A comprehensive review on the modeling of smart piezoelectric nanostructures

Farzad Ebrahimi,S.H.S. Hosseini,Abhinav Singhal 국제구조공학회 2020 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.74 No.5

In this paper, a comprehensive review of nanostructures that exhibit piezoelectric behavior on all mechanical, buckling, vibrational, thermal and electrical properties is presented. It is firstly explained vast application of materials with their piezoelectric property and also introduction of other properties. Initially, more application of material which have piezoelectric property is introduced. Zinc oxide (ZnO), boron nitride (BN) and gallium nitride (GaN) respectively, are more application of piezoelectric materials. The nonlocal elasticity theory and piezoelectric constitutive relations are demonstrated to evaluate problems and analyses. Three different approaches consisting of atomistic modeling, continuum modeling and nano-scale continuum modeling in the investigation atomistic simulation of piezoelectric nanostructures are explained. Focusing on piezoelectric behavior, investigation of analyses is performed on fields of surface and small scale effects, buckling, vibration and wave propagation. Different investigations are available in literature focusing on the synthesis, applications and mechanical behaviors of piezoelectric nanostructures. In the study of vibration behavior, researches are studied on fields of linear and nonlinear, longitudinal and transverse, free and forced vibrations. This paper is intended to provide an introduction of the development of the piezoelectric nanostructures. The key issue is a very good understanding of mechanical and electrical behaviors and characteristics of piezoelectric structures to employ in electromechanical systems.

BCTZ첨가가 NKLN-AS계 압전세라믹스의 미세구조와 압전/유전특성 및 상전이현상에 미치는 효과

이웅재,어순철,이영근,윤만순,Lee, Woong-Jae,Ur, Soon-Chul,Lee, Young-Geun,Yoon, Man-Soon 한국재료학회 2012 한국재료학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Presently, the most promising family of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is based on $K_{0.5}Na_{0.5}NbO_3$(KNN). Lithium, silver and antimony co-doped KNN ceramics show high piezoelectric properties at room temperature, but often suffer from abnormal grain growth. In the present work, the $(Ba_{0.85}Ca_{0.15})(Ti_{0.88}Zr_{0.12})O_3$ component, which has relaxor ferroelectric characteristics, was doped to suppress the abnormal grain growth. To investigate this effect, Lead-Free $0.95(K_{0.5}Na_{0.5})_{0.95}Li_{0.05}NbO_3-(0.05-x)AgSbO_3-x(Ba_{0.85}Ca_{0.15})(Ti_{0.88}Zr_{0.12})O_3$[KNLN-AS-xBCTZ] piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by ball mill and nanosized-milling processes in lead-Free $0.95(K_{0.5}Na_{0.5})_{0.95}Li_{0.05}NbO_3-(0.05-x)AgSbO_3$ in order to suppress the abnormal grain growth. The nanosized milling process of calcined powders enhanced the sintering density. The phase structure, microstructure, and ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the KNLN-AS ceramics were systematically investigated. XRD patterns for the doped and undoped samples showed perovskite phase while tetragonality was increased with increasing BCZT content, which increase was closely related to the decrease of TO-T. Dense and uniform microstructures were observed for all of the doped BCZT ceramics. After the addition of BCTZ, the tetragonal-cubic and orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transitions shifted to lower temperatures compared to those for the pure KNNL-AS. A coexistence of the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases was hence formed in the ceramics with x = 0.02 mol at room temperature, leading to a significant enhancement of the piezoelectric properties. For the composition with x = 0.02 mol, the piezoelectric properties showed optimum values of: $d_{33}$ = 185 pC/N, $k_P$ = 41%, $T_C=325^{\circ}C$, $T_{O-T}=-4^{\circ}C$.

Improved aging behavior of lead-free (Na,K)NbO₃-LiSbO₃ piezoelectric actuators

Kim, J.,Koh, J.H. Ceramurgica ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Ceramics international Vol.43 No.suppl1

Due to environmental concerns, lead-free or lead-content-reduced materials among the piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied with great attention. (Na<SUB>0.5</SUB>K<SUB>0.5</SUB>)NbO<SUB>3</SUB> (NKN) piezoelectric material has been a representative material for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, due to its good piezoelectric properties. Adding LiSbO<SUB>3</SUB> in the form of lithium ion (Li<SUP>+</SUP>) and antimony ion (Sb<SUP>5+</SUP>) into the A-site and B-site of NKN ceramics solved the evaporation and poling problems. In this paper, after the fabrication of (Na<SUB>0.5</SUB>K<SUB>0.5</SUB>)NbO<SUB>3</SUB>-LiSbO<SUB>3</SUB> (NKN-LS) piezoelectric ceramics, regular electric fields of AC bias were applied to the NKN-LS ceramics. Applying bias led to piezoelectric actuators losing their piezoelectric and dielectric properties. The surface microstructure and piezoelectric properties were compared and analyzed before and after the aging process. Adding LS contents retarded the aging rate of NKN-LS, compared with that of NKN ceramics.

Electrical properties of (Na,K)NbO3-BaTiO3 ceramics fabricated by a physicochemical method

이승환,이영희 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2011 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.12 No.4

Lead-free piezoelectric (Na1/2K1/2)NbO3 ceramics doped with a BaTiO3 solution were prepared using a physicochemical method. The results indicate that the addition of the BaTiO3 solution significantly influences the sintering, microstructure,phase transition and electrical properties of NKN ceramics. The physicochemical method can not only artificially control the grain size but also can regulate the electrical properties. The effects of doping with a BT solution on the bulk density, dielectric,piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties were investigated. The enhanced ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties with a piezoelectric constant d33 of 182 pC/N, a planar electromechanical coefficient kp of 47%, a remanent polarization Pr of 22 μC/cm2and a Curie temperature of 415 oC appear in the NKN-0.5BT ceramics of 0.005 mol% of a BT solutions. These results showed that NKN-BT ceramics fabricated by a physicochemical method are promising lead free piezoelectric materials.

Effects of Ti nonstoichiometry on microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (Na0.54Bi0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1+xO3 lead-free ceramics

Xu-mei Zhao,Xiao-Ming Chen,Jian Wang,Xiao-xia Liang,Jian-Ping Zhou,Peng Liu 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2015 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.16 No.1

The lead-free ceramics (Na0.54Bi0.5)0.94Ba0.06Ti1+xO3 with x = −0.02, 0, 0.02, and 0.04 were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. Effects of Ti4+ nonstoichiometry on crystallite structure, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were studied. The ceramics with x = −0.02 and 0 exhibit typical diffraction peaks of perovskite structure. A secondary phase appears in the ceramics with x = 0.02 and 0.04. The rhombohedral-tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary exists in all samples, and the relative amount of the tetragonal phase changes with the increase in the Ti4+ amount from deficiency to excess. Grain sizes and shape of the ceramics are unaffected by changes in Ti4+ nonstoichiometry. But, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics are close related to the Ti4+ amounts. Compared with the ceramic with x = 0, the ceramics with the Ti4+ nonstoichiometry have higher depolarization temperature, lower maximum dielectric constant, decreased piezoelectric constant and ferroelectric properties.

Influences of Donor Dopants on the Properties of PZT-PMS-PZN Piezoelectric Ceramics Sintered at Low Temperatures

윤석진,최지원,최주영,Dandan Wan,Qian Li,Ying Yang 한국물리학회 2010 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.57 No.41

0.90Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3-0.05Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3-0.05Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 quaternary piezoelectric ceramics with CuO added were synthesized by using a conventional method at low sintering temperatures. CuO additive, 1.0 wt%, significantly improves the sinterability of 0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN ceramics, lowering the sintering temperature to 900 ℃ and showing moderate electrical properties: d33 = 306 pC/N, Qm = 997, kp = 53.6%, tanδ = 0.50%, and "εT 33 = 1351. To obtain more optimal piezoelectric properties, we selected Bi2O3 and Nb2O5 as donor dopants to introduce a softening effect. The crystal structure, micro-morphology and electrical properties were studied in terms of the Bi2O3 and the Nb2O5 contents. Our study demonstrates that Bi2O3 is very effective in improving the piezoelectric properties, causing a significant enhancement in d33 and kp values. Particularly, 0.75-wt%-Bi2O3-added 0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN + 1.0 wt% CuO ceramics show excellent electrical properties: d33 = 363 pC/N, Qm = 851, kp = 59.3%, tanδ = 0.38%, and "εT 33 =1596. On the other hand, the effect of Nb2O5 on the piezoelectric properties is very complicated,0.50 wt% Nb2O5 doped 0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN + 1.0 wt% CuO ceramics have a remarkable improvement in kp value and maintain good electrical properties: d33 = 300 pC/N, Qm = 971, kp = 58.4%, tanδ = 0.36%, and "εT 33 = 1332.

Pseudocubic-based polymorphic phase boundary structures and their effect on the piezoelectric properties of (Li,Na,K)(Nb,Sb)O₃-SrZrO₃ lead-free ceramics

Lee, Ku-Tak,Kim, Dae-Hyeon,Cho, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Jeong-Seog,Ryu, Jungho,Ahn, Chel-Woo,Lee, Tae-Ho,Kim, Gyeung-Ho,Nahm, Sahn Elsevier 2019 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.784 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>CuO-added 0.96(Li<SUB>x</SUB>Na<SUB>0.5-x</SUB>K<SUB>0.5</SUB>)(Nb<SUB>1-y</SUB>Sb<SUB>y</SUB>)O<SUB>3</SUB>-0.04SrZrO<SUB>3</SUB> ceramics were sintered at 1020 °C for 6 h. Various crystal structures were synthesized in these specimens by controlling the Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> (x) and Sb<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> (y) contents: pseudocubic, orthorhombic-pseudocubic polymorphic phase boundary (PPB), tetragonal-pseudocubic PPB, orthorhombic-tetragonal-pseudocubic PPB, and orthorhombic-tetragonal PPB structures. The pseudocubic structure developed in these specimens was similar to the <I>R</I>3<I>m</I> rhombohedral structure instead of the <I>Pm3m</I> cubic structure because the specimens with a pure pseudocubic structure showed good ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric properties of the specimens were influenced by their crystal structures. The specimen with the tetragonal-pseudocubic PPB structure showed the best piezoelectric properties because this structure was similar to the tetragonal-rhombohedral morphotropic phase boundary structure developed in Pb(Zr<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ti<SUB>x</SUB>)O<SUB>3</SUB>-based ceramics. In particular, the specimen with the tetragonal-pseudocubic PPB structure corresponding to x = 0.05 and y = 0.065 showed the largest <I>d</I> <SUB> <I>33</I> </SUB> and <I>k</I> <SUB> <I>p</I> </SUB> values of 431 pC/N and 0.43, respectively.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A schematic phase diagram of the (Li,Na,K)(Nb,Sb)O<SUB>3</SUB>-SrZrO<SUB>3</SUB> ceramics was constructed. </LI> <LI> The specimen with x = 0.05 has a tetragonal-rhombohedral PPB structure. </LI> <LI> This specimen showed the highest piezoelectric properties (<I>d</I> <SUB> <I>33</I> </SUB> = 431 pC/N and <I>k</I> <SUB> <I>p</I> </SUB> = 0.43). </LI> <LI> This specimen maintains a high <I>d</I> <SUB> <I>33</I> </SUB> value of 400 pC/N at 150 °C. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Review of Sintering Technologies, Structural Characteristics, and Piezoelectric Properties of NKN-Based Lead-Free Ceramics

이태곤,남산 한국전기전자재료학회 2019 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.20 No.5

The (Na 1−x K x )NbO 3 -based (NKN-based) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been extensively investigated from the beginning of this century to replace the Pb(Zr 1−x Ti x )O 3 -based piezoelectric ceramics. The sintering of the NKN-based ceramics is diffi cult because they are soluble in water, and Na 2 O evaporation, which degrades the piezoelectric properties of the specimen, occurs during sintering. CuO was used as a sintering aid to improve the sinterability and to reduce the sintering temperature of the NKN ceramics. The NKN-based ceramics with various polymorphic phase boundary (PPB) structures such as orthorhombic–tetragonal PPB, rhombohedral–orthorhombic PPB, and rhombohedral–tetragonal PPB structures were developed to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The specimen with the rhombohedral–tetragonal PPB structure has been reported to show excellent piezoelectric properties. Recently, NKN-based ceramics with various pseudocubic-based PPB structures were reported, and they exhibited enhanced piezoelectric properties with good thermal stability. In this manuscript, the sintering of NKN-based ceramics and the various PPB structures developed for improving their piezoelectric properties are discussed in detail.

Surface Functionalization of a Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Effect on the Adhesive and Piezoelectric Properties

Lee, Ji Seok,Kim, Gwang Ho,Hong, Soon Man,Choi, Hyoung Jin,Seo, Yongsok American Chemical Society 2009 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.1 No.12

<P>We studied the effect of the surface functionalization and crystalline phase change of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films on their adhesion and piezoelectric properties. The surface modification of PVDF was carried out with ion beam and/or plasma treatment. These surface modifications were found to alter the interfacial strength between PVDF and metal electrodes and the crystal structure of the piezoelectric PVDF film. A remarkable improvement was found in the interfacial adhesion of the films with thermally deposited metal electrodes, but some piezoelectricity of PVDF film was lost due to the changes in the crystal phase. The proper treatment condition for enhancing the adhesion and retaining piezoelectric structure was suggested.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2009/aamick.2009.1.issue-12/am900616s/production/images/medium/am-2009-00616s_0008.gif'></P>

Stochastic hygrothermoelectromechanical loaded post buckling analysis of piezoelectric laminated cylindrical shell panel

Lal, Achchhe,Saidane, Nitesh,Singh, B.N. Techno-Press 2012 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.9 No.6

The present work deals with second order statistics of post buckling response of piezoelectric laminated composite cylindrical shell panel subjected to hygro-thermo-electro-mechanical loading with random system properties. System parameters such as the material properties, thermal expansion coefficients and lamina plate thickness are assumed to be independent of the temperature and electric field and modeled as random variables. The piezoelectric material is used in the forms of layers surface bonded on the layers of laminated composite shell panel. The mathematical formulation is based on higher order shear deformation shell theory (HSDT) with von-Karman nonlinear kinematics. A efficient $C^0$ nonlinear finite element method based on direct iterative procedure in conjunction with a first order perturbation approach (FOPT) is developed for the implementation of the proposed problems in random environment and is employed to evaluate the second order statistics (mean and variance) of the post buckling load of piezoelectric laminated cylindrical shell panel. Typical numerical results are presented to examine the effect of various environmental conditions, amplitude ratios, electrical voltages, panel side to thickness ratios, aspect ratios, boundary conditions, curvature to side ratios, lamination schemes and types of loadings with random system properties. It is observed that the piezoelectric effect has a significant influence on the stochastic post buckling response of composite shell panel under various loading conditions and some new results are presented to demonstrate the applications of present work. The results obtained using the present solution approach is validated with those results available in the literature and also with independent Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS).