Readability assessment of commonly used urological questionnaires

Patrick Betschart,Dominik Abt,Hans-Peter Schmid,Pascal Viktorin,Janine Langenauer,Valentin Zumstein 대한비뇨의학회 2018 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.59 No.5

Purpose: This study was performed to assess readability of the most commonly used questionnaires in urology including a separate analysis of their single-items to identify questions that might be especially demanding for patients. Materials and Methods: The guidelines of the European Association of Urology were screened for recommended questionnaires. Readability was analyzed for complete questionnaires as well as their single-items separately using well established readability assessment tools, including Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade level (SMOG), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Gunning-Fog Index, and the Flesch Reading Ease formula. Results: A total of 13 questionnaires were included to the analysis. Calculation of grade levels (FKGL, SMOG, CLI, FGI) showed readability scores of 2.7th to 16.7th grade. Easiest readability as calculated by median grade levels was found for the short form of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaires-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms short form (FLUTS-SF) while the short form of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) showed the hardest readability. Based on the FKGL between 0% (FLUTS-SF) and 80% (IIEF-5) of the single-items were written above the recommended grade levels. Conclusions: The questionnaires that are used most frequently in urology mainly show a satisfactory overall readability. Inadequate readability levels were not only found for individual questionnaires but also for single-items of the majority of assessed questionnaires. This requires consideration for the interpretation of results and when developing novel health-related surveys.

Lumbar Disc Screening Using Back Pain Questionnaires: Oswestry Low Back Pain Score, Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale, and Acute Low Back Pain Screening Questionnaire

김도연,오창현,윤승환,박형천,박종운 대한척추신경외과학회 2012 Neurospine Vol.9 No.3

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of back pain questionnaires for lumbar disc screening among Korean young males. Methods: We carried out a survey for lumbar disc screening through back pain questionnaires among the volunteers with or without back pain. Three types of back pain questionnaire (Oswestry Low Back Pain Score, Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale, and Acute Low Back Pain Screeing Questionnaire) were randomly assigned to the examinees. The authors reviewed lumbar imaging studies (simple lumbar radiographs, lumbar computed tomography, and magnetic resolutional images), and the severity of lumbar disc herniation was categorized according to the guidelines issued by the Korean military directorate. We calculated the relationship between the back pain questionnaire scores and the severity of lumbar disc herniation. Results: The scores of back pain questionnaires increased according to the severity of lumbar disc herniation. But, the range of scores was very vague, so it is less predictable to detect lumbar disc herniation using only back pain questionnaires. The sensitivity between the back pain questionnaires and the presence of lumbar disc herniation was low (16-64%). Conclusion: Screening of lumbar disc herniation using only back pain questionnaires has limited value.

Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males 설문지와Aging Males' Symptoms Scale 간의 상관관계 및 혈청 테스토스테론과의 관련성

박동수,김태범,구자현,김수웅,백재승 대한비뇨의학회 2008 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.49 No.11

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males(ADAM) questionnaire and the Aging Males’ Symptoms(AMS) scale and to determine their relationship with the serum testosterone level. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients who took the self-administered ADAM questionnaire, the AMS scale and the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF) questionnaire. We enrolled a total of 265 patients older than 40 years who presented a positive result for the ADAM questionnaire(defined as a ‘yes’ answer to question 1 or 7, or a ‘yes’ answer to at least three of the other questions). Blood tests were performed, including the total testosterone, prolactin, the lipid profiles and the fasting glucose level. Results: The psychological subscale of the AMS scale was correlated with ADAM questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10(p<0.005) and the somato-vegetative subscale was correlated with questions 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10(p<0.05). The sexual subscale was correlated with questions 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10(p< 0.05). Statistically significant differences were found for the IIEF questionnaire scores between the patients with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer to ADAM question 1 and 7(p<0.05). The IIEF questionnaire scores were significantly lower for the men with a sexual subscale score 11-25 on the AMS scale (p<0.05). The total testosterone was not correlated with the ADAM, AMS and IIEF questionnaire but the total testosterone demonstrated a significantly negative correlation with weight, abdominal circumference, body mass index(BMI) and triglyceride(p<0.05). Conclusions: This analysis revealed that the ADAM questionnaire and the AMS scale have a significant relationship, and especially the sexual function domain of the two questionnaires showed correlation with the IIEF questionnaire. Serum testosterone was related with weight, abdominal circumference, BMI and triglyceride. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males(ADAM) questionnaire and the Aging Males’ Symptoms(AMS) scale and to determine their relationship with the serum testosterone level. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients who took the self-administered ADAM questionnaire, the AMS scale and the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF) questionnaire. We enrolled a total of 265 patients older than 40 years who presented a positive result for the ADAM questionnaire(defined as a ‘yes’ answer to question 1 or 7, or a ‘yes’ answer to at least three of the other questions). Blood tests were performed, including the total testosterone, prolactin, the lipid profiles and the fasting glucose level. Results: The psychological subscale of the AMS scale was correlated with ADAM questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10(p<0.005) and the somato-vegetative subscale was correlated with questions 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10(p<0.05). The sexual subscale was correlated with questions 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10(p< 0.05). Statistically significant differences were found for the IIEF questionnaire scores between the patients with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer to ADAM question 1 and 7(p<0.05). The IIEF questionnaire scores were significantly lower for the men with a sexual subscale score 11-25 on the AMS scale (p<0.05). The total testosterone was not correlated with the ADAM, AMS and IIEF questionnaire but the total testosterone demonstrated a significantly negative correlation with weight, abdominal circumference, body mass index(BMI) and triglyceride(p<0.05). Conclusions: This analysis revealed that the ADAM questionnaire and the AMS scale have a significant relationship, and especially the sexual function domain of the two questionnaires showed correlation with the IIEF questionnaire. Serum testosterone was related with weight, abdominal circumference, BMI and triglyceride.

한방부인과 진단 설문지에 대한 평가와 硏究(Ⅱ)

이인선,전란희,김규곤 대한한방부인과학회 2004 大韓韓方婦人科學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose : This study investigated reliability of Oriental OB&GY questionnaires, valued the items and correlated relation of differentiation of syndromes of Oriental OB&GY questionnaires which is used by Dong-Eui OB&GY. Method : We compared the result of 553 outpatients's questionnaires from April. 1. 2002 to February. 28. 2003 with important symptoms on the Oriental medical theory. Result : 1. The confidence rate of Oriental OB&GY questionnaires above 90% is stagnation of Ki, dry of blood, phlegm(53.7%), deficiency of Ki, insuficiency of the kidneys, deficiency of Yin. On the other side the confidence rate of cold syndrom and deficiency of Yang is low(46.4%, 62.6%) 2. The reliability of Oriental OB&GY questionnaires' result and important symptoms on the Oriental medical theory reveals significant. But it isn't in deficiency of Yang, cold syndrom, spleen

女高生의 月經樣狀에 대한 조사연구

송정오,김미진,엄윤경,유주희,이인선,김규곤 대한한방부인과학회 2005 大韓韓方婦人科學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

Purpose : I have carried out this study to investigate the relation between young girls' menstruation disorder degrees and their physical disorders. It seems like a temporary phenomenon because the youth is sexual immature period. Menstruation disorder degrees are a part of life . But all of them, the purpose of this study is to avoid the possibility that the menstruation disorders can become to the illness. Methods : I researched 649 high school girls by oriental OB&GY questionnaires and menstrual pain questionnaires, compared the result of the questionnaires and investigated their case of menstruation disorders. Results : About the high school girls' menstruation disorder degree, menstrual pain and frequency of pre-menstruation are often found on the fat students. Meanwhile, overweight students are fast in menarche but the fat students are rather late. In the Menarche, most of the respondents started in Summer and Winter vacation but a few respondents started in Spring when begins a new term. As for the Month when the menarche starts, August had the highest number and then January, December, respectively. On the contrast, April showed the lowest number and then June, May, respectively. I compared the result with Dr. Min's analyzed result ―Questionnaires about 1706 outpatients who had OB&GY disease in the Oriental Medical hospital of Dong Eui university from April, 2000 to March, 2004.― to investigate health conditions of Menstruation Disorder students. Conclusion : This questionnaire's result was approximately lower than the comparison study's one in the respondents' disease mechanism output frequency except for Fever. So the respondents of this questionnaire have almost normal health conditions. But the result of questionnaires show 2 cases of post-menstruation, 5 cases of pre-menstruation, 7 cases of menstrual pain. Consequently, This result is approximately higher than comparison study.

HOW DO SPLIT QUESTIONNAIRES REDUCE RESPONSE STYLES?

Adıgüzel Feray 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Lengthy surveys take more time and induce the use of undesired response styles. Response styles generate biases in responses, particularly in lengthy surveys (Baumgartner & Steenkamp, 2001). Response style is defined as tendency to systematically respond to questionnaire items regardless of item content (Baumgartner & Steenkamp, 2001). In practice, market research agencies prefer to use split questionnaires where questionnaires split into parts and each subset is administered to a randomly selected group of respondents (Raghunathan & Grizzle 1995). So far, split questionnaire design literature has been mainly investigated estimation and inference (Lord, 1962; Shoemaker, 1973; Merkouris, 2014; Chipperfield, Barr, & Steel, 2017), data imputation (Raghunathan & Grizzle, 1995; Rässler et al. 2002), and optimal designs (Thomas et al. 2006; Adıgüzel & Wedel 2008; Gonzalez & Eltinge, 2008; Chipperfield & Steel, 2009; Chipperfield & Steel, 2011). Despite split questionnaire is recommended to reduce undesired response styles, its relationship with response styles remains unclear. Two methods of optimal split questionnaire designs were proposed (Adıgüzel & Wedel, 2008): 1) Between-block design: To select entire blocks of questions, 2) Within-block design: To select sets of questions in each block. In this paper, we examine empirically how split designs lessen different type of response styles. Our findings indicate that split questionnaires reduce acquiescence balance, and disacquiescence relative to full questionnaires. The within-block split surveys reduce disacquiescence, acquiescence and balance, whereas the between-block ones did not. Stylistic responding is also influenced by questionnaire satisfaction, attitude, length and mood. Disacquiescence is negatively correlated to mood, questionnaire length and attitude. Midpoint is positively correlated to length, but negatively to questionnaire satisfaction, while acquiescence is opposite for both.

Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI)와 심리(心理)관련설문지의 비교연구에 대한 고찰(考察)

강동우 ( Dong-woo Kang ),오환섭 ( Hwan-sup Oh ),박영재 ( Young-jae Park ),박영배 ( Young-bae Park ) 대한한의진단학회 2011 大韓韓醫診斷學會誌 Vol.15 No.1

Objectives The purpose of our study is to develop and verify questionnaire using temperament and character inventory (TCI) in the future by contemplating the comparative study on TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires. Methods We investigate the research searched by keyword: `TCI` and `Questionnaire` through internet search engines, Pub Med, Science Direct and Springer Link. Results The comparative study of TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires(SPAQ, BDI, TAS-20, MAC, DSQ) which have the purpose of diagnosing personal disorder is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy of the concerned psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of psychobiological characteristics of each of personal disorders. The comparative study of TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires(MMPI, NEO, CPI) which have the purpose of comprehending general personality is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy of the concerned psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of meaning of questionnaire-scales. The comparative study of TCI and constitution-psychological testing Questionnaire(QSCCⅡ) is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy and the understanding of the concerned constitution-psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of psychobiological characteristics of each of constitutions. Conclusions TCI is a useful tool to understand the psychological testing Questionnaire more deeply and verify the level of the adequacy, and from now on for the development and verification of Oriental medicinal-psychological testing Questionnaire, the study comparing it with TCI should be actively used.

한글 경추 통증 및 기능장애 측정 도구의 개발과 타당도 및 신뢰도 검사

이해정 ( Hae Jung Lee ) 대한경락경혈학회 2007 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.24 No.2

Objectives: It was to translate three neck and spinal pain disability questionnaires-the Neck Disability Index (NDI), the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS), and the Functional Rating Index (FRI)-into Korean language, and evaluate the psychometric properties of Korean versions of questionnaires to achieve a good cross-cultural adaptation. Methods: Forty (23 males, 17 females) subjects aged from 15 to 64 years old, participated to examine test-retest reliability. One hundred and eighty (76 males, 104 females) subjects with a primary diagnosis of non-specific neck pain and 81 healthy volunteers were undertaken to examine internal consistency, discriminative validity and longitudinal construct validity. Versions of each questionnaire in idiomatic modern Korean were developed using a procedure proposed by Beaton et al. (2000). To assess reliability, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC (2,1)) was calculated. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach`s alpha. Discriminative validity was examined with independent-group t-tests. Responsiveness was tested by calculating the effect size and standardized response mean for each questionnaire and using Pearson`s r and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Test-retest reliability ofthe translated versions of the three disability questionnaires was excellent (ICC (2,1) = 0.86-0.90). High internal consistency was found in the three disability questionnaires (Cronbach`s alpha ranged from α=0.88 for the FRI to α=0.96 for the NPDS and 0.82 for the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire(SFMPQ)). The VAS subscale of the SFMPQ was found to be the most responsive of the subscales (ES=1.44, SRM=1.37). The VAS was also the most responsive pain and disability index in internal responsiveness analysis, although disability indices showed marginally better responsiveness when compared with external standards. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Conclusions: It is concluded that the questionnaires were successfully translated and exhibit acceptable measurement properties, and may suggest that they are suitable for use in clinical and research applications.

Usefulness of four commonly used neuropathic pain screening questionnaires in patients with chronic low back pain: a cross-sectional study

( Kapil Gudala ),( Babita Ghai ),( Dipika Bansal ) 대한통증학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.30 No.1

Background: Recently symptoms-based screening questionnaires have gained attention for screening for a neuropathic pain component (NePC) in various chronic pain conditions. The present study assessed the usefulness of four commonly used NePC screening questionnaires including the Self-completed douleur neuropathique 4 (S-DN4), the ID Pain, the painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ), and the Self-completed Leeds Assessment of neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS) questionnaire in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) to assess the presence of NePC. Methods: This is a single-center cross-sectional study where patients with CLBP, with or without leg pain, were included. Participants were initially screened for NePC presence by a physician according to the regular practice, and later assessed using screening questionnaires. The diagnostic accuracy of these questionnaires was compared assuming the physician-made diagnosis as the gold standard. Results: A total of 215 patients with CLBP of which 164 (76.3%, 95% CI, 70.2-81.5) had a NePC were included. S-DN4, ID Pain, and PDQ have an area under the curve (AUC) > 0.8 indicating excellent discrimination. However, S-LANSS has an AUC of 0.69 (0.62-0.75), indicating low discrimination. S-DN4 has a significantly higher AUC as compared to ID Pain (d(AUC) = 0.063, P < 0.01) and S-LANSS (d(AUC) = 0.197, P < 0.01). But the AUC of S-DN4 does not significantly differ from that of PDQ (d(AUC) = 0.013, P = 0.62). Conclusions: S-DN4, ID Pain, and PDQ, but not S-LANSS, have good discriminant validity to screen for NePCs in patients with CLBP. Despite using all the tests, 20-30% of patients with an NePC were missed. Thus, these questionnaires can only be used as an initial clue in screening for NePCs, but do not replace clinical judgment. (Korean J Pain 2017; 30: 51-8)

Comparative Study of 2 Different Questionnaires in Japanese Patients: The Quality of Life and Utility Evaluation Survey Technology Questionnaire (QUEST) Versus the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (FSSG)

Takashi Nonaka,Takaomi Kessoku,Yuji Ogawa,Shogo Yanagisawa,Tadahiko Shiba,Takashi Sakaguchi,Kazuhiro Atsukawa,Hisao Takahashi,Yusuke Sekino,Hiroshi Iida,Hiroki Endo,Yasunari Sakamoto,Tomoko Koide,Hiro 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2013 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.19 No.1

Background/Aims The aim of this study was to examine the convenience of the quality of life and utility evaluation survey technology (QUEST) questionnaire and the frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (FSSG) questionnaire as self-assessment diagnostic instrument. Methods This was a two-way crossover study conducted over 6 weeks from September 2010 to November 2010. The subjects were 60 consecutive patients admitted to the Hiratsuka city hospital with a gastrointestinal condition, regardless of the coexistence of heartburn. They were assigned to fill in both the QUEST and FSSG questionnaires in random order. We analyzed the time taken to complete the questionnaires, whether subjects asked any questions as they filled in the questionnaire, and the questionnaire scores. Results Comparison of the QUEST and the FSSG revealed significant differences in the completion time (196.5 vs. 97.5 seconds, respectively; P < 0.0001) and in whether subjects asked any questions (37 vs. 15 subjects, respectively; P < 0.0001). Completion time in QUEST scores of ≥ 4 was lower than < 4 (170.5 vs. 214.0 seconds, respectively; P = 0.022), and the QUEST score was significantly higher without questions than with question (3 vs. 1 points, respectively; P = 0.025). Conclusions This study revealed that the FSSG questionnaire may be easier for Japanese subjects to complete than the QUEST questionnaire.