국내이주와 국제이주의 접목

김경학(Kim, Kyung-Hak) 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2010 남아시아연구 Vol.16 No.2

국제이주의 초국가적 관점은 ‘국가적 경계를 넘는다’라는 점을 강조하기 때문에 흔히 개별 국가 간의 사회·문화적, 정치·경제적 네트워크 연결에 관심이 있었다. 반면 초국가적 접근은 국제이주 다발지역 국가 내에서 흔히 국제이주와 국내이주가 접목됨으로써 전개되는 다양한 사회·경제적 양상들에는 관심이 없었다. 그러나 국제이주의 흐름이 강하게 지속되고 있는 지역들, 예컨대 인도의 뻔잡처럼 대규모 국제이주로 인해 인도의 다른 지역들로부터 많은 이주노동자가 유입되어 왔으며, 이에 따른 국제이주와 국내이주의 ‘이질적 노동력 회로’가 상호 접목되는 지점이 발생하여 왔다. 사실 인도 뻔잡의 국제이주는 현지의 노동력 수요와 공급에 불균형을 가져왔으며, 이들 지역으로 유입되는 국내이주는 이를 해결하는 하나의 방편으로 여겨져 왔다. 더구나 녹색혁명을 통한 농업 근대화와 국제이주가 맞물린 인도 뻔잡은 농업 노동력 수요를 급격히 증가시킴으로써 인도 내 다른 주들, 대표적으로 비하르와 우따르 쁘라데시로부터 이주민을 유인하는 ‘농촌-농촌 국내이주’의 전형을 보여주었다. 일반적으로 국내이주와 국제이주는 국가적 경계를 넘는가의 여부에 따라 구분되지만 최근 일부 연구들은 이 두 가지 형태의 이주가 독립적으로 연구되는 것보다는 두 종류의 이주가 접목되는 지점에 주목을 할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 이들 연구들은 국내이주가 국제이주를 유인하거나 역으로 국제이주가 국내이주를 유인하는 사례들을 제시하고 있으며, 또한 두 범주의 이주가 상이한 선상에서 접목됨으로써 만들어지는 다양한 유형의 이주현상들을 제시하고 있다. 농업이 국가의 중요 산업으로 인식되고 여전히 농업 종사인구의 비율이 높은 인도사회에서는 다양한 유형의 국내이주가 진행되고 있으며, 특히 국제이주가 활발한 인도 뻔잡과 같은 농촌지역에서는 국제이주와 국내이주가 접목되는 지점에 다양한 사회ㆍ경제적 양상들이 전개되어 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 인도에서 국제이주가 활발하게 진행되고 있는 대표적인 지역인 뻔잡의 도압지방을 중심으로 국제이주와 국내이주가 만나는 지점에서 전개되는 다양한 사회·경제적 양상을 규명하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 도압 지역에 속하는 잘란다르 군의 일부 촌락들에 대한 단기 인류학적 현지조사에서 수집된 자료를 관련 문헌 자료와 함께 분석함으로써 이주 연구가 ‘국민국가의 국경을 넘는 국제이주뿐만 아니라 동일 국가 내에서 국제이주가 유인하는 국내이주 양상을 함께 고려해야 한다는 점을 강조하고 있다. Migration processes are usually differentiated between internal and international migration. The transnational approach which has been welcomed by scholars to describe contemporary migrations stresses the importance of crossing international borders, and ignores internal migration. This study aims at exploring some socio-economic scenarios of inter-linkages between internal and international migration by using data gathered from short-term anthropological fieldwork in villages of Punjab, India. Punjab had become main basis for providing military forces and labours to British Imperial Government, which was largely for spreading Punjabis all over the world. Further, from the 1950s migration from Punjab especially from Doab region was dominated by movement to overseas like England and North Americas. This massive international migration from Punjab has been generating further internal migration from the other Indian states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh to the sites of agriculture, constructions of village infra-structure, and religious institutions in rural Punjab. This in-migration to fill the gaps left by Punjabi migration to overseas has been continuing, motivated by the higher agricultural wages in Punjab, compared to the other states in India. Recently, the seasonal agricultural migrants from Nepal have been filled by the gaps by the migrants of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, who have been looking for higher wages of employment in Punjab urban areas. Despite the fact that migration from Nepal to Punjab is international migration in nature, both people of Punjab and Nepal are likely to consider this kind of migration as internal migration rather than international one. This study argues that migration approach obsessed only by the nation state and international migration is largely likely to ignore some socio-economic aspects of migration patterns where internal and international migrations are often interlinked, as described in the case of Punjab in this study.

Spatial Patterns and Temporal Trends of Precipitation in the Punjab, Pakistan, 1981-2015

Saadia Sultan Wahla,Safdar Ali Shirazi,Sohail Abbas,Mian Sabir Hussain,이승호 건국대학교 기후연구소 2019 기후연구 Vol.14 No.3

The objective of the current study is to investigate and evaluate the annual and seasonal rainfall trends and patterns of the Punjab province, Pakistan during the 1981-2015. The spatial patterns and temporal trends were identified through the Modified Mann Kendall test. Finding revealed that 13 weather stations of Punjab province have shown the statistically significant decreasing trend of annual and summer monsoon rainfall during the study period. From further investigation, the rainfall during the summer monsoon period (JJAS) found to be increased by 12.45%, similarly the rainfall during the whole of year be also increased by 18.75%. The significant decreasing trends observed with the higher percentage change in annual and monsoon rainfall for the stations of Sialkot and Lahore in the northern and central Punjab. The empirical evidences suggested that northern Punjab gets more moisture as compared the Southern and Western Punjab. This study suggests intensive empirical research in the future to evolve further spatio-temporal trends in the rainfall pattern of Punjab.

Patterns of Cancer: A Study of 500 Punjabi Patients

Bal, Manjit Singh,Bodal, Vijay Kumar,Kaur, Jaspreet,Kaur, Mohanvir,Sharma, Swati Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.12

The State of Punjab has been in focus because of aperceived increasing rate of cancer. Both print and electronic media have created an impression that Punjab, especially the cotton belt of Malwa Region, has become a high incidence cancer region. Actually the increased number of cancer patients might be at least partly because of increasing population and heightened health awareness and reporting. The purpose of this study is to find out the pattern of cancer amongst patients registered in Mukh Mantri Punjab Cancer Rahat Kosh Scheme (MMPCRKS), under cancer registry at Rajindra Hospital Patiala from the various districts of Punjab. The study covers 500 cancer patients registered under MMPCRKS at Rajindra Hospital Patiala, for free cancer treatment. Information regarding age, gender, religion, method of diagnosis and affected sites was obtained. Results were analyzed statistically. Of the 500 patients, 65% were females and 35% were males. The most affected female age groups were 50-54 and 60-64; while males in the age groups of 65-69 and 60-64 had the highest risk. The leading cancers in females were breast followed by cervix and ovary where as in males they were were colon followed by esophagus and tongue. The commonest histological type was adenocarcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma. The increasing trend of cancer in Punjab is alarming. Since this study is a preliminary investigation, it could provide a leading role in prevention, treatment and future planning regarding cancer in Punjab.

Religious populism in Pakistani Punjab: How Khadim Rizvi’s Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan emerged

Sabat Ahmad,Shoaib Muhammad,Qadar Abdul 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2020 International Area Studies Review Vol.23 No.4

Khadim Rizvi’s open manifestation of religion helped him become one of the most popular leaders of Barelvi-Sunni Muslims in Pakistani Punjab. He emerged as the leader of a moral community during a crisis. After a series of protests and negotiated agreements with the federal and provincial governments, he was able to translate his support into electoral power. In the 2018 election, his TLP bagged 1.8 million votes (National Assembly seats) from Punjab. It was the first instance in recent political history when a newcomer religious party finished third in the province. No religious party had been able, in the last three elections (2008, 2013, 2018), to impact elections in Punjab as the TLP did in 2018.

1947년 인도 분단 속 뻔잡 기독교인들의 경험과 선교적 함의

공영수 ( Kong Young Soo ) 아세아연합신학대학교 신학연구소 2021 ACTS 신학저널 Vol.49 No.-

이 논문은 인도 뻔잡 기독교인들이 1947년 인도의 분단을 어떻게 경 험했는지를 일반적으로 살펴보면서 그들의 난민 구호 사업을 주로 고찰 하고 있다. 1947년 인도의 분단은 인도 현대사에서 슬픈 사건이었다. 뻔잡 지역이 분단되면서 동뻔잡이 인도로, 서뻔잡이 파키스탄으로 나뉘게 되었고, 뻔잡 기독교인들은 땅과 사람의 분리와 종교공동체주의의 폭력을 경험해야 했다. 아웃카스트 출신이자 숫적으로 미약하여 사회, 정치적으로 그들의 한계가 있었음에도 뻔잡 기독교인들은 분단 난민들을 위한 구호 사업에 주도적으로 참여했다. 그들이 구호 사업에 집중할 수 있었던 데에는 몇 가지 요인이 있었다. 첫째, 종교 집단 간의 폭력 중에도 뻔잡 기독교인들은 중립적인 위치에 있었다. 둘째, 그들은 성경적인 사상과 시설, 과거의 구호 경험이 구호 사업을 위해 준비되어 있었다. 셋째, 서구 선교사들과 뻔잡 기독교 지도자들이 구호 사업에 서로 협력하였다. 이렇듯, 1947년 인도 뻔잡 기독교인들의 난민 구호 사업은 전세계적으로 팬 데믹 시대를 맞이하고 있는 현대 교회에 선교적 통찰을 주고 있다. This article mainly deals with the Punjab Christian relief work for partition refugees in 1947 India while dealing with Punjab Christian experience of the Indian partition in general. The partition of India in 1947 was a tragic event in modern Indian history. As Punjab, a Northwest region of India, was divided into two (East Punjab to India and West Punjab to Pakistan) Christians in Punjab had to experience a division of land and people along with communal violence. Although Punjabi Christians were socially and politically marginalized due to their outcaste origin and numerical weakness, they were major participants in the relief work for partition refugees. There were several elements that allowed them to focus on the relief work. Firstly, they were communally neutral in position amidst the communal violence. Secondly, they were prepared for providing relief in terms of their biblical worldview, facilities, and previous relief experience. Thirdly, western and Punjab Christian leaders worked cooperatively for the cause. The refugee relief work of Punjab Christians in 1947 India suggests missional insights for contemporary churches facing the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.

Knowledge and Awareness about Breast Cancer and its Early Symptoms among Medical and Non-Medical Students of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Noreen, Mamoona,Murad, Sheeba,Furqan, Muhammad,Sultan, Aneesa,Bloodsworth, Peter Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.3

Breast cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally but has an even more significant impact in developing countries. Pakistan has the highest prevalence among Asian countries. A general lack of public awareness regarding the disease often results in late diagnosis and poor treatment outcomes. The literacy rate of the Southern Punjab (Pakistan) is low compared to its Northern part. It is therefore vital that university students and especially medical students develop a sound knowledge about the disease so that they can spread awareness to others who may be less educated. This study therefore considers current knowledge and understanding about the early signs of breast cancer amongst a study group of medical and non-medical university students of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of the university students was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire to assess their awareness of breast cancer from March to May 2014. A total of 566 students participated in this study, out of which 326 were non-medical and 240 were from a medical discipline. Statistical analysis was carried out using Graph Pad Prism Version 5 with a significance level set at p<0.05. The mean age of the non medical and medical participants was 23 (SD 2.1) and 22 (SD 1.3) years, respectively. Less than 35% students were aware of the early warning signs of the breast cancer development. Knowledge of medical students about risk factors was significantly better than the non medical ones, but on the whole was insufficient. Our study indicated that knowledge regarding breast cancer was generally insufficient amongst the majority of the university students (75% non-medical and 55% medical) of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. This study highlights the need to formulate an awareness campaign and to organize conferences to promote breast cancer awareness among students in this region.

Costing of a State-Wide Population Based Cancer Awareness and Early Detection Campaign in a 2.67 Million Population of Punjab State in Northern India

Thakur, JS,Prinja, Shankar,Jeet, Gursimer,Bhatnagar, Nidhi Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.2

Background: Punjab state is particularly reporting a rising burden of cancer. A 'door to door cancer awareness and early detection campaign' was therefore launched in the Punjab covering about 2.67 million population, wherein after initial training accredited social health activists (ASHAs) and other health staff conducted a survey for early detection of cancer cases based on a twelve point clinical algorithm. Objective: To ascertain unit cost for undertaking a population-based cancer awareness and early detection campaign. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using bottom-up costing methods. Full economic costs of implementing the campaign from the health system perspective were calculated. Options to meet the likely demand for project activities were further evaluated to examine their worth from the point of view of long-term sustainability. Results: The campaign covered 97% of the state population. A total of 24,659 cases were suspected to have cancer and were referred to health facilities. At the state level, incidence and prevalence of cancer were found to be 90 and 216 per 100,000, respectively. Full economic cost of implementing the campaign in pilot district was USD 117,524. However, the financial cost was approximately USD 6,301. Start-up phase of campaign was more resource intensive (63% of total) than the implementation phase. The economic cost per person contacted and suspected by clinical algorithm was found to be USD 0.20 and USD 40 respectively. Cost per confirmed case under the campaign was 7,043 USD. Conclusions: The campaign was able to screen a reasonably large population. High to high economic cost points towards the fact that the opportunity cost of campaign put a significant burden on health system and other programs. However, generating awareness and early detection strategy adopted in this campaign seems promising in light of fact that organized screening is not in place in India and in many developing countries.

Socio-Economic Factors and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

Muhammad Waqas Khalid,Nahla Samargandi,Aadil Hameed Shah,Seita Almandeel 한국국제경제학회 2020 International Economic Journal Vol.34 No.1

The empowerment ofwomenis an essential objective to fully engage them in economic life and achieve sustainable growth throughout the world. Providing basic facilities to women is one form of empowerment. This paper examines the extent of women’s empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan and its divisions, along with rural and urban regions. In addition, we check the effect of the gender wage differential on the current dilemma by implementing Alkire et al.’s [2013.The women’s empowerment in agriculture index (Working Paper No. 58). Oxford, UK: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ophiwp- 58.pdf.] indexing on HIES 2013–14 datasets. Our results show that 34.91% of women are empowered in Punjab overall, with independence being the highest dimensional contributor, and ownership of assets being the least. Women are 31.43% more empowered in urban regions. The results indicate that Islamabad has significantly more women’s empowerment, while Dera Ghazi Khan has the lowest percentage of empowered women. To assess particular impacts of different socio-economic and demographic variables on women’s empowerment, logistic regression model is applied, revealing that most socio-economic and demographic variables have significant impacts on the current scenario, and variation in any variable causes significant variations in the status of women’s empowerment, with increased wage differential in particular, decreasing the probability of women being empowered.

파키스탄 펀잡지역의 밀-쌀재배시스템의 미래 물수요 예측

미르자주나이드아흐메드 ( Mirza Junaid Ahmad ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2018 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2018 No.-

Conceptualizing the crop evapotranspiration rates (ETc) and subsequent irrigation water requirements (IWR) in the context of rapidly changing climate is of paramount importance for Pakistan’s agriculture sector sustainability and tackling food security issues. This study was focused on projecting water demands of the wheat-rice system of Punjab under a future climate as emulated by a range of Global Circulation Models (GCMs). Statically downscaled and bias-corrected outputs from 8 GCMs forced under two Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios (RCPs) during two future time slices: 2030s (2021-2050) and 2060s (2051-2080) were incorporated in the study against a baseline climatology (1980-2010). Projections suggested that future climate of the study area would be much hotter than the baseline period with minor rainfall increments. The probable temperature rise increased seasonal and annual cumulative reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) in the future. Temperature rises also drive phenological development of both crops at an accelerated pace; represented by an overall decline in the number of growing days. Despite the positive shifts in projected ETo trends, both wheat and rice ETc were declining in the future due to shortening of growth span. Highly unpredictable but mostly positive seasonal and annual total rainfall shifts indicated that both crops might receive more effective rainfalls during their respective seasons. Shortening of crop growth span and seasonal effective rainfall increments gave rise to the declining trends of IWR for both crops, but the projected IWRs showed great variation across the GCMs due to unclear projected rainfall trends. These results might seem to undermine climate influences over the water requirements of the wheat-rice system of Punjab but alarmingly shortening of the crop growth spans signifies a higher tendency of crop failure under the projected future thermal regime in this area.

Household empowerment as the key to eradicate poverty incidence

Muhammad Abrar ul haq,Mohd Razani Mohd Jali,Gazi Md Nural Islam 한국사회복지학회 2019 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.13 No.1

The current study aimed to investigate how the household empowerment can potentially reduce the rural poverty incidence. The data were collected through multistage random sampling from the rural households of 24 villages in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 600 households were selected as sample pool. Face-to- face interviews with the household heads were conducted. The household empowerment was measured through an index that was adopted from Abrar-ul- haq (“An assessment of the role of household empowerment in alleviating poverty in Southern Punjab, Pakistan” (Ph.D. Dissertation), School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2017). The binary logit model was used to analyze the impact of household empowerment with other control variables on poverty incidence. The results of the current study confirm the negative nexus between household empowerment and poverty incidence of rural households as the study reported that the probabilities (odds ratio: 0.877) of being poor are reduced by increasing the empowerment (in every aspect, economically, politically, and socially) of the households, and the results are statistically significant at the 1% level of significance. Based on empirical results, this study suggests that household empowerment has significant potential to reduce poverty incidence in the rural areas of Southern Punjab, Pakistan