Enhanced separation for paraffin wax using CO2-responsive emulsions based on switchable hydrophilicity solvents

Jie Qi,Xiaojiang Li,Xin Lv,Yang Ge,Jinyu Wang,Hongsheng Lu 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.110 No.-

Wax precipitation leads to destructive harms in the exploitation and transportation of petroleum. Solventtreatments can remove paraffin wax easily but the separation of solvent relying on distillation is admittedinefficient. Aiming at enhancing the separation and recovery performance of paraffin wax, CO2-responsive emulsion (SHS/W emulsion) based on switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) is adopted. Since the paraffin wax is dissolved, emulsified, and dispersed by SHS/W emulsion, SHS/W emulsion exhibitsbetter removal performance than SHS. The paraffin wax is recovered effectively upon introducingCO2, which attributes to the transformation of SHS from hydrophobic to hydrophilic state. Comparedwith the SHS system, the recovery of paraffin wax is improved obviously by introducing surfactantSpan80. Owing to the deprotonation of SHS by bubbling N2 and heating, 77.6% SHS is recycled after recoveringparaffin wax. Here, the recycled SHS can be used to realize the removal of paraffin wax again. Thus,it is a promising and alternative strategy for realizing the sustainable and rapid removal of paraffin wax inthe petroleum industry.

세라믹 사출성형체로부터 초임계이산화탄소를 이용한 파라핀왁스의 제거

김동현(Dong Hyun Kim),홍승태(Seung Tae Hong),유기풍(Ki-Pung Yoo),임종성(Jong Sung Lim) 한국청정기술학회 2008 청정기술 Vol.14 No.1

초임계이산화탄소를 이용하여 세라믹 사출성형체로부터 파라핀왁스를 제거하였다. 파라핀왁스는 세라믹 사출성형 공정에서 바인더로 사용되는 물질이다. 파라핀왁스 제거의 최적조건을 찾기 위해 온도 압력, 이산화탄소의 유량에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 온도는 328.15 - 348.15 K, 압력은 15 - 30 ㎫ 범위에서 조절하였으며, 이산화탄소의 유속을 변화시켜가면서 파라핀왁스의 제거율을 측정하였다. 파라핀왁스의 제거율은 압력의 증가에 비례하였다. 온도는 파라핀왁스의 녹는점인 329.15 K 이상일 때 파라핀왁스의 제거가 효과적이었고, 더 높은 온도에서는 더 이상의 효과가 없었다. 이산화탄소의 유량 증가에 따라 파라핀 제거율이 향상되었지만 어느 양 이상이 되면 더 이상 효과가 없었다. 파라핀왁스를 보다 더 효과적으로 제거하기 위해 프로판을 공용매로 사용하였다. 초임계이산화탄소에 프로판을 첨가했을 경우 제거율이 향상되었으며, 사출성형체의 구조나 모양에 어떠한 변화도 없이 파라핀왁스를 완전하게 제거할 수 있었다. Removal of paraffin wax from a ceramic injection mold using supercritical CO₂ has been studied. The paraffin wax is used as a binder in the ceramic injection molding process. The effects of pressure, temperature and flow rate of supercritical CO₂ on the removal of the paraffin wax were investigated. The removal rates were measured with various flow rates of CO₂ in the range of 328.15 - 348.15 K and 15 - 30 ㎫. The removal rate of paraffin wax increased as the pressure increased. In the effect of temperature, the paraffin wax was effectively removed over 329.15K (melting point of paraffin wax), however, the effect of temperature was not significant when the temperature was further increased. The increase of CO₂ flow rate also affected the removal of paraffin wax. However, the effect of flow rate was not observed when the flow rate reached a certain value. Propane was used as a co solvent in order to remove the paraffin wax effectively. When the propane was added to the CO₂, the removal efficiency was improved. The paraffin wax was completely removed from the ceramic injection mold without any change in their shape and the structure.

난연제-파라핀 피커링 에멀젼 제조 및 주입 목재의 연소특성과 치수안정성

박순,이종신,정재희,윤선미,김진경 한국가구학회 2023 한국가구학회지 Vol.34 No.3

. Paraffin wax treated wood has high dimensional stability against water. However, due to the flammable property of paraffin wax, it has a problem that it is weak against fire. In or- der to have flame retardant properties in paraffin wax-treated wood, a Pickering emulsion was prepared using a wood flame retardant and paraffin wax, and the combustibility and dimen- sional stability of the treated wood was investigated, and the following conclusions were reached. A stabilized paraffin Pickering emulsion that does not phase separate from water can be prepared by adding 5 wt.% paraffin wax to the nano-silica dispersion solution and homoge- nizing it. Wood impregnated with a paraffin Pickering emulsion prepared from a nano-silica dispersion containing a flame retardant component can expect flame retardant properties almost the same as wood impregnated with only flame retardant solution. The effect of improving the dimensional stability of wood was not obtained by the paraffin Pickering emulsion im- pregnation, and in order to increase the dimensional stability in addition to flame retardant property, it is necessary to develop a Pickering emulsion manufacturing technology capable of increasing the amount of paraffin wax.

Thermal characterizations of the paraffin wax/low density polyethylene blends as a solid fuel

Kim, S.,Moon, H.,Kim, J. Elsevier 2015 Thermochimica acta Vol.613 No.-

Thermal characterizations of a novel solid fuel for hybrid rocket application, based on the paraffin wax blends with low density polyethylene (LDPE) concentration of 5% (SF-5) and 10% (SF-10) were conducted. Both the increased regression rate in comparison with the polymeric fuel, and the improved combustion efficiency in comparison with the pure paraffin fuel reveal that the blend fuels achieve higher combustion performance. The morphology of the shape stabilized paraffin wax/LDPE blends was characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the SEM observation indicated the blends have uniform mixtures, they showed two degradation steps confirming the immiscibility of components in the crystalline phase from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results showed that the melting temperature of LDPE in the blends decreased with an increase of paraffin wax content. The decreasing total specific melting enthalpy of blended fuels with decreasing paraffin wax content is in fairly good agreement with the additive rule. In thermomechanical analysis (TMA), the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (LCTE) seems to decrease with an increase of LDPE loading, however, the loaded LDPE do merely affect the LCTE in case of the blends with low LDPE concentration. It was found that a blend of low concentration of LDPE with a relatively high concentration of paraffin wax can lead to a potential novel fuel for rocket application, a contrary case with respect to the field of phase change materials (PCM) where a blend of high concentration of LDPE is usually used with low concentration of paraffin wax.

Preparation of eco-friendly wax-coated paper and its rheological and water-resistant characteristics

이은주,임광희 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.12

The blend (wax M) of crude by-product polyolefin wax (wax K) and a fractionated commercial paraffin wax (wax J) was suggested to replace the wax J as a coating agent for wax-coated papers. The rheological properties of waxes J, K, and M were examined and compared. The correlation between viscosity and shear rate applied on these waxes maintained at 90 oC and 130 oC was identified. In particular, this paper, for the first time, presented non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior of not only wax K but also its blend of wax M in terms of their viscosity affected by shear rate at an operating temperature below their melting temperature of higher-melting-temperature DSC endothermic peaks (HMTEPs). They showed non-Newtonian behavior, so-called shear thinning behavior, at 90 oC in the light of characteristics of both suspension systems and polymer systems. In addition, the profiles of viscosity at 130 oC of all the waxes versus the shear rate exhibited Newtonian fluid behavior. Wax J also showed the behavior of a dilatant fluid. Then, the physical properties including water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), surface roughness, and coated weights, of thin papers coated with waxes J (WJP), K (WKP), and M (WMP) were evaluated, characterized, and compared. As a result, WMP had an equivalent value to that of WJP or the lowest value among wax-coated papers in terms of WVTR. The surface roughness and the barrier property of WVTR were minimized and enhanced, respectively, by blending waxes J and K. The additional physical properties, including dynamic contact angles, surface tension, wet and dry tensile strength, optical examination of the wax-coated fiber structure, and antimicrobial properties of the wax-coated papers, were evaluated. The excellent antimicrobial properties of clinoptilolite added to wax J or wax M appeared.

파라핀 왁스 처리 목재의 치수안정성

이종신,김진경,이종신,박순,손기혁,윤선미 한국가구학회 2022 한국가구학회지 Vol.33 No.1

As a result of comparing the dimensional stability and water droplet contact angle of paraffin wax-treated wood with the conventional treatment technique, the heat replacement method, and the new technique, the pressure-vacuum method, the following conclusions were obtained. When treated with paraffin wax, radiata pine shows superior Reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) and Moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) compared to hard maple. The effect of paraffin wax treatment on Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) and Anti-shrinkage efficiency (ASE), which are the criteria for dimensional stability evaluation, is higher in hard maple than in radiata pine. In the paraffin wax treatment, the pressure-vacuum method can obtain higher dimensional stability compared to the heat replacement method. A large droplet contact angle was formed on the surface of the pressure-vacuum wax treated wood. A relatively smooth wax layer was formed on the surface of the pressure-vacuum treated wood compared to the heat-replacement treated wood.

Sustainable delivery of sex-pheromone using large solubility with ester wax for mating disruption of Grapholita Molesta

윤지영,김종득 한국공업화학회 2016 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2016 No.1

Mating disruption dispensers have increasingly used to effectively prevent the population growth of larvae of Grapholita Molesta (GM) insects by paraffin wax type, of which the duration of pheromone release is relatively short in field applications. Ester waxes such as bees, japan, and carnauba waxes were studied as dispenser materials, focusing on the pheromone release pattern. The solubility of GM pheromone into ester waxes, bee and japan wax was comparable in DSC analysis, while it is not soluble in paraffin wax and degraded in carnauba wax. Mixture of japan wax containing 5% GM pheromone showed the significant reduction of crystalline state observed in x-ray diffraction. The head-space analysis and release test of GM pheromone in bee and japan wax conducted in an incubator at 30°C resulted in a zero-order release rate of GM pheromone for a long period of time, enough to release sustainably of GM pheromone.

Production of middle distillate through hydrocracking of paraffin wax over Pd/SiO2–Al2O3 catalysts

Joongwon Lee,Sunhwan Hwang,서정길,Sang-Bong Lee,정지철,송인규 한국공업화학회 2010 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.16 No.5

Pd/SiO2–Al2O3 catalysts (Pd/SA-X) with different SiO2 contents (X, wt%) were prepared for use in the production of middle distillate (C10–C20) through hydrocracking of paraffin wax. The effect of SiO2 content of Pd/SA-X catalysts on their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in the hydrocracking of paraffin wax was investigated. High surface area and well-developed mesopores of Pd/SA-X catalysts improved the dispersion of Pd species on the SiO2–Al2O3 support. Acidity of Pd/SA-X catalysts determined by NH3-TPD experiments showed a volcano-shaped trend with respect to SiO2 content. Conversion of paraffin wax increased with increasing acidity of the catalyst, while selectivity for middle distillate decreased with increasing acidity of the catalyst. Yield for middle distillate showeda volcano-shaped curve with respect to acidity of the catalyst. This indicates that acidity of Pd/SA-X catalysts played an important role in determining the catalytic performance in the hydrocraking of paraffin wax. Among the catalyst tested, Pd/SA-69 with moderate acidity showed the highest yield for middle distillate. 2010 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of middle distillate through hydrocracking of paraffin wax over Pd/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts

Lee, J.,Hwang, S.,Seo, J.G.,Lee, S.B.,Jung, J.C.,Song, I.K. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2010 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.16 No.5

Pd/SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> catalysts (Pd/SA-X) with different SiO<SUB>2</SUB> contents (X, wt%) were prepared for use in the production of middle distillate (C<SUB>10</SUB>-C<SUB>20</SUB>) through hydrocracking of paraffin wax. The effect of SiO<SUB>2</SUB> content of Pd/SA-X catalysts on their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in the hydrocracking of paraffin wax was investigated. High surface area and well-developed mesopores of Pd/SA-X catalysts improved the dispersion of Pd species on the SiO<SUB>2</SUB>-Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> support. Acidity of Pd/SA-X catalysts determined by NH<SUB>3</SUB>-TPD experiments showed a volcano-shaped trend with respect to SiO<SUB>2</SUB> content. Conversion of paraffin wax increased with increasing acidity of the catalyst, while selectivity for middle distillate decreased with increasing acidity of the catalyst. Yield for middle distillate showed a volcano-shaped curve with respect to acidity of the catalyst. This indicates that acidity of Pd/SA-X catalysts played an important role in determining the catalytic performance in the hydrocraking of paraffin wax. Among the catalyst tested, Pd/SA-69 with moderate acidity showed the highest yield for middle distillate.

Paraffin wax/LDPE 혼합 연료의 연소 특성에 관한 연구

김수종(Soojong Kim),조정태(Jungtae Cho),이정표(Jungpyo Lee),문희장(Heejang Moon),성홍계(Honggye Sung),김진곤(Jinkon Kim) 한국추진공학회 2010 한국추진공학회지 Vol.14 No.2

The experimental study on paraffin wax/LDPE blended fuel for hybrid rocket was performed. Various combustion characteristics of blended fuel were compared with pure paraffin, HTPB, HDPE and SP-1a fuel in order to evaluate the performance of blended fuel. The regression rate of lab-scale and large-scale motor using pure paraffin fuel was increased by 10.2 and 9.8 factor when respectively compared to that of HDPE. The regression rate factor of blended fuel was 3.4 in which the regression rate of blended fuel was higher than that of HTPB and HDPE, but lower than that of pure paraffin, SP-1a fuel. The values of characteristic velocity and specific impulse of blended fuel was higher than those of pure paraffin, HTPB and HDPE, and almost the same as SP-1a fuel. As these results, it was confirmed that blended fuel can be an effective solid fuel for hybrid rocket.