후방 척추 감압술을 시행한 척추관 협착증 환자에서 수술 후 통증조절 방법간의 효과 비교

송우석,이영상,박병학,김정묵,변찬웅 대한척추외과학회 2018 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Study Design: Prospective study. Objectives: This study compared the early postoperative analgesic effects and the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with 3 methods of pain control after posterior spinal decompression. Summary of Literature Review: Spinal surgery causes severe postoperative pain. Efficient and safe methods for postoperative analgesia after spinal surgery are necessary. Materials and Methods: To determine the clinical symptoms and to assess improvements in postoperative pain, 52 patients in whom single-level posterior lumbar decompression was planned were randomly assigned to 3 groups. For postoperative pain control, 18 patients received a preoperative single-shot epidural injection (SEI), 16 patients received a postoperative continuous epidural injection (CEI), and 18 patients received only postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Patient ratings of pain intensity (visual analog scale score from 0 [no pain] to 10 [most severe pain]), nausea (from 0 [no nausea] to 5 [severe nausea]), and vomiting (from 0 [no vomiting] to 5 [severe vomiting]) were recorded immediately after the operation and at 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, and 2 days postoperatively. Results: The CEI group showed significantly enhanced analgesic effects, followed by the SEI group and the IV PCA group (p<0.05). PONV due to postoperative pain control was more severe in the IV PCA group than in the other 2 groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Continuous epidural injection (CEI) is effective for postoperative pain control and minimizes the occurrence of PONV after posterior spinal decompression. 연구 계획: 전향적 연구목적: 본 연구에서는 요추부 협착증으로 후방 척추 감압술을 시행 받은 환자에게 경막외강 내 및 정맥 내 경로를 통한 3가지 통증조절방법을 적용한 뒤각 방법간의 통증조절효과 및 구역감, 구토감(postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV))을 비교하고자 하였다. 선행 연구문헌의 요약: 척추 수술은 수술 후 심한 통증을 유발하므로 통증관리를 위한 효율적이고 안전한 통증조절방법은 필수적이다. 대상 및 방법: 술 후 임상증상 및 통증의 호전여부를 판단하기 위하여 단분절 후방 척추 감압술을 시행 받은 52명의 환자를 무작위로 총 3군으로 나누어 18명에게 전신 마취 후 수술 시작 직전 경막외강 내 일회 약물 투여, 16명에게 술 후 지속성 경막외강 내 약물 투여장치를 적용, 18명에게 술 후 정맥내 자가통증조절장치를 적용하였다. 수술 직후, 4시간 후, 12시간 후, 1일 후, 2일 후 환자가 호소하는 통증 정도를 시각통증등급 (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS[)를 이용하여 평가하였고, 통증조절약물 투여 후 환자가 호소하는 구역감, 구토감의 횟수와 정도를 조사하였다. 결과: 통증조절효과의 비교에서 지속성 경막외강 내 약물 투여(CEI) 군이 유의하게 좋았고, 일회성 경막외강 내 약물 투여(SEI) 군과 정맥 내 통증자가조절장치(IV-PCA) 군이 뒤를 이었다(p<0.05). 술 후 통증조절에 따른 PONV는 PCA 군에서 다른 두 군보다 발생빈도가 높았다(p<0.05). 결론: 지속성 경막외강 내 약물투여(CEI)는 후방 척추 감압술 후 통증 조절에 효과적이며 PONV의 발생을 최소화한다. 약칭 제목: 후방 척추 감압술을 시행한 척추관 협착증 환자에서 수술 후 통증조절 방법간의 효과 비교

Clinical Research Article : The effect of postoperative pain on postoperative blood Loss after sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty

( So Yeon Kim ),( Yong Jun An ),( Soo Hwan Kim ),( Ha Kyoung Kim ),( Jeong Soo Park ),( Yang Sik Shin ) 대한마취과학회 2011 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.60 No.2

Background: Bilateral total knee arthroplasty is generally accompanied by a significant amount of blood loss. We investigated the relationship between the intensity of pain and the amount of blood loss in the early postoperative period after bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 91 patients who underwent elective sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. All patients received combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. Patients were divided into three groups based on their scores on the verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) for pain at 6 hours postoperatively. The VNRS was classified as follows; mild pain (n=34, VNRS score 0-4), moderate pain (n=24, VNRS score 5-6), and severe pain (n=33, VNRS score 7-10). We compared the mean arterial pressures and the amount of blood loss during the first 24 postoperative hours in the three groups. Factors influencing postoperative blood loss were analyzed. Results: Postoperative mean arterial pressures and blood loss were not different among the groups. Of the factors examined, the amount of postoperative blood loss was only dependent on the amount of intraoperative blood loss (P=0.001). Conclusions: Early postoperative pain has no effect on postoperative blood pressure and the amount of blood loss after bilateral total knee arthroplasty. For postoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood loss is the main determinant. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 60: 98-102)

척추 수술 후 섬망의 발생에 관한 예비 연구

김성환(Seong Hwan Kim),이지아(Ji Ah Lee),김동진(Dong Jin Kim),김호경(Ho Gyung Kim),서상민(Sang Min Seo),전형곤(Hyung Gon Jeon),강범모(Beom Mo Kang),홍영습(Young Seoub Hong),김철홍(Chul Hong Kim),최병무(Byeong Moo Choe) 대한노인정신의학회 2007 노인정신의학 Vol.11 No.2

Objectives : Delirium is a common postoperative complication in old adults associated with adverse events including functional decline, longer lengths of stay, and risk of institutionalization. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors of postoperative delirium in spine surgery. Methods : Seventy-nine patients who underwent spine surgery were included. Preoperative assessments included current medical illness, number of comorbid problems, and the number of medications by past medical history, medical record, and interview with patients and caregivers. Intraoperative risk factors were evaluated. Laboratory data were checked preoperatively and postoperatively. The presence of delirium was determined by the Korean version of Delirium Rating Scale (K-DRS). Results : Postoperative delirium was found in patients (7.6%). There was an association suggested between older age and postoperative delirium in spine surgery (p<0.05). An association was suggested between increasing numbers of medical conditions and postoperative delirium (p<0.05). Preoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium, albumin levels and postoperative hemoglobin and total protein levels were in the delirium group was significantly lower than those in control group (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study showed that the postoperative delirium in spine surgery is not rare and several preoperative and postoperative factors are involved in the development of delirium. This pilot study is the first prospective trial in the area of postoperative delirium in spine surgery with a small sample size and short-term period, so further research with large sample size will be necessary.

The Correlation between Insertion Depth of Prodisc-C Artificial Disc and Postoperative Kyphotic Deformity - Clinical Importance of Insertion Depth of Artificial Disc -

이도열,김세훈,서중근,조태형,정용구 대한척추신경외과학회 2012 Neurospine Vol.9 No.3

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the correlation between insertion depth of artificial disc and postoperative kyphotic deformity after Prodisc-C total disc replacement surgery, and the range of artificial disc insertion depth which is effective in preventing postoperative whole cervical or segmental kyphotic deformity. Methods: A retrospective radiological analysis was performed in 50 patients who had undergone single level total disc replacement surgery. Records were reviewed to obtain demographic data. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were assessed to determine C2-7 Cobb’s angle and segmental angle and to investigate postoperative kyphotic deformity. A formula was introduced to calculate insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc. Statistical analysis was performed to search the correlation between insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc and postoperative kyphotic deformity, and to estimate insertion depth ofProdisc-C artificial disc to prevent postoperative kyphotic deformity. Results: In this study no significant statistical correlation was observed between insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc and postoperative kyphotic deformity regarding C2-7 Cobb’s angle. Statistical correlation between insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc and postoperative kyphotic deformity was observed regarding segmental angle (p<0.05). It failed to estimate proper insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc effective in preventing postoperative kyphotic deformity. Conclusion: Postoperative segmental kyphotic deformity is associated with insertion depth of Prodisc-C artificial disc. Anterior located artificial disc leads to lordotic segmental angle and posterior located artificial disc leads to kyphotic segmental angle postoperatively. But C2-7 Cobb’s angle is not affected by artificial disc location after the surgery.

A comparison of postoperative pain in patients undergoing liver transplantation, donor hepatectomy, and a major hepatectomy for a tumor

김덕경,장성환,이해원,윤익진,김지영 대한마취통증의학회 2010 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.5 No.3

Background:Because liver transplantation (LT) essentially accompanies the deterioration, total absence, and recovery of hepatic function, and donor hepatectomy (DH) is performed in otherwise healthy individuals, we planned to compare the postoperative pain in patients undergoing LT, DH, and a major hepatectomy (MH) for a tumor. Methods:Postoperatively, all patients were permitted to administer patient-controlled fentanyl with a standard dosing regimen. Breakthrough pain was treated with a 25μg fentanyl bolus. Verbal rating scale (VRS) pain scores at rest (static) and during coughing (dynamic), total fentanyl consumption, and side effects were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Results:Thirty patients (11, 10, and 9 in the MH, DH, and LT groups, respectively) were included in the study. The LT group showed a lower static pain VRS score 2, 4, 6, and 12 h postoperatively, and a lower dynamic pain VRS score 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively than the MH group. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly less in the LT group than the other two groups throughout the study period. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reduced significantly in the LT group than in the other two groups. No significant differences in postoperative fentanyl requirement, or static and dynamic pain, existed between the MH and DH groups. Conclusions:LT patients experienced less static pain during the early postoperative period and less dynamic pain during the late postoperative period than MH patients. DH patients had similar pain intensity and postoperative fentanyl requirements to the MH patients.

복식전자궁적출술에서 술전 저용량 국소마취제와 Morphine을 이용한 경막외차단이 술후통증, 혈장 Cortisol, 혈당에 미치는 영향

박한석,이승철,차문석,Park, Han-Suk,Lee, Sung-Chul,Cha, Moon-Seok 대한통증학회 1999 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.12 No.1

Background: Preoperative blocking of surgical nociceptive inputs may prevent sensitization of central nervous system (CNS) and reduce postoperative pain. The stress responses to surgical trauma consist of increase in catabolic hormones and decrease in anabolic hormones. We studied whether preoperative low dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine could affect postoperative pain, changes plasma cortisol, and serum glucose. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups. General anesthesia was induced in all patients and after that, epidural blocks were done except the control group (n=10) patients. Preoperative block group (n=10) received 0.5% bupivacaine 50 mg and morphine 2 mg epidurally as a bolus before operation and followed by 0.1% bupivacaine $5\;mghr^{-1}$ and morphine $0.2\;mghr^{-1}$ for 10 hours. Postoperative block group (n=10) received the same doses of bupivacaine and morphine under the same method postoperatively. Postoperative pain relief was provided with i.v. fentanyl through Patient-Controlled-Analgesia Pump. Postoperative pain by visual analogue scores (VAS), analgesic requirement (first requirement time, total amounts used), side effects, plasma cortisol level and serum glucose level were compared. Results: Until postoperative 6 hrs, VAS of control group was higher than those of the epidural groups. No difference was observed in VAS between the two epidural groups. First analgesics requirement time and total amounts of used analgesics were not different between the two epidural groups, but first analgesic requirement time of preoperative block group was significantly prolonged compared with control group. Plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were not different among groups. Conclusions: Low dose preoperative epidural bupivacaine and morphine could not reduce postoperative pain, plasma cortisol level and serum glucose level compared with postoperative block group.

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for stage II-III resectable rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Song, Jin Ho,Jeong, Jae Uk,Lee, Jong Hoon,Kim, Sung Hwan,Cho, Hyeon Min,Um, Jun Won,Jang, Hong Seok,Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Colon and Rectal Cancer Committee The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 2017 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.35 No.3

Purpose: Whether preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is better than postoperative CRT in oncologic outcome and toxicity is contentious in prospective randomized clinical trials. We systematically analyze and compare the treatment result, toxicity, and sphincter preservation rate between preoperative CRT and postoperative CRT in stage II-III rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1990 to 2014 for relevant trials. Only phase III randomized studies performing CRT and curative surgery were selected and the data were extracted. Meta-analysis was used to pool oncologic outcome and toxicity data across studies. Results: Three randomized phase III trials were finally identified. The meta-analysis results showed significantly lower 5-year locoregional recurrence rate in the preoperative-CRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.84; p = 0.004). The 5-year distant recurrence rate (p = 0.55), relapse-free survival (p = 0.14), and overall survival (p = 0.22) showed no significant difference between two groups. Acute toxicity was significantly lower in the preoperative-CRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between two groups in perioperative and chronic complications (p = 0.53). The sphincter-saving rate was not significantly different between two groups (p = 0.24). The conversion rate from abdominoperineal resection to low anterior resection in low rectal cancer was significantly higher in the preoperative-CRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: As compared to postoperative CRT, preoperative CRT improves only locoregional control, not distant control and survival, with similar chronic toxicity and sphincter preservation rate in rectal cancer patients.

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for stage II–III resectable rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Jin Ho Song,Jae Uk Jeong,Jong Hoon Lee,Sung Hwan Kim,Hyeon Min Cho,Jun Won Um,Hong Seok Jang 대한방사선종양학회 2017 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.35 No.3

Purpose: Whether preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is better than postoperative CRT in oncologic outcome and toxicity is contentious in prospective randomized clinical trials. We systematically analyze and compare the treatment result, toxicity, and sphincter preservation rate between preoperative CRT and postoperative CRT in stage II–III rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1990 to 2014 for relevant trials. Only phase III randomized studies performing CRT and curative surgery were selected and the data were extracted. Meta-analysis was used to pool oncologic outcome and toxicity data across studies. Results: Three randomized phase III trials were finally identified. The meta-analysis results showed significantly lower 5-year locoregional recurrence rate in the preoperative-CRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.84; p = 0.004). The 5-year distant recurrence rate (p = 0.55), relapse-free survival (p = 0.14), and overall survival (p = 0.22) showed no significant difference between two groups. Acute toxicity was significantly lower in the preoperativeCRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between two groups in perioperative and chronic complications (p = 0.53). The sphincter-saving rate was not significantly different between two groups (p = 0.24). The conversion rate from abdominoperineal resection to low anterior resection in low rectal cancer was significantly higher in the preoperative-CRT group than in the postoperative-CRT group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: As compared to postoperative CRT, preoperative CRT improves only locoregional control, not distant control and survival, with similar chronic toxicity and sphincter preservation rate in rectal cancer patients.

Association between Postoperative Neck Pain and Intraoperative Transcranial Motor-Evoked Potential Waveforms of the Trapezius Muscles in Patients with Cervical Myelopathy Who Underwent Cervical Laminoplasty

Ito Sadayuki,Sakai Yoshihito,Ando Kei,Nakashima Hiroaki,Machino Masaaki,Segi Naoki,Tomita Hiroyuki,Koshimizu Hiroyuki,Hida Tetsuro,Ito Kenyu,Harada Atsushi,Imagama Shiro 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.2

Study Design: Retrospective study.Purpose: Cervical laminoplasty is safe and effective for treating cervical myelopathy but has a higher frequency of postoperative axial pain compared to other methods. Several studies have reported on the causes of postoperative axial pain, but none have fully elucidated them. This study aimed to investigate the association between postoperative neck pain and intraoperative transcranial motor-evoked potential (MEP) waveforms of the trapezius muscles using transcranial MEPs.Overview of Literature: Few studies have investigated the association between postoperative neck pain and intraoperative transcranial MEP waveforms of the trapezius muscles in patients with cervical laminoplasty.Methods: A total of 79 patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent cervical laminoplasty at our facility between June 2010 and March 2013 were included in this study. Intraoperative control and final waveform were evaluated based on the trapezius muscle MEPs by measuring the latency and amplitude. A neck pain group comprised patients with higher neck pain Visual Analog Scale scores from preoperative value to 1 year postoperatively. The cross-sectional areas of the trapezius muscles and the MEP latencies and amplitudes were compared between patients with and without neck pain.Results: The latency and amplitude of the control waveforms were not significantly different between groups. The neck pain group had a significantly shorter final waveform latency (neck pain: 23.6±2.5, no neck pain: 25.8±4.5; p =0.019) and significantly larger amplitude (neck pain: 2,125±1,077, no neck pain: 1,630±966; p =0.041) than the no neck pain group.Conclusions: Postoperative neck pain was associated with the final waveform latency and amplitude of the trapezius muscle MEPs during cervical laminoplasty. Intraoperative electrophysiological trapezius muscle abnormalities could cause postoperative neck pain.

간헐외사시 술 후 재수술 결정을 위한 최소 관찰기간

한대헌,백혜정,Dae Heon Han,Hae Jung Paik 대한안과학회 2014 대한안과학회지 Vol.55 No.5

Purpose: We investigated the recommended minimum postoperative follow-up period for the determination of secondary corrective surgery for the consecutive esotropia (ET) and recurrent exotropia (XT) after the first intermittent XT surgery. Methods: The medical records of 728 patients who underwent surgical treatment for intermittent XT between 2004 and 2009 with a minimum postoperative follow-up of 1 year were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient underwent a detailed sensory and motor examination, including measurements of near and distance stereoacuity, alternating-cover test, and extraocular muscle function testing. Consecutive ET was defined as esodeviation over 15 prism diopter (PD) at distance persisting for more than 6 months after surgery despite medical treatment. Recurrent XT was defined as exodeviation over 15 PD at distance after surgery despite medical treatment. Results: The mean age of the 728 patients at first surgery was 7.5 years (range, 22 months - 30 years). When only the motor outcome was considered, 663 patients (91.1%) had an orthrotropia at the final follow-up and 44 patients (6.0%) among consecutive ET patients and 21 patients (2.9%) who had a recurrent XT underwent secondary surgical correction. Binocularity decreased postoperatively in patients with consecutive ET (<em>p</em> < 0.001), whereas the other patients demonstrated improved stereopsis postoperatively (<em>p =</em> 0.041, 0.021). Patients with consecutive ET showed esodeviation over 10 PD when compared with orthotropia after 2 months postoperatively (<em>p =</em> 0.005). At 6 months postoperatively, 17 (81.0%) of 21 patients with recurrent XT showed orthotropia with an exodeviation over 11 PD after 18 months postoperatively. Conclusions: The success rate of surgical correction for intermittent XT showed a favorable outcome. However, careful concern for consecutive ET and recurrent XT are required in postoperative follow-up periods. Over-corrected or consecutive ETs need early surgical correction because no further improvement of ocular alignment will occur after 2 months postoperatively and delayed correction can result in poor sensory binocularity. Under-corrected or recurrent XT should be observed for an extended period because of the exotropic drift after surgery, thus requiring periodic long term follow-up for secondary surgery at least for 18 months postoperatively. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(5):711-718