Proteomic Analysis of Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae against Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella

Lee Sunyoung,Basio Neil A.,Kim Dong Su,Kim Yonggyun Korean Society of Applied Entomology 2005 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.8 No.1

Parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, against diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is fostered by maternal and embryonic factors such as polydnavirus, venom, and teratocyte. Genome of C. plutellae bracovirus ('CpBV') possessed at least 19 DNA segments, which ranged from 6.8 to over 30 Kb in size and were not equimolar in abundance. Teratocytes began to release into hemolymph three days after parasitization. Their cell size increased more than two fold, but cell density was not changed until six days after parasitization. After six days, teratocytes began to disappear. With these parasitizing factors, proteomic analysis was conducted in non-parasitized and parasitized DBM every 24h after parasitization to find out parasitization-specific genes. About 2,000 protein spots were resolved in two-dimensional gel. A clustering expression analysis indicated that 21 proteins of DBM were highly modulated in their expression level by the parasitization. Among such responsive proteins, 16 spots were specifically expressed in non-parasitized DBM, while five spots were only in parasitized DBM. The internal N-terminal amino acid sequences of five parasitization-specific proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis and compared with those of the known proteins available in public databases. Sequence analysis revealed that the five parasitization-specific proteins shared slight homologies with several transcriptional factors or protein kinases. These five proteins were different in their expression profiles after parasitization. These proteomic analyses also reflect that parasitization by C. plutellae modulates various normal gene expressions of DBM probably by parasitization-specific factors.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infection among Schoolchildren in the Peripheral Highland Regions of Huanuco, Peru

최병진,김봉영 질병관리본부 2017 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.8 No.5

Objectives: Schoolchildren in developing countries are at greater risk of intestinal parasitic infections. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and assess the risk factors of intestinal parasite infection among schoolchildren in rural areas of Peru. Methods: A volunteer team from the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) conducted a campaign for parasite eradication called “Chao parasitos” at five schools in the peripheral highland regions of Huanuco in October 2013. The study collected questionnaires and stool samples from children of participating schools. Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba buschii, and Chilomastix mesnil were classified as nonpathogenic parasites. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection in the students was 100% (185/185). Among them, 25.9% (48/185) were infected only with nonpathogenic parasites whereas 74.1% (137/185) were infected with at least one pathogenic parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most commonly detected (37.3%, 69/185), followed by Giardia lamblia (15.1%, 28/185) and I. buschii (11.9%, 22/185). Among lifestyle practices associated with parasitic infection, the rate of washing hands before meals was significantly lower in the students with pathogenic parasites compared to those with nonpathogenic parasites (77.4%, 106/137 vs. 93.8%, 45/48, p = 0.025). Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasite was 100%. Both personal hygiene and water supply facilities are required to eradicate parasite infection in rural areas of Peru.

한국 고대 기생충과 질병

전용호(Jeon, Yong-Ho),서민석(Seo, Min-Seok),홍종하(Hong, Jong-Ha) 한국고대사학회 2021 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.102

삼국~통일신라시대의 화장실 관련 생활유적에서 검출된 기생충은 고고학(+문헌사), 생물학, 의학 관련 연구자들의 융복합연구로 과거 사람들의 삶을 이해함에 중요한 자료로 받아들여지고 있다. 그리고 기생충은 고대인들의 식생활이나 질병 등을 살펴볼 수 있는 자료이기도 하다. 인분을 활용한 농경이나 오수 처리 시스템 등과 같은 도시환경이나 경관까지도 폭넓게 파악할 수가 있다. 또한 기생충의 DNA 추출 등 새로운 자연과학적 분석을 적용하여 기생충의 진화 과정을 복원하여 질병의 역사적 흐름을 추적하는데 상당히 유익하다. 기생충의 검출이 곧바로 ‘화장실’이라고 단정하는데 신중해야 한다. 기생충은 도시의 오수 처리와 관련한 시설에서도 검출되기도 한다. 화장실이 아니라 분뇨를 폐기하는 시설도 존재할 수 있다. 기존에 수세식 화장실로 보아왔던 유구에 대해서도 재검토가 필요하다. 고대에서부터 20세기까지도 분뇨는 地力을 높일 수 있는 유용한 비료로 활용되어 왔다. 기생충에 의한 감염은 분뇨를 비료로 이용한 농경으로 일어날 수도 있다. 화장실은 인류 역사와 함께했다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 과거부터 인간은 음식을 먹는것뿐만 아니라 배설의 중요성도 인식하였기에 농경사회로 전환됨과 동시에 거주지에서의 화장실 존재가 필요했다. 하지만 고대 사회는 사람의 분변을 활용한 농경법의 발달과 더불어 비위생적인 하수처리, 잦은 하수의 범람 등 다양한 조건에 기생충에 노출되었을 것으로 추정된다. 기생충은 화장실에서뿐만 아니라 다양한 조건으로 과거부터 현재까지 우리 인간과 접촉되어 있으며, 우리의 생활 패턴과 거주문화에 따라 그 양상도 달라진다. 국내외 사례에서 보더라도 인구가 밀집한 지역, 강의 범람, 농경지나 정원 등에서는 화장실 유구가 아니더라도 고대 기생충의 흔적을 찾을 수 있는 기회가 많다. 이러한 경향을 근거로 향후 고고학적 유적의 토양과 퇴적물을 심도 있게 관찰, 조사, 연구하여 고대 사회의 음식문화, 유통경로, 공중위생, 질병관계 등을 이해하고 발전시켜 한반도 고대사의 새로운 이정표가 되길 기대한다. The parasites detected in residential remains related to toilets from the Period of Three States to Unified Silla Period are estimated to be important in understanding the life of ancient people as multidisciplinary research related to archaeology (+bibliographic history), biology, and medical science. Parasites are important for investigating the diets and diseases that infected ancient people. They enable the extensive identification of the urban environment or landscape, including farming using excrement or waste from sewage treatment systems. Furthermore, parasites are very useful in tracking the historic trend of diseases due to the evolution process of parasites by applying new natural scientific analysis techniques, including the DNA extraction of parasites. Care must be taken when concluding that parasites are found in ‘toilets’. Parasites can be also detected in the facilities related to the sewage treatment facilities in a town. The facility treating excrement might exist instead of toilets. It is also required to reanalyze the remains which were considered as a flush toilet in the past. Excrement was used as an effective fertilizer, enhancing the fertility of soil, from ancient times to the 20<SUP>th</SUP> century. It should be considered that infections by parasites were based on farming using excrement as fertilizer. It’s not too much to say that toilets were always in human history. Since people recognized the importance of excretion, as much as having food , toilets was required for residential sites as the farming society grew. However, it is estimated that ancient society was exposed to parasites in various conditions, including from unsanitary sewage treatment and the frequent flooding of sewage along with the development of agricultural technology using human excrement. Parasites have had close contact with human beings from the past until now in diverse conditions, including in toilets. The forms of parasites vary depending on the lifestyles and residential culture of human beings. There will be lots of opportunity to find traces of ancient parasites in densely populated areas, flood planes of rivers, farmland, or gardens in Korea and abroad, with some places even having except toilet remains. Accordingly, it is expected that the analysis of results from this study may be a new milestone in the ancient history of the Korean peninsula by observing, investigating, and analyzing the soil and deposits in archaeologic remains in depth and thus understanding and developing food culture, public hygiene, and disease relationships in ancient society in the future.

경계와 문턱으로서의 기생충

김현강 경상국립대학교 사회과학연구원 2022 마르크스주의 연구 Vol.19 No.3

This paper aims to explore the possibility of political interpretation of the figure of parasites, starting with the social analysis shown in Bong Joon-ho’s movie “Parasite”. What are parasites like? Parasites are beings that do not belong to the system and have no place in the system. The present study is based on the assumption that the parasite is of central importance for the existence of the system. Without the parasite, which brings noise and chaos into the system, a system’s adaptability and survival are at risk since a system can only survive through interaction with the parasites. It is the parasite that brings new and creative impulses into the system. The parasite is the truth of the system, which always remains hidden. He is the constitutive place in the system, the constitutive exception, which is essential for the establishment of order. The study attempts to interpret the figure of the parasite as a political subjectivity on the basis of the theories of Serres, Rancière, Negri/Hardt, Agamben, Žižek, etc. Concepts like “part of no part (la part des sans-part),” “multitude,” “homo sacer,” “sovereignty,” etc. are employed to analyze this new political subjectivity.

연어과 어류의 계군분석을 위한 기생충의 활용

김정호,Kim, Jeong-Ho 한국해양학회 2007 바다 Vol.12 No.2

본 총설에서는 연어과 어류의 계군 분석을 위한 생물학적 표식으로서의 기생충의 유용성에 관하여 다루었다. 계군의 정의는 학자에 따라 다양하지만, 대부분은 본질적으로 서로 유사한 생물학적 특징을 가지며 타 계군과의 혼합 없이도 스스로 번식이 가능하여 일정한 규모를 유지할 수 있는 일련의 개체들의 모임을 계군으로 정의하고 있다. 이 계군을 관리하는 일은 지속적인 생산 및 소비를 위하여 매우 중요하며 특히 연어과 어류의 계군은 각국이 지속적인 자원 확보를 위하여 적극적으로 치어를 방류하고 있으며, 이는 각국의 자산으로 간주되므로 공해 상에서 계군을 구분하여야 한다. 계군을 구분하는 방법은 매우 다양하다. 인공 표식, 기생충과 같은 생물학적 표식, 이석 분석, 비늘 분석, 유전정보 분석 등의 방법이 있는데, 각각 장점과 단점이 있으며, 이 중에서 기생충과 같은 생물학적 표식은 별도의 비용이 들지 않는다는 장점이 있다. 기생충이 존재하는 수역을 감수성이 있는 어류가 통과할 때 이 기생충에 감염이 된다. 이후, 감염된 어류가 이동하여 기생충이 존재하지 않는 수역에서 포획될 경우, 이 개체가 기생충이 존재하는 지역을 통과하였음을 유추해 낼 수 있다. 따라서 이 개체는 기생충에 의해 자연히 표식되는 셈이 된다. 그러나 이 지역을 통과하지 않는 개체는 기생충에 의해 표식되지 않는다. 그러므로 이 생물학적 표식을 통해 각각의 계군을 구분할 수 있으며 이동 경로도 추적이 가능하다. 여기서는 연어과 어류 연구를 목적으로 기생충을 생물학적 표식으로 사용한 각종 예를 들었으며, 이 방법의 장점 및 단점 또한 서술하였다. 연어(Oncorhyunchus keta)는 국내에 소상하는 주된 연어과 어류이며, 북태평양 전역에 분포한다. 한국산 연어는 오호츠크해를 거쳐 북서태평양 및 베링해로 이동한 후 회유하는 것으로 생각된다. 그렇지만, 한국산 연어의 공해 상에서 분포 및 회유 경로에 대해서는 확실하게 알려지지 않은 부분이 많으며 한국산 연어 계군을 타 계군과 확실하게 구분할 수 있는 표식도 아직까지는 존재하지 않는다. 여기에서는 기생충에 관한 정보를 포함한 한국산 연어의 계군 분석에 대한 최근의 연구 결과에 관하여 마지막으로 언급하였다. This paper reviews the use of parasites as 'biological tags' for studying stock analysis of salmonid fishes. Numerous definitions of stock concepts exist, but most of them essentially define a group of fish as having similar biological characteristics and being self-reproducing as stocks. It is important to manage fish stocks for human consumption and sustainable production and especially for salmonid fishes. Because these fry are considered as each country's property, it is necessary to identify and discriminate each fish stock in the open sea. Methods of separating fish stocks are very diverse. Artificial tags, parasites, otoliths scales and genetic characters have been used for stock analysis and each method has advantages and disadvantages. Of these parasites can be good biological tags because they are applied by nature at no cost. Parasites can be infected with susceptible host fishes when they enter into certain areas. Then if they move to the outside and are caught researchers can infer that the fish had been in the endemic area for a period of time during their life. Hence the host fish can be considered as naturally 'tagged' by parasites. However, if they do not pass the parasites-endemic. area, they will harbour no parasites. Therefore, researchers can discriminate each fish stocks and trace their migration routes with these biological tags. In this paper, several examples on the use of parasites as biological tags for studying salmonids, as well as other species, are listed. The advantages and limitations of parasites as biological tags are also discussed. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), the main salmonid species migrating to Korea, is distributed all around the North Pacific. Korean chum salmon are generally thought to move to the Sea of Okhotsk, the western North Pacific and the Bering Sea. However, there is no clear information on the distribution and migration pathways of Korean chum salmon, and no markers exist for separating them from others yet. Recent Korean chum salmon stock analysis including parasites information are mentioned.

기생 관계로 살펴본 기생자의 생존 방식에 관한 연구 : <기생충>에 나타난 숙주와 기생 생물의 관계를 중심으로

김남석 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2021 탈경계인문학 Vol.14 No.1

<기생충>은 전 세계적으로 주목을 받은 한국 영화였고 흥행 상으로도 상당한 호조를 보인 작품이었다. 최근 국내외 연구자들은 이러한 <기생충>에 대해 폭발적인 관심을 표출하면서, 이 작품 관련 연구를 활발하게 시행하고 있다. 하지만 이 작품이 인간 사회에 대한 보다 정치한 해석을 갖추기 위해서는, 작품 내에 수용된 자연 생태(학)적 관찰에 유념할 필요가 있다. <기생충>은 자연 생태계에서 기생자와 숙주의 관계를 면밀하게 고찰한 작품이며, 인간 사회의 특성을 묘사하기 이전에 그 유사성을 검토한 결과를 반영한 경우이다. 따라서 <기생충>에 대한 심도 있는 연구 결과를 얻기 위해서는, 생태 조건과 기생의 방식 그리고 이를 바탕으로 생태계의 원리와 인간 사회 환경의 유사성을 검토하는 작업이 반드시 요구된다고 하겠다. <Parasite> was a Korean film that received worldwide attention, and it was a work that showed considerable success as a box office. Recently, researchers at home and abroad have expressed explosive interest in this <Parasite>, and are actively conducting research on this <Parasite>. The research related to <Parasite> thus calculated takes the spatial background of the work as an important observation point, and concludes that this film is a work that reveals the structural problems of Korean society. However, in order for this work to reach a more precise interpretation of human society, it is necessary to pay attention to the natural ecological (scientific) observation accepted in the work. <Parasite> is a work that closely examines the relationship between parasites and hosts in natural ecosystems, and reflects the results of examining the similarity before describing the characteristics of human society. Therefore, in order to obtain the results of in-depth research on <Parasite>, it is necessary to examine the similarity between the ecological conditions and the method of parasitism, the principle of the ecosystem maintained based on this, and the human social environment.

반려동물의 기생충검사 이론 및 실제

이성호,박영석,박병권,김상기,정지윤,박수진,박창식,김병수 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

The aim of this article is to improve human health and that of companion animals by improving the diagnosis and control of parasitic diseases. This is achieved by research into parasites of veterinary significance including zoonoses and the use of comparative systems to increase our understanding of some human parasitic diseases. We should promotes learning and teaching through knowledge and operates a diagnostic unit that offers a service to pet owner for indigenous and exotic parasitic diseases of companion animals. We must diagnose and treat them early. Zoonotic parasites are very important because many of animal parasites are zoonoses and give pain and death to human. Parasites are divided Protozoa, Helminthes and Arthropods. There are many protozoa, about 65,000 species. Arthropods are the vector of another diseases, such as virus, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes. Helminthes are composed of Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. The target of Veterinary Parasitology is to recognize the characteristics of these parasites and subsequently diagnose, treat and control them. This article is intended to familiarize you with the essential facts and concepts of companion animal parasitology. Emphasis is placed on fecal sample techniques (comparison of fecal examination techniques; frequently found artifacts in fecal smears; direct Smear; zinc sulfate flotation; etc.) We recommend that the study be done to more references on animal parasites.

Development of DNA probe for a protistan parasite of tunicate Halocynthia roretzi

( Dong Lim Choi ),( Jee Youn Hwang ),( Hee Jung Choi ),( Young Baek Hur ) 한국어병학회 2010 한국어병학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Edible tunicate Halocynthia roretzi, one of the most commercially important aquatic organisms in Korea, has been killed by tunic softness syndrome since last decade. The intracellular protistan parasite observed by the transmission electron microscope in hemocytes of the tunicate was considered to be the causative agent of the mass mortality. The goal of the present work is to examine the characteristic features of the parasite by identifying the 18S rDNA sequences of the parasite. The experiments conducted include amplification of presumptive 18S rDNA from diseased tunicate tissues with UNonMet-PCR and sequencing the product. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis was performed on the presumptive parasite rDNA. A digoxigenin labeled DNA probe was designed on the basis of the sequences of rDNA. Dig-ISH assay was conducted to diagnose the protistan parasite. A PCR using UNonMet-PCR primer generated 595 bp SSU rDNA fragment. Subsequently, PCRs with primer pair expended this sequence to 1542 bp. This is the first partial sequences of SSU rDNA gene to be published on the protistan parasite that has presumed causing the mass mortality of tunicate. Since the Dig-ISH technique demonstrated the presence of infection in hemocytes on the all host tissues, the fragment was confirmed to be the intracellular protistan parasite SSU rDNA. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protistan parasite may be a unique eukaryote that is closely related to Apicomplexa.

상부위장관의 기생충 질환

김흥업 대한상부위장관ㆍ헬리코박터학회 2024 Korean Journal of Helicobacter Upper Gastrointesti Vol.24 No.2

Korea was a hotspot for parasitic infections until modern times. However, following economic development, improved health and hygiene and farming methods, and successful implementation of active deworming programs, human parasites are rare. Currently, medical and scientific advances have improved the survival rate of elderly and immunocompromised hosts, and immunosuppressants are widely administered for treatment, which may predispose patients to parasitic and various opportunistic infections. Furthermore, globalization has led to the entry of an increasing number of individuals from various countries into Korea, which increases the risk of transmission of parasites from foreign countries into Korea. However, parasitic diseases will tend to disappear in Korea, which may lead to reduced proficiency and diagnostic rate of existing stool tests, and new diagnostic methods tailored to Korea are unavailable. Currently, endoscopy is widely used as a standard method for gastrointestinal disease evaluation in Korea, and endoscopically detected parasites or parasite-induced abnormalities are useful to establish diagnosis in many cases. In this article, the author summarize the current status of endoscopic detection of parasitic diseases affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Development of DNA probe for a protistan parasite of tunicate Halocynthia roretzi

최동림,황지윤,최희정,허영백 한국어병학회 2010 한국어병학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Edible tunicate Halocynthia roretzi, one of the most commercially important aquatic organisms in Korea, has been killed by tunic softness syndrome since last decade. The intracellular protistan parasite observed by the transmission electron microscope in hemocytes of the tunicate was considered to be the causative agent of the mass mortality. The goal of the present work is to examine the characteristic features of the parasite by identifying the 18S rDNA sequences of the parasite. The experiments conducted include amplification of presumptive 18S rDNA from diseased tunicate tissues with UNonMet-PCR and sequencing the product. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis was performed on the presumptive parasite rDNA. A digoxigenin labeled DNA probe was designed on the basis of the sequences of rDNA. Dig-ISH assay was conducted to diagnose the protistan parasite. A PCR using UNonMet-PCR primer generated 595 bp SSU rDNA fragment. Subsequently, PCRs with primer pair expended this sequence to 1542 bp. This is the first partial sequences of SSU rDNA gene to be published on the protistan parasite that has presumed causing the mass mortality of tunicate. Since the Dig-ISH technique demonstrated the presence of infection in hemocytes on the all host tissues, the fragment was confirmed to be the intracellular protistan parasite SSU rDNA. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protistan parasite may be a unique eukaryote that is closely related to Apicomplexa.