ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF KHAKI CAMPBELL × THAI NATIVE GROWING DUCKS

Thongwittaya, N.,Pleusamran, P.,Choktaworn, N.,Tasaki, I. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.2

The experiment was carried out to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai Native growing ducks. The growing stage was divided into 2: the first was a starting stage from 0 to 4 weeks of age and the second was a growing stage from 4 to 18 weeks of age. In the starting stage, the birds were given diets containing 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85 and 2.90 Mcal ME/kg and ME/protein ratio of 150/l for the energy requirement trial, and diets containing 17.0%, 18.5%, 20.0% and 21.5% protein and 2.8 Mcal ME/kg for the protein requirement trial. It was found that there were no significant differences in body weight gain of feed efficiency among the energy or protein levels. In the growing stage, no significant differences in body weight gain or feed efficiency were found among the energy levels from 2.70 to 2.90 Mcal ME, or protein levels from 15.5% to 20.0%. The age at first lay was 105-117 days and this is earlier than that observed in purebred Khaki Campbell ducks. The feed cost for raising ducks was lower in the low energy and low protein diets. In conclusion, Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai native ducks can be raised with a diet low in ME as 2.7 Mcal/kg during the whole growing period. As for the protein. 7.0% in the starting stage and 15.5% in the growing stage is practical.

The Influence of Dietary Characteristics on the Milk Quantity and Quality of Riverine Buffaloes: Estimate of the Energy/Protein Requirements, for a Medium-high Production, in the First Ninety Days of Lactation

Terramoccia, S.,Bartocci, A.,Giovanni, S. Di,Bartocci, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.3

The data used came from two trials undertaken under the same climatic conditions (spring-summer). In both trials pluriparious buffaloes were utilized similar in weight, body condition score, and milk production from the previous year. From the first trial the data used was from the sub-period 23-88 DIM provided by seven animals fed ad libitum with diet A (6.69 MJ/kg DM; 158.30 g/kg of crude protein) with a forage/concentrate ratio of 48/52. From the second trial the data used was from the sub-period 33-90 DIM provided by seven animals fed ad libitum with diet B (6.63 MJ/kg DM; 179.50 g/kg of crude protein) and by seven animals fed ad libitum with diet C (5.99 MJ/kg DM; 155.40 g/kg of crude protein), each of the diets had the same forage/concentrate ratio (53/47). A significant difference was found in milk production between group B and C (13.08 vs. 11.56 kg/d, p<0.05), an intermediate production (12.10 kg/d) was noted in group A. A significant difference was found between fat (76.58 vs. 69.24 g/kg, p<0.05), protein (46.14 vs. 43.16 g/kg, p<0.05) and casein (39.94 vs. 34.98 g/kg, p<0.05) of the milk of group B with respect to group A. The milk of group C gave fat values (71.80 g/kg), protein (45.52 g/kg) and casein (39.06 g/kg) statistically equal to those of group B. The milk of groups B and C, in respect to the milk of group A, gave values of $K_{20}$ (1.77, 1.82 vs. 3.68 min, p<0.05), statistically lower and values of $A_{30}$ (48.28, 47.27 vs. 40.64 mm, p<0.05) statistically higher. Two simple linear regressions were calculated where the independent variable (x) was the daily standardized milk production, the dependent variable (y) or the daily intake of net energy or crude protein. Equation 1) NE (MJ/d) = 74.4049+2.8308${\times}$kg of normalized milk; equation 2) CP (kg/d) = 1.4507+0.1085${\times}$kg of normalized milk, both the equations were significant (p<0.05) with determination coefficients of 0.58 and 0.50 respectively. For a production of normalized milk that varies from 9 to 13 kg, the respective energy-protein concentrations fluctuate from 6.09 to 6.78 MJ/kg DM and from 148.00 to 174.46 g/kg DM.

Protein Requirement Changes According to the Treatment Application in Neurocritical Patients

Jungook Kim,Youngbo Shim,Yoon-Hee Choo,Hye Seon Kim,Young ran Kim,Eun Jin Ha The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2024 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.67 No.4

Objective : Exploring protein requirements for critically ill patients has become prominent. On the other hand, considering the significant impact of coma therapy and targeted temperature management (TTM) on the brain as well as systemic metabolisms, protein requirements may plausibly be changed by treatment application. However, there is currently no research on protein requirements following the application of these treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate changes in patients' protein requirements during the application of TTM and coma therapy. Methods : This study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from March 2019 to May 2022. Among the patients admitted to the intensive care unit, those receiving coma therapy and TTM were included. The patient's treatment period was divided into two phases (phase 1, application and maintenance of coma therapy and TTM; phase 2, tapering and cessation of treatment). In assessing protein requirements, the urine urea nitrogen (UUN) method was employed to estimate the nitrogen balance, offering insight into protein utilization within the body. The patient's protein requirement for each phase was defined as the amount of protein required to achieve a nitrogen balance within ±5, based on the 24-hour collection of UUN. Changes in protein requirements between phases were analyzed. Results : Out of 195 patients, 107 patients with a total of 214 UUN values were included. The mean protein requirement for the entire treatment period was 1.84±0.62 g/kg/day, which is higher than the generally recommended protein supply of 1.2 g/kg/day. As the treatment was tapered, there was a statistically significant increase in the protein requirement from 1.49±0.42 to 2.18±0.60 in phase 2 (p<0.001). Conclusion : Our study revealed a total average protein requirement of 1.84±0.62 g during the treatment period, which falls within the upper range of the preexisting guidelines. Nevertheless, a notable deviation emerged when analyzing the treatment application period separately. Hence, it is recommended to incorporate considerations for the type and timing of treatment, extending beyond the current guideline, which solely accounts for the severity by disease.

Dietary Protein Requirement for Young Far Eastern Catfish Silurus asotus

Kim, Kyoung-Duck,Kim, Kang-Woong,Lee, Bong-Joo,Son, Maeng Hyun,Han, Hyon-Sob,Kim, Jin Do The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2014 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.17 No.4

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein requirement of young far eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Five isocaloric diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%). Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 44 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation for 9-weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed 55% protein diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40% protein diets, but not significantly different from those of fish fed 45 and 50% protein diets. The feed efficiency of fish fed 50 and 55% protein diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed 35, 40 and 45% protein diets. The protein efficiency ratio of fish fed 40% protein diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% protein diets, but not significantly different from that of fish fed 35% protein diet. The dietary protein level significantly affected whole body lipid and moisture contents. The results of this study suggest that the 45% protein in the diet is optimal for maximum growth of young far eastern catfish weighing in the range of 44 to 227 g.

Dietary Protein Requirement for Young Far Eastern Catfish Silurus asotus

김경덕,김강웅,이봉주,손맹현,한현섭,김진도 한국수산과학회 2014 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.17 No.4

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein requirement of young far eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Five isocaloric diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%). Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 44 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation for 9-weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed 55% protein diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40% protein diets, but not significantly different from those of fish fed 45 and 50% protein diets. The feed efficiency of fish fed 50 and 55% protein diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed 35, 40 and 45% protein diets. The protein efficiency ratio of fish fed 40% protein diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% protein diets, but not significantly different from that of fish fed 35% protein diet. The dietary protein level significantly affected whole body lipid and moisture contents. The results of this study suggest that the 45% protein in the diet is optimal for maximum growth of young far eastern catfish weighing in the range of 44 to 227 g.

시험스트레스가 대학생의 질소대사에 미치는 영향

김미경,노경아 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

This study was performed to investigate effects of examination-stress and protein supplementation on nitrogen metabolism and blood protein levels of Korean college students. Experiment was conducted at the beginning of a academic term and during midterm exmination. During midterm examination, subjects were classified into two groups randomly: protein supplemental group(male n=6, female n=10)and placebo group(male n=4, female n=9). Protein capsules(2g/day)above 10% of indispensible amino acids requirement estimates were given to supplemental group for 10 days. At the beginning of the term, male students(n=12)ingested 223.15mgN/kg/d, excreted 20.74mgN/kg/d in feces, and excreted 94.31mgN/kg/d in urine. Their apparent protein digestibility was 90.72%, true N balance was +100.11mgN/kg/d, and the mean maintenance N requirement of mixed Korean diet calculated was 112.13mgN/kg/d. Female students(n=19)ingested 171.44mgN/kg/d, excreted 22.13mgN/kg/d in feces, and excreted 122.92mgN/kg/d in urine. Their apparent protein digestibility was 86.76%, true N balance was +18.39mgN/kg/d, and the mean maintenance N requirement calculated was 135.31mgN/kg/d. Blood levels of serum total protein, albumin, and BUN were within normal range. During midterm exmination, fecal and urinary N excretions of female subjects(n=19)were increased, especially urea N markedly, and urea N/creatinine N ratio was augumented significantly. Apparent protein digestibility of male subjects(n=10)was decreased. Examinationstress showed 8.05mgN/kg/d(7.2%)increase of mean maintenance N requirement in male and 8.55mgN/kg/d(6.3%)increase in female students in comparison with that of the beginning of the term. Serum total protein and albumin levels showed no significant change, but serum transferrin level of female were decreased significantly. During midterm examination, females supplemented with protein capsules(2g/d)had no significant increase in fecal and urinary N excretions.

Dietary protein requirements of abalone (Haliotis discus, Reeve 1846) depending on abalone size

Baek, Seong Il,Cho, Sung Hwoan The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2021 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.24 No.3

Dietary protein requirements of abalone (Haliotis discus) depending on abalone size were determined and compared. One thousand and fifty small abalone (initial weight of 2.7 g) and five hundred forty large one (initial weight of 16.0 g) were distributed into 15 and 18 containers in Trial 1 and 2, respectively. Five and six experimental diets containing crude protein level from 20% to 40% and 20% to 45% with 5% increment of protein level for the small and large abalone were prepared and referred to as the CP20, CP25, CP30, CP35, CP40, and CP45 diets, respectively. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks in Trials 1 and 2. Specific growth rate (SGR) of the small abalone fed the CP20 diet was lower compared to that of abalone fed all other diets in Trial 1. Growth performance (weight gain and SGR) of the large abalone fed the CP30, CP35, and CP40 diets were greater than that of abalone fed the CP20, CP25, and CP45 diets in Trial 2. Dietary protein requirements were estimated to be 33.0% and 33.5% for the small and large abalone based on the 2^nd order polynomial analysis, respectively. Dietary protein requirements for the small abalone grown from 2.7 g to 7.4 g and the large one grown from 16 g to 21 g were estimated to be 33.0% and 33.5%, respectively. Size differences in abalone did not affect dietary protein requirement under this experimental conditions.

ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF KHAKI CAMPBELL × THAI NATIVE LAYING DUCKS

Thongwittaya, N.,Tasaki, I. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.2

The experiment was carried out to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai Native laying ducks. To estimate the energy requirement, 5 experimental diets were formulated at levels of 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85 and 2.90 Mcal ME/kg. These diets were equal in ME/CP ratio (170/l). A total of 150 18-week old laying ducks were assigned to 5 energy level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates of 10 birds each, and they were fed the diets for 18 weeks. To estimate the protein requirement, 90 18-week old laying ducks were divided into 9 groups of 10 birds each, and they were assigned to 3 protein level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates. The levels of protein in the diets were 13.5%, 15.0% and 16.5%, and all diets were isocaloric (2.8 Mcal ME/kg). As a result, the 16.5% protein diet gave significantly better egg production than the 13.5% and 15.0% protein diets, however, no significant difference in egg production was found among the energy levels. Feed cost to produce 1k eggs was lower in the 2.70 Mcal and 16.5%protein diets than in the higher ME and lower protein diets.

Determination of Protein Requirements for Maintenance of Elk Doe

Kim, Kwan-Woo,Lee, Jinwook,Kim, Dong-Gyo,Lee, Eun-Do,Lee, Sung-Soo,Kim, Do Hyung,Lee, Sang-Hoon The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2020 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Data on the crude protein requirements of elk doe are nonexistent and the data are essential for their management in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the crude protein requirement for maintenance of elk doe. Three female elk deer were used in 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets containing three levels of crude protein (CP) that contained low crude protein (approximately 12%), medium crude protein (15%), and high crude protein (18%). Each three elk doe trials included a 14-day preliminary period and a 5-day collection period. Crude protein intake was 4.83, 6.26, and 9.00 g/d for 12%, 15%, and 18% of CP level, respectively. Crude protein balances were 1.04, 1.41, and 4.14 for 12%, 15%, and 18% of CP level, respectively. The maintenance requirement for CP from the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance were 3.70 g/BW^0.75.

Maintenance Crude Protein Requirement of Penned Female Korean Spotted Deer (Cervus nippon)

Yang, S.Y.,Oh, Y.K.,Ahn, H.S.,Kwak, W.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of 2-year-old female Korean spotted deer. In the course of the experiment, each of three hand-reared female spotted deer was fed three diets that were iso-calorically formulated to contain low (approximately 7%), medium (12%), and high (17%) levels of crude protein (CP). Each of six trials included a 5-day transition, a 10-day preliminary, and a 7-day collection period. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05) but not the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or acid detergent fiber. All of the deer showed a positive CP balance on all of the diets. The maintenance CP requirement estimated by regression analysis was 4.17 g/kg metabolic body weight $(W^{0.75}){\cdot}d$. The maintenance digestible CP requirement was 1.42 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The metabolic fecal CP was 1.95 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The blood urea nitrogen of spotted deer increased (p<0.05) as the dietary protein levels increased.