Effects of Concentrate to Roughage Ratio on the Formation of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11-Octadecenoic Acid in Rumen Fluid and Plasma of Sheep When Fed High Oleic or High Linoleic Acid Oils

Wang, J.H.,Choi, S.H.,Song, M.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.11

A metabolism trial with four ruminally fistulated sheep was conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the effect of concentrate to roughage ratio (70:30 vs. 85:15) and oil source (soybean oil vs. rapeseed oil) on the ruminal fermentation pattern and $C_{18}$-fatty acids composition including trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (trans11-ODA) and cis9, trans11-18:2 (cis9, trans11-CLA) in the rumen fluid and plasma. Oil was added to the concentrate at 5% level of the total diet (DM basis) and chopped rye grass hay was fed as roughage. An increased level of concentrate (85%) within supplemented oil slightly lowered pH but increased ammonia concentration. Supplementation of rapeseed oil relatively increased pH and ammonia concentration. Higher concentrate level resulted in increased tendencies of total VFA concentration while oil source did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA proportion. Whole tract digestibilities of DM, CP, EE, NDF and OM in diets slightly increased at higher concentrate level. Proportions of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) in the rumen fluid were influenced by the fatty acid composition of oil source but oil source did not affect the in vitro formations of trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA. Slightly increased trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions, however, were observed from the sheep fed high roughage diet supplemented with both soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$ composition in supplemented oils responded to those in plasma of sheep. Effects of concentrate to roughage ratio and oil source on trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions in plasma were found to be small. Proportion of cis9, trans11-CLA in plasma tended to be increased from the sheep fed high roughage diet and collection time at 9h post feeding.

Oil Export and Military Intervention to Democratize an Autocracy

Woo, Jung moo(우정무) 동국대학교 사회과학연구원 2020 사회과학연구 Vol.27 No.3

기존연구들은 민주화를 설명함에 있어 외부 민주화 압력이 중요함을 강조하고 있지만, 석유의 저주에 대한 연구들의 경우 석유가 외부 민주화 압력에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해서는 거의 분석하지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 권위주의 국가의 석유 수출이 외부 민주화 압력을 감소시켜 민주화 확률을 낮출 수 있음을 주장한다. 권위주의 국가의 석유수출은 세 가지 석유수출의 특징인 주 에너지원으로서의 석유 중요도, 수출국에 우호적인 국제석유시장 구조, 석유의 가격 비탄력성으로 인해 군사개입의 비용은 높이고 효율성은 감소시켜 민주주의 국가가 석유를 수출하는 권위주의 국가에는 민주화를 위한 군사개입을 잘 하지 못하게 만든다. 본 연구의 경험적 분석 결과는 이 주장을 잘 보여주고 있다. Prior studies have argued that external pressures are important determinants of democratization. However, although a large literature have analyzed the effect of oil on domestic democratizing pressures, few have focused on how oil affects external ones. This study argues that an autocracy’s oil export reduces external democratizing pressures. An autocracy’s oil export increases costs of external democratizing pressures, and reduces the efficiency of the pressures because of three characteristics of oil export: the importance of oil as a primary energy source, the exporter-favored structure of the international oil market, and price inelasticity of oil. To examine this argument, this study focuses on a democracy’s military intervention to democratize an autocracy, the expensive but most powerful foreign policy to democratize an autocracy. Empirical results support this argument.

Geological characteristics and main controlling factors of Permian lacustrine tight oil in the eastern part of the Junggar Basin

Junwei Zhao,Huaimin Xu,Cui He,Lin Li,Zhen Yi,Huijing Fang,Zhicheng Lei 한국지질과학협의회 2017 Geosciences Journal Vol.21 No.2

The Junggar basin is rich in oil and gas resources, and recently, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs have become important targets. Significant amounts of oil and gas are located in Permian formations in the Shazhang–Dajing area, however, fewer studies have focused on unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, particularly on the factors controlling the distribution of unconventional reservoirs. In this study, a sequence stratigraphic framework of the study area was developed based on cores, well logs and seismic data. Source rock samples were analyzed, including tests of kerogen, vitrinite reflectance, chloroform bitumen, organic carbon and group composition. The physical properties and pore characteristics of reservoir samples were also analyzed using scanning electron microscope and high resolution electron microscope. The Permian Pingdiquan Formation comprises three thirdorder sequences in which individual sequence can be divided into a low-stand system tract (LST), a transgression system tract (TST), an early high-stand system tract (E-HST), and a late high-stand system tract (L-HST). Several source rock lithologies have high total organic carbon (TOC), and are matured, having excellent hydrocarbon generation potential. Clastic and dolomitic rocks are the main reservoirs, and nanometer-scale pores are the main reservoir space in the tight reservoirs. The distribution of tight oil is controlled by the sequence stratigraphy, palaeogeomorphic units, and sedimentary facies. The fine sediments, which were generally deposited near the initial flooding surface (FFS) and the maximum flooding surface (MFS), are favorable zones for tight oil. The distributions of the hydrocarbon source rocks are controlled by the depositional environment, depending on the palaeogeomorphic units; the deep depression in the Huoshaoshan area and the moderately-deep depression in the Shishugou area are two distinct hydrocarbon generating centers. The distribution of tight oil is clearly controlled by the sedimentary facies; the tight oil is mainly located in the fan delta front and lacustrine depositional environments. The distribution of tight oil in this area is summarized, and favorable areas of tight oil are proposed.

나선형 부유 고분자 여재의 Coalescence 특성을 이용한 비점오염원 저감시설의 유수분리특성 연구

강성원(Sung Won Kang),김석구(Seog Ku Kim),김영임(Young Im Kim),윤상린(Sang Leen Yun),김수해(Soo Hae Kim),김미경(Mee Kyung Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2007 대한환경공학회지 Vol.29 No.8

본 연구에서 개발한 시스템은 기존에 사용되던 유수분리기를 유류가 혼입되어 발생하는 도로, 교량 등의 도시 불투수면 비점 오염저감장치로 업그레이드한 것으로서 유적입자가 coalescence 원리에 의하여 고밀도 고분자 폴리에틸렌 소재를 사용하여 제작된 메디아의 표면과 공간 사이를 타고 이동하면서 합체되어 유적의 크기가 증가한 후 부상하여 제거되는 기전과 SS 성분의 고형물이 침전에 의해 제거되는 원리를 이용한 도시 비점오염저감시설이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 coalescence 기전을 통해 유수분리가 일어나는 나선형 고분자 여재의 유수분리 특성을 image analysis를 통해 규명하였으며 또한 도로노면 먼지와 폐엔진오일을 이용하여 비점 오염원 저감시설에 유입되는 폐수를 모사하여 비점오염원 저감시설의 유수분리 성능을 실험하였다. 연구에 사용된 여재는 부정형의 투명한 나선형 구조를 갖고 있으며, SEM 사진 및 BET 측정 결과 매끄러운 표면 특성을 나타내고 있다. 직접 측정 방법으로 여재의 표면적을 측정한 결과, 여재 1립당 표면적은 1,428 mm2으로 나타났으며, 단위당 중량은 45.3 kg/m3으로 조사되었다. 또한 폐수 내 기름 입자의 액적크기를 현미경으로 촬영하여 이미지 분석을 수행한 결과, 메디아를 통한 폐수내 기름성분의 제거가 coalescence에 의해 일어나고 있음을 증명하였다. 마지막으로 나선형 부유 메디아를 적용한 비점오염저감시설의 성능평가 결과, 유량에 따라서 부유성 고형물은 86.6∼95.2%, COD(Cr) 87.3∼95.4%, n-Hexane 추출물 71.8∼94.8%의 제거효율을 나타내어 본 장치의 처리성능은 기존의 비점오염원 저감시설의 처리대상물질인 유기물과 부유물질 뿐만 아니라 유류의 제거에도 효과적인 것으로 평가되었다. Non-point source control system which had been designed only for oil-water separation in the fields of oil refinery and garage was upgraded in this research for the removal of runoff pollutants in impervious urban area. Pollutants including oil from driveway and bridge were eliminated by two types of pathway in the system. One is the coalescence mechanism that the oil droplets in the runoff come into contact with each other in the spiral buoyant media surface and form larger coalesced droplets of oil that are carried upstream to the oil layer. The other is the precipitation that solids in runoff were settled by gravity in the system. In this research, coalescing characteristics of oil and water separation were investigated through image analyses, and efficiencies of the non-point source control system were evaluated using dust in driveway and waste engine oil. Media made of high density and high molecular weight polyethylene was indeterminate helical shape and had sleek surface by analysing SEM photographs and BET. Surface area and specific gravity of media which were measured directly were 1,428 mm2 and 45.3 kg/m3 respectively. From the image analyses of the oil droplets photographs which were taken by using microscope, it was proved clearly that the coalescence was the main pathway in the removal of oil from the runoff. Finally, the performances of the non-point source control system filled up with the media were suspended solid 86.6∼95.2%, COD(Cr) 87.3∼95.4%, n-Hexane extractable materials 71.8∼94.8% respectively.

Characterization of physiochemical and nutrient profiles in canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing: impacted by source origin

Alessandra M. R. C. B. de Oliveira,Peiqiang Yu Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.7

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize physiochemical and nutrient profiles of feedstock and co-products from canola bio-oil processing that were impacted by source origin. The feedstocks and co-products (mash, pellet) were randomly collected from five different bio-oil processing plants with five different batches of samples in each bio-processing plant in Canada (CA) and China (CH). Methods: The detailed chemical composition, energy profile, total digestible nutrient (TDN), protein and carbohydrate subfractions, and their degradation and digestion (CNCPS6.5) were determined. Results: The results showed that TDN_1x was similar in meals between CA and CH. CH meals and feedstock had higher, truly digestible crude protein (tdCP) and neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) than CA while CA had higher truly digestible non-fiber carbohydrate (tdNFC). The metabolizable energy (ME_3x), net energy (NE_Lp3x, NE_m3x, and NE_g3x) were similar in meals between CA and CH. No differences were observed in energy profile of seeds between CA and CH. The protein and carbohydrate subfractions of seeds within CH were similar. The results also showed that pelleting of meals affected protein sub-fractionation of CA meals, except rapidly degradable fractions (PB1), rumen degradable (RDPB1) and undegrdable PB1 (RUPB1), and intestinal digestible PB1 (DIGPB1). Canola meals were different in the soluble (PA2) and slowly degradable fractions (PB2) between CA and CH. The carbohydrate fractions of intermediately degradable fraction (CB2), slowly degradable fraction (CB3), and undegradable fraction (CC) were different among CH meals. CH presented higher soluble carbohydrate (CA4) and lower CB2, and CC than CA meals. Conclusion: The results indicated that although the seeds were similar within and between CA and CH, either oil-extraction process or meal pelleting seemed to have generated significantly different aspects in physiochemical and nutrient profiles in the meals. Nutritionists and producers need to regularly check nutritional value of meal mash and pellets for precision feeding.

사료 내 지질원 및 필수지방산이 치어기 황복(Takifugu obscurus)의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향

유광열 ( Gwang Yeol Yoo ),배승철 ( Sung Chul Bai ) 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.4

We conducted an 8-week feeding trial to evaluate dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and body compo-sition of juvenile river puffer fish Takifugu obscurus. Nine experimental diets were formulated with fishmeal as the major protein ingredients, providing 50% crude protein. The experimental diets contained either beef fallow (BF), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), or linseed oil (LO). Each of these diets was then supplemented or not with 0.5% n-3 HUFA (BFH, SOH, ROH, and LOH), resulting in a total of eight experimental diets. The control diet contained fish oil (FO) as the lipid source. Fish averaging 10.3±0.03 g were fed the experimental diets in randomly selected triplicate groups for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feeding efficiency of fish fed the FO and SOH diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed BF or RO (P <0.05), but these diets did not differ significantly from the other diets. The protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the SOH diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the BF, SO, or RO diets (P <0.05), but these were not significantly different from the other diets. The specific growth rate of fish fed the FO and SOH diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the BF diet (P <0.05). Whole body DHA and n-3 HUFA contents of fish fed the FO diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the SO, RO, or LO diets (P <0.05), but were not significantly different from the other diets. These results indicate that soybean oil and linseed oil could replace up to 100% of fish oil in the diet containing 60% fishmeal for river puffer fish.

중앙 냉방시스템의 냉동기 유형에 따른 에너지 사용 특성 비교 연구

유병천,김정욱 한국건축친환경설비학회 2019 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.13 No.5

This study conducted positive performance test and economy analysis on energy saving effect of improvement of old central heating and air conditioning system in the main building of Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary. Existing heat source system alternatively operates 22-year-old two absorption chiller-heaters and provides air conditioning and heating to main building, library, and chapel. Considering the building type, cooling and heating system, load analysis, chiller type, and operation status, the old absorption chiller-heaters have been replaced with oil-free inverter turbo chiller. Also, BEMS has been used to check the characteristics of change in energy consumption. This study conducted a comparative analysis on energy consumption before and after the improvements by collecting the data from May to October in 2018. The analysis result showed that the gas consumption for air conditioning with existing chiller-heater was 30,587 Nm3 a year. On the other hand, the turbo chiller monitored with BEMS consumed 29,370 kWh. The analysis result proved the energy saving of about 24.75 TOE (Ton of Oil Equivalent) by introducing the oil-free inverter turbo chiller for efficient operation. Such hybrid heat source system and efficient BEMS operation allow effective investment in the perspective of energy.

Effect of soybean oil as a carbon source on the electrochemical property of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for lithium ion battery

Nguyen Van Hiep,Ngo Minh Duc,김영호 한국탄소학회 2020 Carbon Letters Vol.30 No.6

In this study, soybean oil, which is used in a large variety of processed foods, is used as a carbon source. Soybean oil is successfully coated onto the surface of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) by a simple method. The physical and electrochemical properties of NCM/C hybrid materials are determined. As a result, a 5 nm thickness carbon coating layer is formed on the surface of the NCM, resulting in improved capability and cyclic performance in the battery. The NCM/C battery shows an initial discharge capacity of 159 mAh g−1 and 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles (a discharge capacity of 120 mAh g−1 and 94% retention are observed after 100 cycles for the NCM cathode).

무급유 수열원 히트펌프 설계 및 시스템 성능 평가

김창희(Changhee Kim),연성현(Seonghyeon Yeon),김규영(Kyuyoung Kim),이남수(Namsoo Lee),조용(Yong Cho) 대한설비공학회 2022 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

Heat pump systems offer economical alternatives of recovering heat from different sources for use in various industrial, commercial and residential applications. Heat pump becomes a key component in an energy system with great potential for energy saving. This paper presents the design process and experimental results of oil-free water-source heat pump system. A set of experimental tests was first carried out to examine the performance of heat pump system under three different operating conditions.

Tribological performance of modified jatropha oil containing oil-miscible ionic liquid for machining applications

Amiril Sahab Abdul Sani,Erween Abd Rahim,Syahrullail Samion 대한기계학회 2017 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.31 No.12

Modifying physicochemical and tribological properties of a bio-based lubricant is essential in improving its lubrication performances. This paper presents the effectiveness of a fully oil-miscible Ionic liquid (IL) as lubricant additive into a bio-based lubricant. Methyltrioctylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AIL) was selected as IL additive to improve the tribological performance of the biobased lubricant. Additive was mixed into the bio-based lubricant at three levels of mass concentrations (1 wt.%, 5 wt.% & 10 wt.%). Tribology tests on steel/steel contacts were conducted to evaluate the lubricant samples. Test outputs were benchmarked against the neat bio-based lubricant. Results revealed good synergistic effect of the AIL additive blended into the bio-based lubricant. MJO+AIL10 % has shown good corrosion inhibition, superior friction reduction (48 %), lower worn surface area (23 %), excellent surface finish (46 %) and increased tapping torque efficiency (8 %). MJO+AIL10 % provided excellent tribological performances which corresponds to the energy saving and environmental benefit for sustainable machining applications.