자유무역협정에 대한 비관세장벽의 효과에 관한 실증연구 : 한국의 자유무역협정과 체결 대상국의 수입규제조치에 대하여

오대혁(Dae-Hyuck Oh) 강원대학교 경영경제연구소 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol.12 No.2

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of non-tariff barriers on the Free Trade Agreement. Currently, it has achieved significant export effects by signing free trade agreements with many countries in Korea. However, most countries have implemented non-tariff barriers to protect their industries. This study analyzes the effects of non-tariff barriers in counterpart countries that have signed a free trade agreement. Design/methodology/approach - For analysis, first, prior studies were summarized, and second, the current status of free trade agreements and non-tariff barriers were identified. And, based on the current situation, the relationship between non-tariff barriers and export volume was analyzed. The targets of analysis are the United States, China, and Vietnam, which are Korea s three largest exporters. As for non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping tariffs, countervailing tariffs, and emergency import restrictions were analyzed as import regulatory measures. Findings - In the case of the United States, it can be seen that the decline in textiles, steel and electronics sectors is even greater. In the case of China, it can be seen that exports declined after imposing non-tariff barriers in the steel sector. Finally, it can be seen that exports declined after Vietnam implemented a non-tariff barrier on the steel sector. It was found that non-tariff barriers offset the effects of the Free Trade Agreement. Research implications or Originality - Currently, Korea has free trade agreements with numerous countries. However, after the free trade agreement entered into force, the number of annual average import regulation investigations for Korean products is on the rise. In the end, the implementation of non-tariff barriers is offsetting the effects of free trade agreements. Therefore, when signing a free trade agreement, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for import regulatory measures such as the insertion of provisions of non-tariff barriers.

신선딸기 수출 비관세장벽의 무역제한 효과

이병훈 ( Lee Byoung-hoon ),서대석 ( Suh Dae-seok ),이병환 ( Lee Byung-hwan ) 한국식품유통학회 2017 食品流通硏究 Vol.34 No.3

Recently, the nation with 53 countries signed 15 fta lower tariffs, and more of our export of agricultural products not trying to serve as an occasion. However, the recent global economic downturn, their products in many countries lower tariffs to protect the widespread and non-tariff barriers instead. In order to determine the types and characteristics of non-productive barriers to the tariff sector and effectively respond to non-tariff barriers, the non-tariff barriers will be quantitatively accurate and the corresponding level of strategy and direction should be measured accordingly. The study analyzed the non-tariff barriers of non-embeddable trade barriers to tariff holders, and analyzed the barriers to non-tariff barriers based on non-tariff barriers. The analysis shows that the distribution of the MFN tariff rate is 0~80 % to 80 %, whereas the tariff on non-tariff barriers is estimated to range from 0.3 % to 121.4 %, whereas the tariff barrier is greater than the tariff barrier.

비관세장벽과 한국 수출기업의 경영성과에 관한 연구: 특정무역현안과 무역기술장벽을 중심으로

오대혁,김인수 한국경영컨설팅학회 2019 경영컨설팅연구 Vol.19 No.3

최근 세계 무역통상환경은 관세장벽인 실행관세율은 상당히 낮아지고 있는 상황이지만 비관세장벽은 점점 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 그 이유는 다자간무역협상으로 인하여 관세부과로 국내산업을 보호하기 어렵게 된 반면에 비관세장벽의 효과가 관세효과보다 더 크기 때문이다. 이러한 비관세장벽의 중요성으로 인하여 학계에서도 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 오고 있다. 그러나 비관세장벽의 특성상 연구가 쉽지 않으며 기존의 선행연구들을 검토한 결과 대부분의 선행연구들은 비관세장벽의 조항분석과 법적 문제 및 대응방안에 대한 연구가 주류를 이루고 있다. 본 연구는 선행연구들의 여러 한계점을 극복하기 위해 비관세장벽중 무역기술장벽(TBT) 및 특정무역현안(STC)과 한국기업의 수출과의 관계에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 상대국(중국)이 비관세장벽을 실시할 경우 한국기업 특히 화장품산업의 수출금액과 증감률은 현저히 감소를 하는 등 높은 상관관계를 보여주고 있다. 실증분석을 보완하기 위해 사례분석을 시도하였으며, 한국의 무역기술장벽에 대한 샤오미의 체중계는 철저한 현지화로 한국의 비관세장벽을 극복하였다. Recently, the world trade and trade environment have been slowing down tariff rates, which are tariff barriers, but invisible non-tariff barriers are increasing. The reason for this is that the multilateral trade negotiations have made it difficult to protect the domestic industry with tariffs, while the effects of non - tariff barriers are greater than those of tariffs and the impact on the target countries is also significant. Due to the importance of these non-tariff barriers, academic research has been actively pursued. However, due to the nature of non-tariff barriers, it is not easy to study. According to the results of examining previous studies, most of the previous studies have focused on analyzing the provisions of non-tariff barriers and studying legal problems and countermeasures. This study analyzes the relationship between trade technical barriers and specific trade issues among non - tariff barriers and exports of Korean companies in order to overcome the limitations of previous studies. The results shows, when the other country (China) implements the non - tariff barriers, the export amount and the increase rate of the Korean companies, especially the cosmetics industry, decreased remarkably. In order to supplement the empirical analysis, we tried to analyze the Xiaomi 's scales csae for Korea' s trade technical barrier overcome the non - tariff barriers of Korea through thorough localization.

중국 비관세장벽의 실태와 한국의 대응전략에 관한 연구

이재영 ( Jae-young Lee ) 한국통상정보학회 2018 통상정보연구 Vol.20 No.4

2차 세계대전 이후 GATT체제에서 8번의 다자간 무역협상의 결과로 각국의 평균관세율은 크게 낮아지게 되었으며, 1995년 WTO 출범 후 관세장벽으로 인한 무역제한 효과는 의미가 퇴색되었다. 이후, 세계경제 침체와 더불어 자국산업에 대한 보호가 확대되면서 관세장벽을 대신하여 비관세장벽을 통한 신보호무역주의가 확산되었고, 이러한 비관세장벽은 자유무역의 가장 큰 장애요소가 되고 있다. 비관세장벽은 특성상 이를 낮추거나 제거하는 것이 쉽지 않아 더 큰 문제로 대두되고 있으며, 기업의 입장에서도 이를 적극적으로 대응하는데 한계가 있다. 최근 중국이 비관세장벽을 확대하면서, 우리나라 수출은 큰 타격을 받고 있다. 비관세장벽으로 활용되고 있는 TBT, SPS, 무역구제제도, 통관 등은 그 목적에도 불구하고 남용됨으로서 본질적인 기능이 퇴색되어가고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 본 연구는 한국의 대표적 교역 대상국인 중국 비관세장벽의 운용현황과 실태 등을 분석하여 중국의 비관세장벽 운용능력이 학습을 통해 강화되고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 나아가 산업 전 분야에 비관세장벽을 활용하고 있었다. 우리 기업들은 중국의 비관세장벽을 극복하기 위한 인식의 변화, 철저한 사전준비와 모니터링이 필요하며, 정부도 FTA체제를 활용한 중국의 비관세장벽 제거를 위한 노력을 해야 한다. Since than the launch of the WTO, trade restrictions of tariff barriers have weakened. Especially, by emergence of New Protectionism, non-tariff barriers are expanding as trade barriers. The expansion of China's non-tariff barriers, Korea's exports are becoming difficult. TBT, SPS, trade remedy system, and customs clearance are used as China’s non-tariff barriers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current status of China's non-tariff barriers, to derive implications. In conclusion, Operate ability of China's non-tariff barriers is improving and it is applying to various industries. Korean companies should develop products to overcome China’s non-tariff barriers. and The Korean government should try to eliminate China's non-tariff barriers.

農産物 關稅割當制度의 國際的 履行實態와 WTO 規定

任廷彬;徐溱教;沈英揆 법무부 2005 통상법률 Vol.- No.62

The Tariff Rate Quota(TRQ) system emerged in the process of the implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture(URAA) as a new policy mechanism. Prior to the URAA, the area of agricultural trade was free from the GATT trade rules and disciplines Because of that many governments had implemented various non-tariff inport barriers, by which agricultural trading had been highly distorted. One of the great achievements of the UR agricultural negotiations was to bring agricultural policies of individual countries to the mainstream of GATT discipline. Above all, switching of non-tariff import barriers to tariff is a revolutionary achievement compared with the outcomes of the previous GATT rounds. Following the agreements of the UR multilateral negotiation, WTO member countries should convert non-tariff import barriers including import quota/restriction to equivalent bound tariffs which are scheduled for progressive reduction. However the Agreement did not require immediate conversion of ban and quotas into single tariff only regime. It permitted non-tariff barriers to be changed into tariff rate quota(TRQ). TRQ is a two-level tariff system, levying minimal tariff on the limited import volume(market access) and charging higher tariff on additional import beyond the market access. Internationally most of the domestically sensitive products are currently subject to the TRQ administration, particularly such as a state trading or auction. The UR created tariff-rate quota(TRQ) system for agricultural products which were under the various types of non-tariff barriers. Market access consists of current market access(CMA) and minimum market access(MMA). Importing countries are administering the market access quantity in various ways including such as state trading, auction, and allocation to end-users. On the other hand exporting countries are voicing their complaints that such methods are not transparent and operated arbitrarily with creating both production and trade distortions. In this regard there is a possibility that new regulations will be set up on state trading or the other administration methods of market access quantity. Major debate about TRQ system in the current WTO DDA negotiation can be divided into two issues : TRQ administration and its expansion. This study is to assess the issues related to administering the TRQs, including economic analysis of various TRQ systems which are notified to and classified by the WTO and to propose the new directions for the improvements of TRQ system in the view point of Korea's perspectives. This study employs available data and background papers published by WTO Secretariats and member countries's notifications in the field of market access so as to evaluate various TRQ administration methods. In addition, the literatures on tariff quotas which are primarily provided international symposium and international agencies such as USDA and OECD are used to perform the economic analysis of TRQ system. In particular, the basic concept of TRQs is examined and current international situation of TRQ systems is reviewed and compared by administration methods and fill-rates, as well as countries. Some discussion at the agricultural negotiation in DDA is added and analyzed in terms of future direction of agreements. Finally, the paper provides a new direction for the efficient TRQ system in Korea's perspectives.

EU의 관세 및 비관세 장벽 이해를 통한 EU시장 개척 방안

정재우(Jae Woo Jung),이길남(Kil Nam Lee) 한국통상정보학회 2014 통상정보연구 Vol.16 No.4

유럽연합(European Union)은 1952년 7월, 파리조약(Treaty of Paris)을 체결한 이후 1958년 1월 로마조약, 유럽공동체(EC 조약), 1993년 11월 마스트리히트 조약(Treaty of Maastricht), 1999년 5월 암스테르담 조약(Treaty of Amsterdam), 2002년 10월 니스 조약(Treaty of Nice), 2009년 12월 리스본 조약(Treaty of Lisbon) 조약을 체결하여 유럽의 정치 및 경제적 통합을 모색하여 왔다. 현재 EU는 28개 회원국을 두고 있으며 2012년 기준으로 총 5억 명 이상의 인구, 역내 GDP가 16조 6,090억 달러에 이르며 세계 GDP의 3분의 1을 차지하는 세계최대의 경제권이다. 우리나라와는 3위의 교역상대국이다. 지금까지 우리나라는 주로 EU에 자동차, 반도체, 휴대폰, 조선과 그 부품 등의 공산품을 수출하여 왔다. 그러나 EU가 최근 미국과 FTA를 적극 모색하고 러시아와도 경제 협력을 도모하며 중국 기업들도 EU로의 진출을 적극 추진하고 있어 우리 기업의 입지가 위축될 여지가 있는 실정이다. 또한 EU는 평균 수입관세율이 낮고 비교적 가장 개방된 거래 시장이지만 크고 작은 진입장벽은 상존하여 EU의 관세 및 비관세 장벽에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 EU 시장 개척을 위한 가장 초보적이고 기초적인 연구로 EU의 관세 및 비관세 장벽(Non-Tariff Barriers)에 관해 검토하여 우리나라 기업에게 시사점을 제시하기 위해 연구되었다. Most of all, this paper analyzes the current situation of EU(European Union) and ascertain EU s economic condition in terms of tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. and the purpose of this article is to find out the problems of EU s tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. Next, We suggest some future direction of export promotion from Korea to EU more largely for our companies. First, this paper describes the characteristics and outline of EU. The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) and the European Economic Community(EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. After that, The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. There are a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants and generated a nominal gross domestic product(GDP) of 16.692 trillion US dollars in EU. The results are as follows ;First of all, In terms of tariff lines and customs duties, Our companies have to know precisely EU’s real tariff lines and other customs duties, and such as value added tax and exercise tax, corporate tax regulated by EU commission and EU s 28 members. second, our companies have to confirm EU s non-tariff barriers. such as RoHS, WEEE, REACH. These non-tariff barriers could be hindrances or obstacles to trade with foreign companies in other countries. We perceive all companies exporting to EU are related with these Technical Barriers to Trade irrespective of their nationality. So, Our companies fulfill the requirements of EU Commission concerning safety, health, environment etc. Also, Our companies choose market-driven strategy to export more largely than before in the field of marketing and logistics.

비관세조치 현황분석을 통한 대응방안

고의현(Eui-Hyeon Koh) 한국콘텐츠학회 2020 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.20 No.4

WTO설립과 FTA협정의 증가로 관세는 낮아지고 있으나 무역구제조치와 무역기술장벽(TBT), 위생검역(SPS), 통관규제 등의 비관세조치들이 무역장벽이 되어 자유무역을 제한하고 있다. 수출주도 경제성장을 이룬 우리나라는 증가하는 비관세조치들에 대하여 대응방안을 제시하여야 한다. 비관세조치들은 복잡하고 국가마다 적용되는 것이 다르므로 유형별, 산업별, 국가별로 맞춤형 대응방안을 제시하여야한다. 이를 위해 비관세조치DB를 구축하여야한다. 이런 비관세조치들을 수집하고 분석하여 대응방안을 제시하기 위해서는 정부 산하의 전담조직이 반드시 필요하다. 그리고 비관세조치에 대한 상대국 간의 협의 등과 WTO위원회에서 활동이 중요하다. 또한 비관세조치에 관한 역량과 전문성을 가진 전문 인력 양성이 필요하다. 기존의 연구가 각 국가의 비관세조치현황을 토대로 한 연구나 국제기구의 보고서 등을 통하여 분석하였기 때문에 조치유형의 식별과 국가 간 비교분석에 한계가 있었다. 그러므로 본고는 규제의 식별과 국가 간 비교가 가능한 WTO I-TIP의 비관세조치DB를 바탕으로 분석하였다. Although tariffs are falling due to the establishment of WTO and the increase of FTA agreements, Non-tariff measures such as trade remedies, trade technology barriers (TBT), sanitary quarantine (SPS) and customs regulations have become trade barriers, limiting free trade. Korea, which has achieved export-led economic growth, should present countermeasures. As Non-tariff measures are complex and are applied in different countries, Customized countermeasures by type, industry and country should be presented. To this end, non-tariff DB should be established. In order to collect, analyze, and present measures for non-tariff measures, a dedicated organization dedicated to the government is essential. And consultation among the other parties on non-tariff measures is important, and activities are important at the WTO committee. In addition, it is necessary to foster expertise and expertise in non-tariff organizations. Existing research shows non-tariff measures in each country. As existing studies have been analyzed through studies based on the non-tariff measures of each country or reports of international organizations, there are limitations in the identification of regulations and comparative analysis between countries. Therefore, this paper analyzes on the basis of non-tariff measures DB of WTO I-TIP.

Economic Integration, Non-tariff Barriers and Social Welfare

( Jose Mendez Naya ),( Aitor Calo Blanco ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.2

This paper analyses the extent to which preferential trade agreements can lead to the substitution of non-tariff barriers for tariffs, and the effects of non-tariff barriers on welfare and other parameters. Its main results are that non-tariff barriers reduce aggregate welfare, and that the governments of economically integrated countries replace tariffs by non-tariff barriers if and only if their priority is protection of their nations` firms.

농업수출과 비관세장벽, 글로벌가치사슬 간 관계에 관한 연구

박근호(Keun Ho PARK) 한국무역상무학회 2017 貿易商務硏究 Vol.75 No.-

Recently, agricultural exports of Korea have steadily increased. But, no progress is being made at the WTO and DDA negotiations, the FTAs have playeda leading role in the formulation of the international trade rules, and countries have been cleverly utilizing non-tariff barriers such as SPS and TBT, there is a growing need to respond to non-tariff barriers aggressively. On the other hand, since the FTA has the potential to activate the global value chain, there is a high need for exporting companies in the domestic agricultural sector to understand the structure of the global value chain in agriculture and actively utilize the global value chain. The non-tariff measures of agricultural commodities major trading partners in the field of domestic agricultural exports were mostly comprised of SPS measures and TBT measures. The non-tariff measures corresponding to inputs and production stages of value chain elements (seeds, seedlings) in the value chain were mainly reported in SPS measures. TBT measures are mainly carried out in selective packaging, storage, processing, distribution, and export sales. It is most important for agricultural export companies to know their position on the value chain and information on non-tariff measures of importing countries in order to actively utilize the global value chain. Since there are non-tariff barriers that are difficult to be solved at the individual enterprise level, active government support of the government is not only important but also actively promoting relevant information to farmers and agricultural exporters. In addition, potential export farmers and prospective export companies will be able to identify TBT and SPS and other non-tariff barriers well in advance, and respond to them in advance. Also, through networking with export related organizations and overseas buyers, It is very important that policy support from the perspective of global value chain is linked effectively.

WTO 무역기술장벽에 관한 수출입기업의 리스크 관리방안 연구

Chi Ho Lee 성균관대학교 무역연구소 2018 Asian Trade Risk Management(ATRM) Vol.2 No.2

글로벌 저성장구조 확산, 단일경제통합기구의 분열 및 가속화, 자국 경제이익을 최우선시 하는 미국 행정부의 대외정책 변화로 인하여 국제교역환경의 불확실성이 증가하고있다. 이에 따라 자국내 산업보호를 위해 비관세장벽조치가 증가하고 있어 전세계 신보호무역주의 기조가 확산되고 있다 . 이러한 비관세장벽조치 중무역상대국간 상이한기술규정,표준, 적합성평가 등을 적용함으로써 상품교역을 저해하는 요소를 의미하는 무역기술장벽(Technical Barriers to Trade) 조치의 증가는 산업구조상 자본재와 중간재를 수출하는 우리나라 무역환경에 많은 장애요인으로 작용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 급변하는 무역환경에 따라 수출입기업이 무역기술장벽과 관련한 비관세조치 리스크에 효과적으로 대응하고 관리하기 위하여 무역기술장벽 관련 리스크 유형을 살펴보았으며, 이에 대한 수출입기업의 무역기술장벽 리스크 관리방안과 통관과정에서 발생할수있는 리스크 관리방안을 제시하였다. In a worldwide era of neoconservatism, resulting from the spread of the global low-growth structure and the division and acceleration of a single economic integration agency, non-tariff barrier measures are increasing to protect industries in the host country. Among these non-tariff barrier measures, the barriers to trade in products are being increased by applying different technical provisions, standards, and conformity assessments among large trading nations, mainly owing to an increase in the export of capital goods and intermediate goods to the KOREA. In particular, as the fourth industrial revolution is rapidly progressing owing to changes in global industry trends, the trade barriers with regard to technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment will be strengthened as a non-tariff barrier to secure and protect its own technologies. Therefore, this paper investigated ways in which import-export businesses can effectively respond to and manage the risks associated with taking measures to technical barriers to trade on the rapidly changing trade environment. As a result, we examined the scope of application of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) agreement currently applied between Korea and the Contracting States and looked at the specific provisions of TBT by the major countries that concluded the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Measures were proposed to improve risks associated with technical barriers to trade operating under such TBT agreements of the WTO and FTA. Specific measures are also presented to improve the risks of customs clearance difficulties that could arise overseas for exporting businesses with regard to technical barriers to trade . Import businesses presented various ways to improve statutory risks and manage non-tariff risks, especially those concerning barriers to trade in Korea and those related to trade barrier measures in the process of import under the rules of the WTO and FTA.