목적어로서 사용된 부정사 구문 : 『베오울프』와 『켄터베리 이야기』의 분석을 중심으로

박세곤 한국영어영문학회 2004 영어 영문학 Vol.50 No.1

The purpose of this study is to trace the development of English infinitives used as objects in terms of use, form, and position on the basis of the relationship between main verb and infinitive from Old English to Middle English by means of an analysis of Beowulf and Canterbury Tales, the masterpieces of the Old and Middle English periods. The number of main verbs with infinitives used as objects was limited to 12 in Old English text but it increased to 27 in the Middle English text, The verbs in this structure were limited to the verb of command, perception, recognition, permission, hope, etc. in Old English, but various verbs were used in the structure in Middle English. This shows that only a few main verbs In Old English got infinitives as objects, but in Middle English many kinds of main verbs got infinitives as objects, The ambiguity of active or passive meanings of infinitives occurred when infinitives were used as objects of the main verbs of perception and command in Old English, and the present study supports the scholars who have the view that the active meaning for the structure is made clear by adding the structural evidence to the sentence (the same structure appeared very often in the structure of 'accusative with infinitives'). As objects '(for) to' infinitives were used in Middle English, while uninflected infinitives were used in Old English. This shows that '(for) to' infinitives in Middle English encroached on the area of uninflected infinitives in Old English. The word orders of infinitives in Old English became the normal order like that of Modem English more or less. This change is attributed to the simplification of inflectional endings in the Middle English period.

영어 대명사 굴절에 관한 연구

楊萬燮(Man-seob Yang) 한국영어교육연구학회 2007 영어교육연구 Vol.- No.34

This paper intends to describe and generalize the inflection of English pronouns. Only the pronouns retained, and still do retain, a considerable degree of the complexity that characterized them in Old English. These words alone preserved distinctive subject and object case forms, except for the neuter pronouns (h)it, that, this, and what, which even in Old English had not differentiated the nominative and accusative. Old English se, þæt, sēo, and plural þā, with their various oblique forms, were ultimately reduced to the, that, and plural thǭ; however, inflected forms derived from the Old English declensions continued to be used in some dialects, though not in East Midland, until the thirteenth century. The the, which at first replaced only the masculine nominative se, came to be used as an invariable definite article. That and thǭ were thus left for the demonstrative function. Another the, form the Old English masculine and neuter instrumental þē, has had continuous adverbial use in English. The Old English masculine-feminine interrogative pronoun hwā became in Middle English whō, and the neuter form hwæt became what. As with the other pronouns, the dative drove out the accusative of the first of these, the dative whmō being used in any objective function. Rather important changes are to be noted in the pronouns. Although they are the most highly inflected part of speech in present-day English, thus preserving the earlier synthetic character of our language in a small way, the system of the pronouns has undergone several major and a number of minor alterations.

A Study on Changes of English in the Process of English Globalization: Based on English Grammar

유선영 국제인문사회연구학회 2022 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.4 No.2

A Study on Changes of English in the Process of English Globalization: Based on English Grammar Seonyoung You* Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze how English has changed in the changing times and to expand and use understanding of English. Even if many people and people who use English as a mother tongue or a second language speak incorrectly about the form of English words, the word order of a sentence plays a role and function in conveying meaning, so that communication is improved. Communication through English becomes easy because it makes it possible. This study deeply observed the changes in English grammar by analyzing the regional dialects from the Danes and Norwegians and the forms of English from Old English. Through the results of this study, it was concluded that changes in grammar brought greater flexibility to English. As a result, English shows changes in inflectional endings in English among grammatical changes. As it accelerated along, it was found that it became another strength of English. Therefore, this study found the significance of this study by analyzing the fact that inflectional endings were reduced and the functions of prepositions and word order were emphasized by observing changes in English grammar amidst historical and epochal changes. Key Words: English grammar, regional dialect, English preposition, inflectional ending, old English □ Received: Dec. 17, 2022, Revised: Dec. 30, 2022, Accepted: Dec. 30, 2022 * Sejong University English-Literature, Seoil University ex-professor, Email: ystandhal@naver.com A Study on Changes of English in the Process of English Globalization: Based on English Grammar Seonyoung You* Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze how English has changed in the changing times and to expand and use understanding of English. Even if many people and people who use English as a mother tongue or a second language speak incorrectly about the form of English words, the word order of a sentence plays a role and function in conveying meaning, so that communication is improved. Communication through English becomes easy because it makes it possible. This study deeply observed the changes in English grammar by analyzing the regional dialects from the Danes and Norwegians and the forms of English from Old English. Through the results of this study, it was concluded that changes in grammar brought greater flexibility to English. As a result, English shows changes in inflectional endings in English among grammatical changes. As it accelerated along, it was found that it became another strength of English. Therefore, this study found the significance of this study by analyzing the fact that inflectional endings were reduced and the functions of prepositions and word order were emphasized by observing changes in English grammar amidst historical and epochal changes. Key Words: English grammar, regional dialect, English preposition, inflectional ending, old English □ Received: Dec. 17, 2022, Revised: Dec. 30, 2022, Accepted: Dec. 30, 2022 * Sejong University English-Literature, Seoil University ex-professor, Email: ystandhal@naver.com

Schwa in Old and Middle English

( Yookang Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2006 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.37

Under the assumption that Schwa is not fully specified at the segmental and prosodic levels (Kehoe and Lle0 2003, van Oostendorp 1995, 1998, 2000) and that there are two types of schwa (reduction schwa and underlying schwa), I attempt to provide a diachronic account of schwa in Old English and Middle English. I argue that underlying schwa in Old English and Middle English. I argue that underlying schwa exists boty in Old English and in Middle English and surface realizations of schwa differ depending on the periods. It is shown that Reduction Rule and feature operations play a role in the realizations of schwa at the surface. The discussions of other phonological phenomena like the formation of syllabic consonants and Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening demonstrate that schwa plays a role in early English phonology.

Nominal and Verbal Derivation in Old English: The Case of Ge-words

( Yoo Kang Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2007 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.40

This paper is concerned with morphological derivation in Old English, specifically nominal and verbal derivation without affixation. Non-affixational derivation, which is traditionally called conversion, has been controversial in Old English word-formation. Morphologists` claims differ in the issues of the directionality of derivation and the postulation of a zero-morpheme. For example, Kastovsky (1968, 1992, 1996) argues for zero-derivation, postulating a zero-morpheme in Old English morphology while Dalton- Puffer (1992, 1993), Ritt (1993) and Lass (1993) give evidence against the assumption of zero-derivation in favor of affixless derivation (cf. Plag 2003). Concerning the directionality of affixless derivation, any principles or criteria for determining the directionality has not been offered in Old English morphology. Aiming to give alternative solutions to these two morphological problems, this article provides a morphological analysis of Old English ge-words. It is shown that the derivation of various derivative forms is accounted for by the interplay of Word- Class Marking and the Zero-Constraint without having the directionality problem. Furthermore, the non-occurrence of some derivatives is explained straightforwardly.

고대영어동사의 위치와 도출구조

김대익 한국언어학회 2008 언어 Vol.33 No.3

This paper concerns about how Old English constructions are derived from definitions such as LCA, specificity and C-features(V2) in the minimalist framework (Chomsky 2005, 2006). There are 5 sentence patterns in Old English, which makes it difficult to set up the basic clause structure. Having presented arguments against the existing analyses such as the OV approach or the VO approach or the head parameter approach, this paper argues, on a variety of grounds, that 5 sentence patterns in Old English are actually derived from the interaction of minimalist definitions such as LCA, Specificity and C-features. Assuming Old English clause structure to be a single VP structure like [VP V ...] and modal verbs and main verbs in Old English to be occupied in the same V-position, I show that 5 construction patterns in Old English are the results from the interactions of LCA(which makes modal verbs or main verbs move out of VP), V's specificity(which makes pronouns (object) raise to VP Spec) and C-features (which make objects to move to CP Spec). (Young San University)

고대영어의 표면어순과 어순변화에 대한 새로운 접근-최소주의의 어순공리개념에 입각하여

김대익(Dae-Ik Kim) 현대문법학회 2012 현대문법연구 Vol.68 No.-

It is argued in this article that the crucial aspects of syntactic change in the history of English are derived from the fact assumption that the LCA is applied to lexical items individually in the [CP-VP] clause structure of Old English, yielding various patterns of AUX, V and O placement. In the meantime the LCA is applied directly to the clause structure [CP-TP-vP-VP] of Modern English, thus deriving the fixed word order. With the assumption that Old English AUX and V are base-generated in the same position of VP under the [CP-VP] structure, one of both should move out of VP in order to asymmetically c-command each other due to the LCA requirements, deriving AUX-V order or V-AUX order in the surface subordinate clauses of Old English. After the introduction of TP and vP in Middle English, however, it is argued that AUX and V are base-generated in TP and vP respectively, showing the structure where TP asymmetically c-commands vP. Thus the word order change in the history of English is shown to be derived from the LCA availability.

Three Types of the Infinitive: Diachronic Change and Synchronic Variation

김양순 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.31 No.2

Kim, Yangsoon. 2015. Three Types of the Infinitive: Diachronic Change and Synchronic Variation. The Journal of Studies in Language 31.2, 275-294. The purpose of this paper is to present a diachronic study for the synchronic variation of the infinitive in English. The rise of the to-infinitive is mainly due to the diachronic shift from the synthetic to the analytic language in Old and Middle English. By discussing the rise of the to-infinitive marker from the perspective of diachronic change, I argue for the emergence of three different types of the infinitive in the analytic Middle English: the root infinitive, the raising infinitive and the control infinitive. The syntactic variation found in current English infinitives can be explained well in a diachronic study since the current synchronic variation reflects the diachronic change in Old English and Middle English. I propose that the structures of the infinitive have been expanded from a light verb phrase vP (of the root infinitive) to a defective TP (of the raising Infinitive) and then finally to a full phrase CP (of the control Infinitive). In this paper, the affix analysis of the to-infinitive marker in Old English explains the lack of split infinitives, the lack of P-stranding and the lack of the ECM structures in Old English more explicitly. The diachronic analysis for the synchronic variation found in the infinitive in Modern English provides a quite simple and economical explanation with the proposed three types of vP, TP and CP structures. (Hanbat National University)

Three Types of the Infinitive: Diachronic Change and Synchronic Variation

( Yangsoon Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.31 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to present a diachronic study for the synchronic variation of the infinitive in English. The rise of the to-infinitive is mainly due to the diachronic shift from the synthetic to the analytic language in Old and Middle English. By discussing the rise of the to-infinitive marker from the perspective of diachronic change, I argue for the emergence of three different types of the infinitive in the analytic Middle English: the root infinitive, the raising infinitive and the control infinitive. The syntactic variation found in current English infinitives can be explained well in a diachronic study since the current synchronic variation reflects the diachronic change in Old English and Middle English. I propose that the structures of the infinitive have been expanded from a light verb phrase vP (of the root infinitive) to a defective TP (of the raising Infinitive) and then finally to a full phrase CP (of the control Infinitive). In this paper, the affix analysis of the to-infinitive marker in Old English explains the lack of split infinitives, the lack of P-stranding and the lack of the ECM structures in Old English more explicitly. The diachronic analysis for the synchronic variation found in the infinitive in Modern English provides a quite simple and economical explanation with the proposed three types of vP, TP and CP structures. (Hanbat National University)

Northern Influences over the Emergence of the Definite Article the: With Special Reference to the Old English Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Rushworth Gospels

윤희철 한국영어학학회 2023 영어학연구 Vol.29 No.1

The definite article the in English is generally known as a Middle English innovation arising from the Old English demonstrative se for nominative singular masculine. However, textual evidence from the interlinear Old English glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels and those to the Rushworth Gospels proves that þe (= the) preexisted in Old English. Most of those glosses, which represent the Northern varieties of Old English, indicate that the morphological paradigms of distal demonstratives in those varieties tend to favor the þ-forms rather than the suppletive s-forms. Both glosses furthermore exhibit frequent confusion about grammatical gender and the use of weakened þ-forms. A combination of these morphological properties in Northern dialects could act as a language-internal trigger for the emergence of the indeclinable the as a unified form of a definite article in English.