만성정신분열증의 정량화 뇌파검사 소견

지재현,설현욱,조경형 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 만성 정신분열증 환자 30명과 정상대조군 21명의 뇌파 중 델타파와 쎄타파를 분석해 봄으로써 만성 정신분열증 환자의 국소뇌파 소견과 유병기간, 약물투여량 및 투여기간, 양성증상과 음성증상에 따른 뇌파소견을 보고자하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 만성 정신분열증 환자와 정상대조군간에 델타파와 쎄타파의 국소뇌파량을 t 검증한 결과 델타파에는 유의한 차이가 없으나, 쎄타파는 전 부위에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 만성정신분열증 환자의 델타파 및 쎄타파는 유병기간에 따른 유의한 차이가 없고, 투약기간이 길어질수록 F7, T3, C3, C4의 델타가 감소하는 경향을 보이고, 항정신병약물 투여량이 많을수록 P3, P4, C4, T5, T6, O1, O2의 쎄타가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 셋째, 양성증상의 유무에 따라 Fp2의 델타에 유의한 차이를 보이고, 음성증상의 유무에 따라서는 Fp2, T3, C3, P3, O1의 델타에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 넷째, 판별분석을 시행한 결과 qEEG의 델타파와 쎄타파의 국소 뇌파량만으로 만성정신분열증 환자 30명중 29명을 (96.7%) 만성 정신분열증으로 판별할 수 있었다. 이상에서 만성정신분열병 환자의 서파가 정상대조군과는 유의한 차이를 보이며 유병기간에 따른 차이는 없으나 투약기간과 투여량에 따른 차이를 보이고 음성 증상을 가진 환자에서 좌측 대뇌반구의 기능저하를 추측케한다. Electroencephalographic recordings in 30 medicated patients fulfilling the DSM-Ⅲ-R criteria for chronic schizophrenia and 21 normal healthy controls was studied, using computerized electroencephalography. The delta activity and theta activity were compared between the patients and the normal healthy controls, then the differences in delta activity and theta activity of the patients were analyzed according to duration of illness, duration of medication, dosage of medication, and the presence of positive and negative symptoms. In the comparison study of chronic schizophrenic patients and the normal healthy controls, the theta activity showed a significant difference in all regions, and a significant difference in abnormal electroencephalographic activity appearance rate. In the analysis of the delta and theta activities of the chronic schizophrenic patients, duration of illness had no significant influence, the delta activity in F7, T4, C3, and C4 regions showed a tendency to decrease as duration of medication increased, the theta activity in P3, P4, C4, T5, T6, O1, O2 regions showed a tendency to increased with the increment of dosage of neuroleptics. The delta activity in Fp2, T3, C3, P3, O1 regions showed a significant difference between those patients with and without negative symptoms. In summary, the theta activity of the chronic schizophrenic patients showed a significant difference in comparison with that of the normal controls. In chronic schizophrenic patients, no difference in electroencephalograph was apparent regarding the duration of illness, but significant differences were shown when analyzed regarding the duration and dosage of medication. According to the results of this study, dysfunction of left cerebral hemisphere could be presumed to be present in patients with negative symptoms.

정량적 분석을 위한 뇌파 측정 방법

허재석,정경미 대한임상검사과학회 2019 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.51 No.4

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has been widely used in research and clinical fields.QEEG has been widely used to objectively document cerebral changes for the purpose of identifying the electrophysiological biomarkers across various clinical symptoms and for the stimulation of specific cortical regions associated with cognitive function. In electroencephalography (EEG), the difference in quantitative and qualitative analyses is discriminated not by its measurement methods and relevant clinical or research environments, but by its analysis methods. When performing a qualitative analysis, it is possible for a medical technologist or experienced researchers to read the EEG waveforms to exclude artifacts. However, the quantitative analysis is still based on mathematical modeling, and all EEG data are included for the analysis, leading the results to be affected by unexpected artifacts. In the hospital setting, the case that the medical technologists in charge of the EEG test perform academic research has been little reported, compared to other clinical physiological measurement-based research. This is because there are few laboratories specialized in clinical physiological research. In this respect, this study is expected to be utilized as a basic reference material for medical technologists, students, and academic researchers, all of whom would like to conduct a quantitative analysis. 정량적 뇌파는 연구와 임상적 분야에서 활발하게 이용되어다양한 임상적 증상과 인지기능의 자극 및 과제에 따른 대뇌의생물학적인 바이오 마커를 규명하는 등 대뇌의 변화를 객관적으로 증명하는데 지속적으로 사용되고 있다. 뇌파에서 정량적 분석과 정성적 분석은 분석하는 방법이 다르기 때문에 측정 방법과 환경이 비슷하지만 한편으론 다르다. 정성적 분석은 뇌파를 판독하는 사람이 잡파를 제외시키고 볼 수 있지만 정량적 분석은 수학적 모델링을 기반으로 데이터의 모든 것을 포함하여 분석을 실시하고 있기 때문에 잡파가 결과에 영향을 준다. 병원에서 임상생리학적 검사인 뇌파를 담당하는 임상병리사들이 뇌파를 이용한 연구는 다른 분야에 비해서 아주 드물다. 이러한 현상은 임상검사과학 분야 중에 임상생리학적 검사에서 두드러지게나타난다. 왜냐하면 현재 대학에서 임상생리학을 연구하는 실험실이 많지 않기 때문이다. 본 저자의 목적은 정량적 분석을 하고자 하는 임상병리사, 대학원생, 연구자들이 쉽게 접근하여 앞으로 뇌파의 많은 연구가 이루어 질 수 있는 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대하고, 앞으로 많은 대학에서 임상생리학 실험실이 생겨 많은 연구들이 이루어져 좋은 논문들이 많이 나오기를 기대해 본다.

Comparison of Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography Imaging Between Subjects With Mild and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Preliminary Study

이현권,신현실,홍석찬,박두흠 대한신경정신의학회 2008 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.5 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the regions of the brain associated with recurrent nocturnal chronic hypoxic episodes in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Methods: Nocturnal polysomnograph (NPSG) and subsequent morning electroencephalograph (EEG) were measured in 20 subjects with OSAS. Mild (n=10 ages 39.5±12.1 years) and severe (n=10 ages 41.7±13.6 years) right-handed male OSAS subjects were selected by interview and questionnaires including the NPSG, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The LORETA and QEEG were compared between the severe and mild OSAS groups by frequency bands (delta 1-3 Hz, theta 4-7 Hz, alpha 8-12 Hz, beta1 13-18 Hz, beta2 19-21 Hz, beta3 22-30 Hz, and total 1-30 Hz) made by spectral analysis during resting with the eyes closed. Results: The LORETA analysis showed decreased alpha activity at the right posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 23) in cases with severe OSAS compared to mild OSAS (p<0.05). For the QEEG, the absolute power of the alpha activity (8-12 Hz) was decreased in P3 (p=0.047), PZ (p=0.039) and O2 (p=0.04) in cases with severe OSAS compared to mild OSAS cases. The LORETA and QEEG analyses had similar results with regard to band, activation and location. Conclusion: The decreased activity of the alpha frequency in the right posterior cingulate gyrus, in patients with severe OSAS compared to those with mild OSAS, suggests that chronic repeated short-term hypoxia during sleep, in OSAS, could provoke cortical brain dysfunction associated with cognitive dysfunction such as memory and attention. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the regions of the brain associated with recurrent nocturnal chronic hypoxic episodes in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Methods: Nocturnal polysomnograph (NPSG) and subsequent morning electroencephalograph (EEG) were measured in 20 subjects with OSAS. Mild (n=10 ages 39.5±12.1 years) and severe (n=10 ages 41.7±13.6 years) right-handed male OSAS subjects were selected by interview and questionnaires including the NPSG, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The LORETA and QEEG were compared between the severe and mild OSAS groups by frequency bands (delta 1-3 Hz, theta 4-7 Hz, alpha 8-12 Hz, beta1 13-18 Hz, beta2 19-21 Hz, beta3 22-30 Hz, and total 1-30 Hz) made by spectral analysis during resting with the eyes closed. Results: The LORETA analysis showed decreased alpha activity at the right posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 23) in cases with severe OSAS compared to mild OSAS (p<0.05). For the QEEG, the absolute power of the alpha activity (8-12 Hz) was decreased in P3 (p=0.047), PZ (p=0.039) and O2 (p=0.04) in cases with severe OSAS compared to mild OSAS cases. The LORETA and QEEG analyses had similar results with regard to band, activation and location. Conclusion: The decreased activity of the alpha frequency in the right posterior cingulate gyrus, in patients with severe OSAS compared to those with mild OSAS, suggests that chronic repeated short-term hypoxia during sleep, in OSAS, could provoke cortical brain dysfunction associated with cognitive dysfunction such as memory and attention.

중독과 정량뇌파

이재원 대한신경정신의학회 2019 신경정신의학 Vol.58 No.2

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has a long history and its clinical usefulness has gradually become well known. QEEG is a noninvasive, easy, comfortable and inexpensive way to check the brain status, but it is not specific to a diagnosis and requires sufficient experience in its clinical interpretation. The techniques and parameters of QEEG are increasingly being developed and studied, so their utilization will become more widespread in the future. QEEG in addiction disorders has not been fully studied, but it has many possibilities. The symptoms of addiction disorder and QEEG characteristics in some addictions show features that are clinically beneficial to diagnosis and treatment. Various complementary studies in the future are expected to make it more useful in clinics.

Quantitative Electroencephalography and Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease

HyungTae Jung,SeungHwan Lee,JongNam Kim,KangJoon Lee,YoungCho Chung 대한신경정신의학회 2007 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.4 No.1

Objective-The EEG abnormalities of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are characterized by increased slow wave activities and reduced asymmetry between the two hemispheres. We attempted to find the specific spatio-temporal EEG pattern of AD through quantitative EEG (qEEG) and the source localization of specific frequency bands. Methods-The AD group consisted of 22 patients who fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria of AD with no space occupying lesions confirmed by brain CT or MRI. The normal control (NC) group consisted of 27 subjects with no personal history of psychiatric or neurological abnormalities. We performed qEEG, compared the hemispheric asymmetry between the AD and NC groups, and tried to obtain source imaging of each frequency band using low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Results-Compared with the NC group, the AD patients had significantly increased slow wave activities of the theta (4-7 Hz) and delta waves (1-3 Hz) over all of the electrodes. There was no statistically significant asymmetric difference between the AD and NC groups. The slow waves of the AD patients were dominant in the right hemisphere compared to the NC subjects. Increased theta wave activity was observed, especially in Brodmann area 40 (inferior parietal lobule) in the AD patients compared with the NC subjects. Increased delta wave activity was observed especially in Brodmann area 7 (postcentral gyrus) in the AD patients compared with the NC subjects. The MMSE score had a significant negative correlation with the theta waves and a positive correlation with the alpha waves in the AD patients. There was a positive correlation between the duration of illness and the theta waves in the AD patients. Conclusions-Our results showed that AD patients had increased theta and delta wave activity in the right parietal areas, which reflect their decreased brain function in these regions. Our results suggest that qEEG and LORETA imaging are useful tools for detecting and evaluating AD.

Difference between Quantitative Electroencephalography, Loudness Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potential, and Mismatch Negativity between a Manic and a Depressive Episode in a Single Bipolar Patient with Mixed Features

Young-Min Park 대한정신약물학회 2024 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.22 No.2

This study compares the changes in Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP), and mismatch negativity (MMN) in the case of bipolar depression, mania, and euthymia in a single patient. the characteristic of QEEG in this patient with mixed depression was an increase in alpha; in mixed mania, there was little increase in alpha, and the decrease in delta, theta, and beta was noticeable. LDAEP increased more in the manic phase than in the depressive phase. In contrast, MMN decreased more in the manic than in the depressive phase. After remission of mania, QEEG, LDAEP, and MMN were re-measured. Compared with the manic phase, the decrease in delta, theta, and beta bands in the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes improved significantly. The LDAEP decreased from LDAEP 1.67 to 0.97. However, in spite of the euthymic phase, MMN amplitude showed a further decrease, from −1.7 to −0.9. In conclusion, using QEEG, LDAEP, and MMN can help clinicians predict a patient’s bipolar state and evaluate serotonin intensity and cognitive function, enabling customized treatment. However, there are still few consistent research results; therefore, there is a need to utilize a larger sample size.

Quantitative Electroencephalography Reflects Inattention, Visual Error Responses, and Reaction Times in Male Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Sang-Choong Roh,박은진,Young-Chun Park,Sun-Kyung Yoon,Joong-Gu Kang,김도원,이승환 대한정신약물학회 2015 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.13 No.2

Objective: Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) has been increasingly used to evaluate patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between qEEG data and symptom severity in patients with ADHD. Methods: Fifteen patients with ADHD and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Electroencephalography was assessed in the resting-state, and qEEG data were obtained in the eyes-closed state. The Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and continuous performance tests (CPTs) were used to assess all participants. Results: Theta-band (4-7 Hz) power across the brain was significantly positively correlated with inattention scores on the K-ARS, reaction times and commission errors on the CPTs in ADHD patients. Gamma-band (31-50 Hz) power was significantly positively correlated with the results of the auditory CPTs in ADHD patients. The theta/alpha (8-12 Hz) and theta/beta (13-30 Hz) ratios were significantly negatively correlated with commission and omission errors on auditory CPTs in ADHD patients. No significant correlations between qEEG relative power and K-ARS and CPT scores were observed in HCs. Conclusion: Our results suggest that qEEG may be a useful adjunctive tool in patients with ADHD.

Reduction in Alpha Peak Frequency and Coherence on Quantitative Electroencephalography in Patients with Schizophrenia

염태성,강웅구 대한의학회 2018 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.33 No.26

Background: The aim of the study was to examine the characteristics of alpha wave peak frequency, power, and coherence in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched subjects with no psychopathology were enrolled. All study participants underwent quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Alpha-related values, including peak frequency, power, and coherence, were evaluated. Results: Alpha peak frequency on the Oz area was slower in the schizophrenia group than that in the control group. However, no differences in absolute or relative power were observed between the two groups. Significant reductions in absolute and relative coherence were observed at the C3–C4 and T3–T4 nodes in the patients with schizophrenia. Relative coherence was reduced at the P3–P4 nodes. Conclusion: This study focused on alpha variables detected in QEEG as intrinsic values to distinguish schizophrenia from a healthy control. The results suggest decreased alpha peak frequency of the occipital lobe and decreased coherence between the two hemispheres in patients with schizophrenia. A further study could elucidate the causal relationship and biological meaning of the variations in alpha waves in patients with schizophrenia.

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 환아들의 인지 행동적 특성과 정량 뇌파와의 관계 : 후향적 단면 연구

오수환(Soohwan Oh),정유숙(Yoo Sook Joung),윤희준(Hee Joon Yoon),이동익(Dong Ik Lee),김병욱(Byung Wook Kim),박정아(Jung Ah Park),이서지(Suzie Lee),이빛나(Bitna Lee) 대한신경정신의학회 2018 신경정신의학 Vol.57 No.3

Objective This study examined the association between the wave form in quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and the cognitive and behavioral characteristics measured by the Korean version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (K-WISC-IV), Korean version of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS), and Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) in children diagnosed with ADHD. Method A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on children aged 8 to 13 years, who were diagnosed with ADHD at Samsung Medical Center from November 2011 to March 2017. A total of 57 ADHD children were selected by a medical chart review. Their QEEG findings and psychological test results, including K-WISC-IV, K-CBCL, and K-ARS (n=42), were collected. The QEEG was analyzed by the ranges of Hz: delta (1 - 4 Hz), theta (4 - 8 Hz), alpha (8 - 12 Hz), and beta (12 - 25 Hz) and transformed to the z-scored relative power. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson and Partial correlation analysis. Results The Letter-Number Sequencing scores of K-WISC was positively correlated with fronto- central alpha. The hyperactivity/impulsivity scores of K-ARS were positively correlated with the theta/beta ratio. Among the items of K-CBCL, social immaturity was positively correlated with delta and theta, and negatively correlated with alpha. Social competence was negatively correlated delta and theta, and positively correlated with alpha. Conclusion These results suggest that the resting state QEEG results of children with ADHD may reflect their cognitive and behavioral characteristics, especially in working memory/executive function, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and sociality.

State and Trait Anxiety Related Gamma Oscillations in Patients With Anxiety Within the Research Domain Criteria Framework

Kim Kyoung Min,Bong Su Hyun,Byeon Jun,Kim Jun Won 대한신경정신의학회 2022 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.19 No.6

Objective Diagnosis of anxiety has relied primarily on self-report. This study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of anxiety with quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) focusing on the state and trait anxiety defined according to the Research Domain Criteria framework existing across the differential diagnosis, rather than focusing on the diagnosis.Methods A total of 41 participants who visited a psychiatric clinic underwent resting state EEG and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The absolute power of six frequency bands were analyzed: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–10 Hz), fast alpha (10–13.5 Hz), beta (13.5–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz).Results State anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r=-0.484) and central (Cz, r=-0.523) regions, while trait anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r= -0.523), central (Cz, r=-0.568), parietal (P7, r=-0.500; P8, r=-0.541), and occipital (O1, r=-0.510; O2, r=-0.480) regions.Conclusion The present study identified the significantly negative correlations between the anxiety level and gamma band power in fronto-central and posterior regions assessed at resting status. Further studies to confirm our findings and identify the neural correlates of anxiety are needed.