제주지역의 빗물이용시설을 활용하는 농가의 시설이용실태 조사 및 개선 방안

윤정은(Jeung-Eun Youn),백용규(Yong-Kyu Baik),임태섭(Tae-sub Lim) 한국생활환경학회 2016 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study is to find out the problem analysis and improvement plan by studying the use status and utilization status of the rainwater storage facility installed in the government support. The regional characteristics and field surveys results of Jeju based on rainwater storage facilities to serve as a basis to provide a diversity of utilization of rainwater storage facilities. The target of survey are farmhouses with installed rainwater storage facilities under the aid funding in Jeju and did on-site survey of them. The survey consists of five categories and 33 items. On-site inspection and survey was conducted twice 2015, 2016. The use of rainwater harvesting facilities as farming water was highly satisfactory and it was active, but it showed that there was a need to consider the lack of installation scale and various utilization of rainwater. This paper would be the basic source and the comprehensive information associated with small rainwater storage facilities in Jeju.

광주지역 빗물이용시설의 수질특성에 관한 연구

안상수 ( Sang-su An ),위환 ( Whan Wi ),윤상훈 ( Sang-hoon Yoon ),장서은 ( Seo-eun Jang ),정숙경 ( Suk-kyoung Jeong ),조영관 ( Young-gwan Cho ),김은선 ( Eun-sun Kim ) 한국환경분석학회 2016 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.19 No.2

To investigate the characteristics of rainwater quality as pH, color, turbidity, EC (electronic conductivity) and heavy metals in Gwangju area, 43 samples were collected at initial rainfall amounts over 3 mm/day during March to October in 2015. For 32 samples over 5 mm/day rainfall amount, pH was 4.8~6.5, and turbidity, color and NH3-N were 0.77~97.88 NTU, 4~16 degree, 0.6~12.0 mg/L, respectively, which are exceeding the drinking water standard. Heavy metals (except for Fe, Zn and Cu), volatile organic compounds and pesticides were not detected. Concentrations of color and turbidity in rainwater were decreased contrarily to the lapsed time at the storage, whereas the concentration of Zn was not so much changed compare to the initial state. Particulate matter (PM10) in air has the negative correlation with pH and positive correlations with turbidity, color and EC in rainwater. Seasonal variation showed that pH, DO, turbidity, color and EC in spring was lower than in summer with the influence of rainfall frequency and amount. Rainwater quality of pH, color and turbidity was lowered depending on the lapsed time for 10 days. pH was a little higher at concrete storage tank than at FRP storage tank because alkaline compound as CaCO3 flow out of the concrete surface, whereas turbidity was a little higher at FRP storage tank than at concrete storage tank.

우수 이용을 위한 포집재료별 포집수량과 수질에 관한 연구

이영복,이승근,왕창근 대한상하수도학회 2004 상하수도학회지 Vol.18 No.1

In this study, quantity and quality of collected rainwater by sand, gravel, soil, lawn and concrete surface, as collection materials were investigated and Rainwater Collection Prediction Model was developed to predict the amount of collected rainwater. The quantity of collected rainwater in concrete surface, gravel, sand, soil and lawn collection system was 1,067L(93.2%), 1,006L(87.8%), 902L(78.8%), 800L(69.9%), 788.5L(68.8%) for 8 months period, respectively. The average turbidity of collected rainwater in concrete surface, gravel, sand, soil and lawn collection system was 3.2NTU, 2.2NTU, 1.9NTU, 1.7NTU, 1.5NTU for 8 months period, respectively. For sand collection material, predicted amount by the Model and actual collected amount were 931.5L and 902L, which were very closed. For gravel collection material, predicted amount by Model and actual collected amount were 1,028.21. and 1,006L, which were very closed. To simulate the optimal rainwater storage volume, the rainfall and evaporation data in Dae-jeon city were used. For sand collection system with 30m2 area, the maximum storage volume was 17㎥ and 62% of the year was secured for use of 240L/day.

단독주택단지의 빗물이용시설 적정 규모 설정 연구

백종석 ( Baek Jongseok ),김형산 ( Kim Hyungsan ),신현석 ( Shin Hyunsuk ),김재문 ( Kim Jaemoon ),박경재 ( Park Kyungjae ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2018 한국물환경학회지 Vol.34 No.6

Torrential rain and drought are repeated due to the increase in the unpredictable fluctuating of rainfall patterns. It is time for stabilize water resource management in terms of disaster prevention. Distributed control from sources is needed to minimize damages caused by torrential rains and droughts. Rain barrel can be used to reduce the runoff as they collect and store rainwater. In response to this situation, Seoul Metropolitan Government and other local governments implemented a project to support the installation of rain barrel and provided 90% of the cost of installing it in private areas. However, with limited budget, it is difficult to distribute rainwater to the city which is mostly covered by private areas. In this study, Samho-dong, Ulsan, where pilot projects of water cycle leading city are underway, analyzed the effects of reducing the runoff with respect to the amount of rainwater that can be used, and analyzed the economics of recoverable investment cost when installed. From the analysis, it was established that it is possible to show sufficient efficiency with a small capacity without the need to install large rain barrel effectively in the private sector, and to support the installation cost of less than 70 percent of the rainwater can be recovered.

유입량 변화에 따른 도심지 내 우수저류조 관망시스템의 안정성 검토

유형주,이승오,김동현,맹승진 한국방재안전학회 2019 한국방재안전학회 논문집 Vol.12 No.4

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate change increased, it is necessary to install the facilities that can cope with the initial stormwater. Most researches have been conducted on the design of facilities applying the Low Impact Development (LID) and the reduction effect on rainfall runoff to examine with 1D or 2D numerical models. However, the studies on the examination about flow characteristics and stability of pipe network systems were relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the stability of the pipe network system in rainwater storage tank was examined by using 3D numerical model, FLOW-3D. The changes of velocity and dynamic pressure were examined according to the number of rainwater storage tank and compared with the design criteria to derive the optimal design plan for a rainwater storage tank. As a results of numerical simulation with the design values in the previous study, it was confirmed that the velocity became increased as the number of rainwater storage tank increased. And magnitude of the velocity in pipes was formed within the design criteria. However, the velocity in the additional rainwater storage pipe was about 3.44 m/s exceeding the allowable range of the design criteria, when three or more additional rainwater storage tanks were installed. In the case of turbulence intensity and bottom shear stress, the bottom shear stress was larger than the critical shear stress as the additional rainwater storage was increased. So, the deposition of sediment was unlikely to occur, but it should be considered that the floc was formed by the reduction of the turbulence intensity. In addition, the dynamic pressure was also satisfied with the design criteria when the results were compared with the allowable internal pressure of the pipes generally used in the design of rainwater storage tank. Based on these results, it was suitable to install up to two additional rainwater storage tanks because the drainage becomes well when increasing of the number of storage tank and the velocity in the pipe becomes faster to be vulnerable to damage the pipe. However, this study has a assumption about the specifications of the rainwater storage tanks and the inflow of stormwater and has a limitation such that deriving the suitable rainwater storage tank design by simply adding the storage tank. Therefore, the various storage tank types and stormwater inflow scenarios will be asked to derive more efficient design plans in the future. 최근 기후변화로 인해 강우강도 및 빈도의 증가에 따른 국지성 집중호우의 피해가 증가함에 따라 초기 우수에 대응할 수 있는 시설물 설치가 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해, 빗물을 직접 유출하지 않고 저류 시키는 저영향 개발(Low Impact Development)기법을 적용한 시설물 설계 및 수치모형을 이용한 유출저감효과 검토에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 유출저감효과에 대한 검토만 수행된 반면, 시설물에 유입되는 유량에 의한 흐름특성 변화 검토 및 안정성 검토에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 LID 기법이 많이 적용되고 있는 회전교차로를 대상으로 하여, 회전교차로 내의 우수저류조의 관망시스템의 안정성 검토를 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 검토하였다. 또한 우수저류조의 최적의 설계방안 도출을 위하여 우수저류조의 수를 증가하여 용량증가에 따른 유속과 동압의 변화를 검토하고 설계기준과 비교하였다. 우수저류조의 제원 및 유입유량은 선행연구에서 제시된 값을 적용하여 수치모의를 수행한 결과, 유속은 저류조 설치개소 수가 증가할수록 빨라지는 것을 확인하였고, 대부분 설계기준 범위 안에 유속이 형성되는 것을 확인하였다. 다만 추가 저류조가 3개 이상일 경우는 추가저류조관에서 유속이 3.44 m/s가 발생하여 설계유속의 허용범위를 초과하였고, 유속의 증가율도 일정해지는 것으로 나타났다. 난류강도 및 바닥전단력 비교의 경우, 저류조 설치개소수가 증가함에 따라 바닥전단력이 한계소류력보다 크게 나타나 유입토사의 침전은 발생하지 않을 것으로 예상되나 난류강도의크기가 작아져 플록(Floc)형성으로 인한 토사 침전이 발생할 수 있음을 고려해야한다. 최종적으로 유속을 이용한 동압 산정 결과를 우수관 설계에 일반적으로 사용되는 압력관의 허용내압과 비교하였을 경우, 동압이 허용내압보다 작게 나타났다. 이를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안한 우수저류조 제원으로 설계할 경우 추가 저류조를 2개까지 설치하는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 저류조를 계속하여 설치하게 되면 배수가 원활해져 관내 유속이 빨라지고, 유속증가로 인하여 관의 마모손상 등의 문제가 일어날 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 본 연구는 저류조의 제원 및 우수의 유입량을 가정하였고, 단순히 저류조를 추가하여 저류조 설계방안을 도출한 한계점이있어 향후에는 다양한 저류조 형태 및 우수유입 시나리오를 적용하여 검토한다면 보다 효율적인 설계방안 도출이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

논문 : 광주지역 빗물 저류조 및 초기우수배제장치 용량산정

유태종 ( Tae Jong Yu ),안균환 ( Gyun Hwan An ),최유진 ( Yu Jin Choi ),박상준 ( Sang Jun Park ) 빗물학회 2007 빗물 Vol.1 No.1

Rainwater utilization system is consistes of catchment, conveyance, treatment, storage, and delivery. Catchment methods are divided into roof and ground catchments and are directly influenced on rainwater quality. Generally, rainwater from ground catchment does not have good quality, it can not be used for domestic use. However if it can be used for secondary purpose such as watering livestock or gardening or underground injection. Rainwater from roof catchment has high quality, but the first flush has a some contaminants such as dust and other debris. Therefore it is desirable to separate the first flush of rainwater to be used for domestic water. Storage tank size is determined by intensity and frequency of rainfall, water demand and so on. The bigger the storage tank size becomes the higher the utilization rate and construction cost. In this study, to determine the size of rainwater storage tank and first flush separator, characteristics of rainwater such as intensity, frequency, water demand and rainwater quality around Gwangju area were analysed. From the analysis of rainfall characteristics and water demand pattern, the optimum size of rainwater storage tank was 2.0 m3 per 100 m2 of roof catchment area. And, according to water quality analysis of rainwater harvested from roof, the amount of first precipitation to be removed was 1.32 mm.

경제성을 고려한 빗물이용시설의 저류용량 설계 방안

강태욱(Taeuk Kang),진영규(Youngkyu Jin),이상호(Sangho Lee ) 한국방재학회 2022 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.22 No.5

최근 우리나라에서는 국가 차원의 법⋅제도적인 규제와 지방자치단체의 행정적 지원에 따라 빗물이용시설의 활용이 증대되고있다. 하지만 현재 계획되고 있는 빗물이용시설의 설치 규모는 대부분 제도적 제약과 기술자의 판단에 의해 결정되고 있다. 이 연구는 빗물이용시설의 저류용량을 경제적으로 결정할 수 있는 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 빗물이용시설의규모에 따른 빗물이용량을 평가할 수 있는 물수지 식을 제시하였고, 빗물이용시설의 설치와 운영에 따른 비용과 편익 요소를정의하였다. 그리고 빗물이용시설의 저류용량별 경제성 분석에는 순현재가치와 비용편익비율이 활용되었다. 제시한 분석방법을 인천 청라지구의 빗물이용시설에 적용한 결과, 경제성 분석은 순현재가치로 평가하는 것이 적절하였다. 해당 빗물이용시설의 설계 시 산정된 규모는 6,740 m3이고, 30년 수명 연한에 대한 순현재가치는 -478백만 원으로 산정되었다. 반면에 경제성을고려한 최적 규모는 2,000 m3이고, 해당 규모에 대한 순현재가치는 +1,738백만 원으로 분석되었다. 따라서 경제성 분석은빗물이용시설의 적정 규모를 결정할 수 있는 대안이 될 수 있는 것으로 검토되었다. The use of rainwater harvesting facilities is increasing in accordance with national laws, institutional regulations, and administrative support from local governments in Korea. However, most of the plans for storage capacity of rainwater harvesting are characterized by institutional constraints and determined by the judgment of engineers. This study aimed to suggest a method for economically determining the storage capacity of rainwater harvesting. The study presented a mass balance equation that can evaluate rainwater reuse amount according to the size of rainwater harvesting, and then defined the cost and benefit factors for the installation and operation of rainwater harvesting. Net present value (NPV) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) were used to analyze the economic effectiveness for each storage capacity of rainwater harvesting. The proposed method was applied to the rainwater harvesting in Cheongna District in Incheon, and the NPV was found appropriate for the evaluation of the economic effectiveness. According to the design report, for the rainwater harvesting planned to be 6,740 m3, the NPV was calculated to be −478 million KRW for a 30-year design life. Meanwhile, the optimal size considering economic effectiveness was 2,000 m3, and the NPV of the size was analyzed to be +1,738 million KRW. Therefore, economic analysis is suitable as an alternative to determine the appropriate size of rainwater harvesting.

제주지역 빗물이용시설의 효율적 개선방안 연구

박원배,문덕철,고기원,Park, Won-Bae,Moon, Deok-Cheol,Koh, Gi Won 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.6

This study is to suggest a few efficient ways of rainwater utilization, through monitoring and analyzing 143 rainwater storage systems and 110 artificial recharge systems, which are installed in the recommended facilities by law, among the rainwater harvesting systems in Jeju Island. In the case that catchment facilities are damaged, rainwater could be contaminated by leaves and debris so that the rates of rainwater usages come to be lower. It is possible that contaminated rainwater could contaminate artificial recharge wells or rainwater discharging out of the rainwater harvesting system could result in flood and damage for the downgradient area. For maintaining high quality of rainwater and increasing rainwater utilization rate, it is necessary to install screening facilities and purification plant functioning precipitation and filtration. Also, in order to efficiently preclude the overflowing rainwater exceeding storage capacity, it is recommended to associate rainwater storage tanks with artificial recharge well or infiltration trench facilities.

논문 : 빗물이용시설에서 빗물저장조 용량산정 방법에 관한 연구 -서울대 대학원 기숙사를 대상으로-

박성원 ( Sung Won Park ),김상래 ( Sang Rae Kim ),곽동희 ( Dongg Heui Kwak ) 빗물학회 2007 빗물 Vol.1 No.1

Rainwater harvesting practice is gaining much interest throughout the world as a viable alternative to the water shortage and flooding problems which may become stronger due to the climate change. However, because the engineering and scientific knowledge of the rainwater harvesting system is limited, the wide spread of rainwater harvesting practice is limited, too. Only small scale systems for domestic water supply have been used in developing countries. Therefore, rainwater harvesting practice is under-evaluated and sometimes, confronted with the opposition of the water experts. When rainwater utilization facility is installed and operated, the most important thing to be considered is the estimated method of profit capacity of storage tank. It`s determined by operation factors of rainwater utilization facility: rainwater utilization ratio, ratio substitution of tapwater, system cycling and the day of rainwater utilization. In this research, applicability and efficiency of rainwater system operation factor diagram are examined by comparing with real operational data of 2 years in the rainwater utilization facility at SNU dormitory. Research results can be used as a design experience and to convince inexperienced experts and decision makers from all over the world and eventually can be used to solve the current world water problems more easily.

Evaluation of Rainwater Utilization for Miscellaneous Water Demands in Different Types of Buildings Using Geographic Information System

Jin Young Kim,Kyoung Jin An,Hiroaki Furumai 대한환경공학회 2013 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.18 No.2

This study is an attempt to quantify rainwater utilization and miscellaneous water demand in Tokyo`s 23 special wards, the core of the urban area in Tokyo, Japan, in order to elucidate the potential of further rainwater utilization. The rainwater utilization for miscellaneous appropriate water demands, including toilet flushing, air conditioning, and garden irrigation, were calculated for six different types of building: residential house, office, department store, supermarket, restaurant, and accommodation. Miscellaneous water demands in these different types of building were expressed in terms of equivalent rainfall of 767, 1,133, 3,318, 1,887, 16,574, and 2,227 (mm/yr), respectively, compared with 1,528 mm of Tokyo`s average annual precipitation. Building types, numbers and its height were considered in this study area using geographic information system data to quantify miscellaneous water demands and the amount of rainwater utilization in each ward. Area precipitation-demand ratio was used to measure rainwater utilization potential for miscellaneous water demands. Office and commercial areas, such as Chiyoda ward, showed rainwater utilization potentials of <0.3, which was relatively low compared to those wards where many residential houses are located. This is attributed to the relatively high miscellaneous water demand. In light of rainwater utilization based on building level, the introduction of rainwater storage mechanisms with a storage depth of 50 mm for six different types of buildings was considered, and calculated as rainfall of 573, 679, 819, 766, 930, and 787 (mm), respectively. Total rainwater utilization using such storage facilities in each building from 23 wards resulted in the retention of 102,760,000 m3 of water for use in miscellaneous applications annually, and this volume corresponded to 26.3% of annual miscellaneous water demand.