Biological soil crusts impress vegetation patches and fertile islands over an arid pediment, Iran

Sepehr Adel,Hosseini Asma,Naseri Kamal,Gholamhosseinian Atoosa 한국생태학회 2022 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.46 No.1

Background: Plant vegetation appears in heterogeneous and patchy forms in arid and semi-arid regions. In these regions, underneath the plant patches and the empty spaces between them are covered by biological soil crusts (moss, lichen, cyanobacteria, and fungi). Biological soil crusts lead to the formation and development of fertile islands in between vegetation patches via nitrogen and carbon fixation and the permeation of runoff water and nutrients in the soil. Results: The present study has investigated the association of biological soil crusts, the development of fertile islands, and the formation of plant patches in part of the Takht-e Soltan protected area, located in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Three sites were randomly selected as the working units and differentiated based on their geomorphological characteristics to the alluvial fan, hillslope, and fluvial terrace landforms. Two-step systematic random sampling was conducted along a 100-meter transect using a 5 m2 plot at a 0–5 cm depth in three repetitions. Fifteen samplings were carried out at each site with a total of 45 samples taken. The results showed that the difference in altitude has a significant relationship with species diversity and decreases with decreasing altitude. Results have revealed that the moisture content of the site, with biocrust has had a considerable increase compared to the other sites, helping to form vegetation patterns and fertile islands. Conclusions: The findings indicated that biological crusts had impacted the allocation of soil parameters. They affect the formation of plant patches by increasing the soil’s organic carbon, nitrogen, moisture and nutrient content provide a suitable space for plant growth by increasing the soil fertility in the inter-patch space.

STRAWBERRY LEAF COLOR ESTIMATION USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES BASED ON SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

( Bolappa Gamage Kaushalya Madhavi ),( Gun Ho Lee ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

Soil physicochemical parameters are crucial for strawberry growth and optimal production under greenhouse cultivation. The Strawberry leaf is a typical vegetative organ for determining the plant's growth status. Moreover, strawberry leaf colour analyses are the best approach to assess soil status and protect against over-fertilization. This study investigated to development of machine learning models such as multiple linear regression (MLR) and gradient boost regression (GBR), using RGB (red, green, and blue) mean values for simulating strawberry leaf colour variations based on soil physicochemical parameters and plant age. Simultaneously, the soil physicochemical parameters of different coloured strawberry leaves were precisely measured by a multifunctional soil sensor. Synchronously, 400 strawberry leaflets were detached in each vegetative and reproductive stage, and individual leaves were captured using a digital imaging system. The RGB mean values of coloured images were extracted using the image segmentation algorithms. Subsequently, MLR and GBR models were developed to predict the leaf RGB mean values related to soil physicochemical measurement and plant age. The GBR model vigorously fitted with RGB mean values throughout the growth stage, with R2 and RMSE values of (R = 0.77, 7.16, G = 0.72, 7.37, and B = 0.70, 5.68), respectively. Furthermore, the MLR model performed moderately with R2 and RMSE values of (R = 0.67, 8.59, G = 0.57, 9.12, and B = 0.56, 6.81) when consecutively predicting RGB mean values in strawberry leaves. Eventually, the GBR model performed more effectively than the MLR model with high-evaluation metrics. Additionally, the leaf colour model accurately predicts dynamic changes in strawberry leaf colour and uses visualization technology to track growth progress.

제초제의 활성 성분에 대한 물리-화학 파라미터의 범위

성낙도(Nack-Do Sung),송선섭(Seon-Seob Song) 한국농약과학회 2003 농약과학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Various physicochemical parameters for the active ingredients of 245 herbicides were calculated to develope a diagnosis and estimation system for utility as herbicide. The range of physico-chemical parameters for each inhibitors of photo system Ⅱ (H1), acetolactate synthase (ALS) (H2) and herbicides were confirmed. The distribution ranges of 85% dependence for each physicochemical parameters were Obs.logP : -0.90~4.50, dipol moment:1.80~12.22 (debye), molecular refractivity: 53.0~104.0 (㎤/㏖), polarizability:19.0~37.0 (A³ HOMO energy:-9.98~ -7.34 (eV), LUMO energy:-2.76~0.40 (eV), Van der Waals molecular volumes: 558.0~995.0 (㎠), molecular weight: 202.0~430.0 (amu) and surface areas (Grids): 194.0~356.0 (A²), hydration energy: -10.16~114.7 K㎈/㏖, respectively. It is suggested that MR and polarizability constants will be able to distinguish between herbicides and medicinal drugs. Results revealed that various compounds based on the range of physicochemical parameters of herbicides could be diagnosed and estimated.

정량적인 구조-활성상관(QSAR) 기법에 의한 새로운 농약의 개발

성낙도(Nack-Do Sung) 한국농약과학회 2002 농약과학회지 Vol.6 No.4

Starting with linear free energy relationships (LFER), drug design to mimic of the activated complexes at transition state, and hydrolysis mechanisms to control the potency and residual properties of pesticides were introduced and summarized for the necessity. In order to understand the searching or development of new agrochemicals by two dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D QSAR) methodology, a series of the various descriptors, steric constants, electronic constants including quantum pharmacological parameters and hydrophobic constants were classified and discussed for results of the serveral studied cases. In addition, the processes of development of new agrochemicals by QSAR techniques were introduced simply.

Classification of honeydew and blossom honeys by principal component analysis of physicochemical parameters

최석호,남명수 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2020 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.47 No.1

The physicochemical parameters of honey are used to determine the botanic origin of honey and to specify the composition criteria for honey in regulations and standards. The parameters of honeydew and blossom honeys from Korean beekeepers were determined to investigate whether they complied with the composition criteria for honey in the food code legislated by Korean authority and to establish the parameters which should be subjected to principal component analysis for improved differentiation of honeys. The fructose and glucose contents of the honeydew honey did not comply with the composition criteria. The ash content of the honey was closely correlated with CIE a* and CIE L* The principal component analysis of fructose to glucose ratio, CIE a*, CIE L*, ash content, free acidity, and fructose and glucose contents enabled classification of honeydew, chestnut, multifloral, and acacia honeys. Additional advantage of the principal component analysis (PCA) is that the physicochemical parameters, such as fructose to glucose ratio (F/G) and color, can be determined using the analytical instruments for composition criteria and quality control of honey. This study suggested that composition criteria for honeydew honey should be established in the food code in accordance with international standards. The principal component analysis reported in this study resulted in improved classification of the honeys from Korean beekeepers.

작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제의 활성 성분에 대한 물리-화학 파라미터의 범위

성낙도,송선섭 한국응용생명화학회 2003 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.46 No.4

농업용 살균제와 살충제로서의 활용성 진단과 예측평가 자료로 사용하기 위하여 상용화 된 살균제 133품목과 살충제 152품목의 활성 성분드레 대하여 소수성(LogP), 쌍극자능율(DM), HOMO 및 LUMO 에너지, molarrefractivity(MR), polarixabillity(Pol), van der Waals분자 표면적 및 부피(vol), 분자량 및 수화 에너지(hydration energy)등, 10가지의 다양한 물리 화학 파라미터들을 계산하였다. 그리고 살균제와 sterol 생합성 저해제(DMI: demethylation inhibitor) 및 살충제와 acctylcholine esterase wjgowp (AChE)들이가지는 특정한 물리 화학 파라미터들의 범위 값을 설정하였다. 그 결과에 기초하여 다양한 화합물들이 작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제로의 활용 가능성이 예측될 것으로 판단되었다. To develope of diagnosis and estimation system for utility of fungicides and insecticides as crop protection agents, various 10 physicochemical parameters, hydrophobicity (LogP), dipole moment (DM), HOMO energy, LUMO energy, molar refractivity (MR: ㎤/㏖), polarizability (Pol: ų), van der Waals molecular surface area (Ų), van der Waals molecular volume (Vol: ㎤), molecular weight (amu), hydration energy (㎉/㏖) for the active ingredients of 133 fungicides and 152 insecticides were calculated. And then the distribution ranges for each of the physicochemical parameters in fungicides, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (DMI: demethylation inhibitor), insecticides and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChE) were confirmed. It is suggested that the various compounds based on the range of the physicochemical parametes could be predicted for possibilities as fungicides and insecticides.

Effects of hydrothermal parameters on the physicochemical property and photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A of Ti-based TiO2 nanomaterials

Dong Li,Yunzhou Chen,Jialin Jia,Haiyang He,Wei Shi,Jianghua Yu,Jun Ma 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.109 No.-

Effects of hydrothermal parameters on morphology, crystal structure, light absorption, separation efficiencyof photo-generated charge carriers, and photocatalytic removal of Bisphenol A (BPA) of Ti-basedTiO2 nanomaterials were systematically investigated. Through changing hydrothermal parameters,TiO2 nanobelts, TiO2 nanosheets and TiO2 nanowires were prepared. With increasing NaOH concentration,hydrothermal temperature, and hydrothermal time, more TiO2 with (101) crystal plane grew onTi substrate, resulting in higher crystallinity. The UV-light absorption enhanced with increasing NaOHconcentration, but decreased with improving hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time, and HClconcentration. Variation of UV-light absorption was mainly affected by morphology, and UV-light absorptionof TiO2 nanomaterials with different morphologies was arranged in order ofnanobelts > nanosheets > nanowires. The hydrothermal growth of TiO2 nanomaterials on Ti plate conformedto Ostwald ripening mechanism. Variation trend of photo-generated current was consistent withthat of BPA degradation, they both first increased and then decreased within investigated range. The optimalNaOH concentration, hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time, and HCl washing concentrationwere 1 M, 170℃, 28 h, and 0.1 M, respectively. Under this condition, Ti-based TiO2 nanosheets exhibitedthe highest BPA removal efficiency (92.7%), which was due to highly ordered nanosheet structure, goodcrystallinity, appropriate UV-light absorption and high separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs.

작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제의 활성 성분에 대한 물리-화학 파라미터의 범위

송선섭,성낙도,Song, Sun-Sup,Sung, Nack-Do 한국응용생명화학회 2003 한국농화학회지 Vol.46 No.4

농업용 살균제와 살충제로서의 활용성 진단과 예측평가 자료로 사용하기 위하여 상용화 된 살균제 133품목과 살충제 152품목의 활성 성분들에 대하여 소수성(LogP), 쌍극자능율(DM), HOMO 및 LUMO 에너지, molar refractivity(MR), polarizability(Pol), van der Waals 분자 표면적 및 부피(Vol), 분자량 및 수화 에너지(hydralion energy) 등, 10 가지의 다양한 물리-화학 파라미터들을 계산하였다. 그리고 살균제와 sterol 생합성 저해제 (DMI: demethylation inhibitor) 및 살충제와 acetylcholine esterase 저해제(AChE)이 가지는 특정한 물리-화학 파라미터들의 범위 값을 설정하였다. 그 결과에 기초하여 다양한 화합물들이 작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제로의 활용 가능성이 예측될 것으로 판단되었다. To develope of diagnosis and estimation system for utility of fungicides and insecticides as crop protection agents, various 10 physicochemical parameters, hydrophobicity (LogP), dipole moment (DM), HOMO energy, LUMO energy, molar refractivity $(MR:\;cm^3/mol)$, polarizability $(Pol:\;A^3)$, van der Waals molecular surface area $(A^2)$, van der Waals molecular volume $(Vol:\;cm^3)$, molecular weight (amu), hydration energy (Kcal/mol) for the active ingredients of 133 fungicides and 152 insecticides were calculated. And then the distribution ranges for each of the physicochemical parameters in fungicides, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (DMI: demethylation inhibitor), insecticides and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChE) were confirmed. It is suggested that the various compounds based on the range of the physicochemical parametes could be predicted for possibilities as fungicides and insecticides.

초고온 호기성 퇴비화의 물리ㆍ화학적 인자 평가

박세용(Park Seyong),유의상(Yoo Euisang),정대혁(Chung Daihyuck),이진(Lee Jin),김문일(Kim Moonil) 한국지반환경공학회 2010 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.11 No.11

본 연구는 정읍시에서 배출되는 하수슬러지, 축산 분뇨, 음식물 쓰레기를 대상으로 Pilot-scale(100㎥) 초고온 호기성 퇴비화 공정에서의 온도, pH, C/N비, 함수율, 유기물 함량, 그리고 부피 등 물리 화학적 영양 인자를 평가하였다. 각각의 대상 물질은 1차 발효(유기성 폐기물+종균)와 2차 발효(유기성 폐기물+종균+반송 퇴비)로 나누어 수행하였다. 퇴비화가 진행됨에 따라 교반과 송풍만으로 열공급 없이 온도는 1,2차 발효에서 최고온도 90~105℃가 되었다. pH, O₂, CO₂, NH₃, 농도 변화는 전형적인 미생물에 의한 유기물 분해 양상을 보여주었으며, 다른 모든 물리 화학적 인자들은 일반 호기성 퇴비화의 성능 이상을 보여주었다. 발효가 완료된 후 퇴비의 중금속 농도는 퇴비 비료 규격 기준 농도에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical parameters; temperature, pH, C/N ratio, water content, organic contents and volume in a pilot-scale(capacity : 100㎥) ultra thermophilic aerobic composting. There were three types input: municipal wasted sludge, livestock manure and slurry, and food waste produced in Jung-Eb city. Each target material was carried out by the first fermentation(organic waste + seed culture) and the second one(organic waste + seed culture + recycle compost), respectively. During composting, only with supply of air and mixing, the temperature increased 90~105℃ after every mixing in both periods. The changes of pH, O₂, CO₂ and NH₃ represented typical organic decomposition pattern by microorganisms. Also, all other physicochemical parameters of ultra thermophilic aerobic composting process showed similar or better performance than these of general aerobic composting. Heavy metal concentration of fermented compost adapted to compost fertilizer regulation standard in the heavy metal and hazardous analysis.

작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제의 활성 성분에 대한 물리-화학 파라미터의 범위

성낙도,송선섭 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2004 논문집 Vol. No.8

농업용 살균제와 살충제로서의 활용성 진단과 예측평가 자료로 사용하기 위하여 상용화 된 살균제 133품목과 살충제 152품목의 활성 성분들에 대하여 소수성(LogP), 쌍극자능율(DM), HOMO 및 LUMO 에너지, molar refractivity(MR), polarizability(Pol), van der Waals분자 표면적 및 부피(Vol),분자량 및 수학 에너지(hydration energy) 등, 10 가지의 다양한 물리-화학 파라미터들을 계산하였다. 그리고 살균제와 sterol 생합성 저해제 (DMP-demethylation inhibitor) 및 살충제와 acetylcholine esterase저해제(AChE)들이 가지는 특정한 물리-화학 파라미터들의 범위 같을 설정하였다. 그 결과에 기초하여 다양한 화학물들이 작물 보호제로서 살균제와 살충제로의 활용 가능성이 예측될 것으로 판단되었다. To develops of diagnosis and estimation system for utility of fungicides and insecticides as crop protection agents, various 10 physicochemical parameters, hydrophobicity (LoaP), dipole moment (DM), HOMO energy, LUMO energy, molar refractivity (MR: cm^(3)/mol), polarizability (Pol: A˚³), van der Waals molecular surface area (A˚²), van der Waals molecular volume (Vol: ㎤), molecular weight (amu), hydration energy (Kcal/mol) for the active ingredients of 133 fungicides and 152 insecticides were calculated. And then the distribution ranges for each of the physicochemical parameters in fungicides, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (DMI: demethylation inhibitor), insecticides and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChE) were confirmed. It is suggested that the various compounds based on the range of the physicochemicnl paranietes could be predicted for possibilities as fungicides and insecticides.