resultant cheese with that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using the traditional method. The mixtures showed increase in protein and decrease in lactose and SNF in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of soy milk. The Mozzarella cheese analogue had lower total solids content than the control cheese product, while the fat content was similar between both. The analogue cheese had lower ash content than the traditionally prepared cheese; the content was proportional to the amount of soy milk in the mixture. Higher soy milk quantities within mixtures also resulted in proportionally higher levels of fat content within analogue cheese. Water-soluble nitrogen content was lower in the analogue cheese than in the control cheese. While the WSN level increased in the control cheese, it was almost constant in the analogue cheese. The control cheese had much higher actual and predicted yield than the analogue cheese, while the analogue cheese had a higher stability level. The control cheese had a higher transfer rate than the analogue cheese, with the exception of lactose. Electrophoresis analysis showed bands for Mozzarella cheese analogues that were present in addition to the normal α-casein and β-casein bands. Physical characteristic analysis showed that hardness was affected by the addition of soy milk to cheese, while cohesiveness and brittleness were affected by the addition of raw milk, and elasticity was barely affected by milk composition. The meltability of the control cheese was higher than that of the analogue cheese and increased during 30 days of storage at 4℃. Browning, oiling-off, and stretching characteristics were almost identical between the 2 types of cheeses. Sensory evaluation findings showed that the control cheese had much better body texture, appearance, and flavor than the analogue cheese.