Changes in Root Water Uptake and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice( Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) Seedling under NaCl Stress

Hyun Sik Chun(전현식) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.2

염분에 대한 벼 유식물의 생리학적 광화학적 반응을 잎의 상대수분함량, 엽록소 형광 및 뿌리의 수분흡수를 통하여 연구하였으며, 벼 유식물이 농도가 다른 NaCl에 노출되었을 경우, 500 mM 이상의 농도와 4일, 5일간 스트레스를 준 처리구에서 식물체의 외관상 심각한 장해 징후가 나타났다. 500 mM에서는 5일간, 1,000 mM 에서는 4일간 스트레스를 준 처리구와 NaCl를 처리하지 않은 대조구 간의 광합성 Fv/Fm에서 유의성이 있는 차이가 나타났으며, 그러나 뿌리 수분흡수에서는 Fv/Fm에 비해 스트레스 기간이 짧은 2일에서도 수분흡수의 차이가 나타나기 시작했다. NaCl에 노출된 식물에서 잎의 상대수분함량은 외부 염분의 농도가 증가하고, 스트레스 기간이 길어짐에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 잎의 상대수분함량 결과에서 1,000 mM농도로 1일간 처리된 경우(88%)와 비교 했어 2일 이상 NaCl를 처리한 경우들(58-67%)에서 보다 낮은 수분함량을 보였다. NaCl 스트레스는 4일과 5일간 처리한 경우 etiolate된 벼 유식물의 광 유도 녹화과정에서 NaCl농도가 증가함에 따라 직선적으로 심하게 억제하였다(각각의 R²=0.812 과 0.918). 염분 스트레스 기간과 NaCl농도가 증가되었을 때, NaCl의 농도가 같음에도 잎의 Fv/Fm보다는 뿌리의 수분흡수가 더 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 보아 잎에서의 장해보다는 뿌리에서의 반응이 먼저 일어나는 것으로 보인다. The physiological and photochemical responses of rice seedling to NaCl stress were investigated through measuring leaf relative water content (RWC), root water uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence. When plants were exposed to increased salinity stress, the visual symptoms of injury were significant at ≥500 mM NaCl concentration for 4 and 5 day stress periods. The differences in Fv/Fm between control treatment and plants treated with 500 mM and 1,000 mM NaCl were evident after 5 day and 4 day, respectively, whereas in root water uptake its effect was observed at 500 mM and 1,000 mM NaCl at 2 day of salt-stressed periods. Leaf RWC in salt-stressed plants decreased gradually with increasing salinity in exogenous solution and duration of salt stress, and these decrease showed leaf RWC of 58-68% atduration over 2 day stress of 1,000 mM NaCl treatment and 88% at 1 day stress. NaCl stress led to a significant inhibition of the light-induced greening in etiolated rice plants, especially in 4 and 5 day salt-stressed plants, which linearly decreased with NaCl concentration (R²=0.812 and 0.918, respectively). The effects of NaCl stress in rice seedlings indicate that water uptake in root is more sensitive to increasing NaCl concentration and stress duration than Fv/Fm in leaves compared with the same NaCl concentration.

뱀장어 아가미 울혈증에 관한 연구 III. NaCl처리가 울혈증 치료에 미치는 영향

최민순,박관하,최상훈,김영길,김종면,조정곤,장선일,Choi, Min-Soon,Park, Kwan-Ha,Choi, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Young-Gill,Kim, Jong-Myeon,Cho, Jeong-Gon,Jang, Seon-Il 한국어병학회 1995 한국어병학회지 Vol.8 No.2

This experiment was carried out in order to elucidate the effect of NaCl(0.85%) acclimation on congestion symptoms in central venous sinuses(CVS) of gill filaments and on the alteration of blood constituents in cultured eels for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7days after handling stress. After giving a handling stress on eels, the frequency of gill congestion was about 90%. It gradually decreased to 40% on the 3rd day, then increased to 60% on the 7th day in NaCl(0.85%) acclimation. The values of haematocrit(Ht), methemoglobin(Met-Hb), glucose (GLU), calcium($Ca^{++}$), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) were lower than those of the control, whereas magnesium($Mg^{++}$) and haemoglobin(Hb) were higher than the control. However total protein(Tp) and albumin (ALB) levels similar to the control. When the fish after giving a handling stress were cultured in NaCl-free water as a control, the frequency of gill congestion and the value of blood components showed a similar pattern to that obtained from the NaCl acclimated experiments. However, in the early period(1-3day) after handling stress, NaCl acclimating slightly helped the natural tendancy of recovery. These results suggest that the frequency of gill congestion is not always reduced over the whole period of NaCl acclimation. However, the acclimation to NaCl solution may be a somewhat useful therapy for the gill congestion in stressed eels. 뱀장어에 인위적으로 스트레스를 가하여 아가미 울혈증을 발생시킨 후에 NaCl 처리에 따른 CVS의 울혈증의 치료효과 및 혈액성상의 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 스트레스 직후에 고빈도의 발병율을 보였던 아가미 및 간의 울혈증은 염처리 후 3일째 까지는 감소되었으나, 4일 이후에는 별 영향이 없었다. 혈액성분중 스트레스 후 증가되었던 Ht, Met-Hb, $Ca^{++}$, GOT, GPT, LDH 및 glucose치 등과 감소되었던 $Mg^{++}$ 및 Hb치 등은 염처리 3일까지는 회복율이 촉진되었으나, 그 이후에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 알부민 및 총단백치는 염처리 기간동안 별 변화가 없었다. 이상의 결과는 스트레스에 의해 발병된 아가미 울혈증에 대한 염처리법은 초기 3일까지는 효과가 있으나, 그 이상의 기간에는 전혀 효과적이지 못함을 보여준다.

NaCl 처리가 고들빼기의 생장과 생리적 특성에 미치는 영향

이경철,한상균,윤경규,이학봉,송재모 한국약용작물학회 2020 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth characteristics of Crepidiastrum sonchifolium. Methods and Results: As treatments, we subjected C. sonchifolium plants to four different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 200 mM). We found that the photosynthetic parameters maximum photosynthesis rate (PN max), net apparent quantum yield (Φ), maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), and maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) were significantly reduced at an NaCl concentration greater than 100 mM. In contrast, there was an increase in water-use efficiency with increasing NaCl concentration, although in terms of growth performances, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, stem length, and total dry weight all decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Furthermore, leakage of electrolytes, as a consequence of cell membrane damage, clearly increased in response to an increase in NaCl concentration. Analysis of the polyphasic elevation of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (OKJIP) revealed marked decrease in flux ratios (ΦPO, ΨO and ΦEO) and the PIabs, performance index in response to treatment with 200 mM NaCl, thereby reflectings the relatively reduced state of photosystem II. This increase in fluorescence could be due to a reduction in electron transport beyond Q− A . We thus found that the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth characteristics of C. sonchifolium significantly increased in response to treatment with 200 mM NaCl. Conclusions: Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that C. sonchifolium shows relatively low sensitivity to NaCl stress, although photosynthetic activity was markedly reduced in plants exposed to 200 mM NaCl.

Differential Osmotic Adjustment to Iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG Stress in the in vitro Cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.

Vinayak Haribhau Lokhande,Tukaram Dayaram Nikam,Suprasanna Penna 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.4

The influence of iso-osmotic (-0.7 MPa) NaCl and PEG stress on growth, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense mechanisms was investigated in the in vitro cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. The decreased relative growth rate (RGR) and water content of PEG-stressed calli in comparison to NaCl was found to be correlated with differences observed in the energy expenditure for the maintenance of osmotic balance. Osmotic adjustment in the NaCl-stressed calli favored higher accumulation of saline ions and soluble sugars, whereas PEG-stressed calli confirmed increased levels of organic osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars). Permeability of Na+ ions across the membrane revealed increased relative electrolytic leakage (REL) in NaCl-stressed calli,however non-penetrating and highly viscous solution of PEG amplified the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase displayed efficient removal of toxic reactive oxygen species in comparison to ascorbate peroxidase in the calli exposed to iso-osmotic stress. These findings suggest that differential tolerance potential to iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG stress in terms of osmotic adjustment appears to be the prime defense mechanism of Sesuvium for its survival under iso-osmotic stress conditions at the expense of reduced growth and water content.

Differential Osmotic Adjustment to Iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG Stress in the in vitro Cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.

Lokhande, Vinayak Haribhau,Nikam, Tukaram Dayaram,Penna, Suprasanna 한국작물학회 2010 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.13 No.4

The influence of iso-osmotic (-0.7 MPa) NaCl and PEG stress on growth, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense mechanisms was investigated in the in vitro cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. The decreased relative growth rate (RGR) and water content of PEG-stressed calli in comparison to NaCl was found to be correlated with differences observed in the energy expenditure for the maintenance of osmotic balance. Osmotic adjustment in the NaCl-stressed calli favored higher accumulation of saline ions and soluble sugars, whereas PEG-stressed calli confirmed increased levels of organic osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars). Permeability of $Na^+$ ions across the membrane revealed increased relative electrolytic leakage (REL) in NaCl-stressed calli, however non-penetrating and highly viscous solution of PEG amplified the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase displayed efficient removal of toxic reactive oxygen species in comparison to ascorbate peroxidase in the calli exposed to iso-osmotic stress. These findings suggest that differential tolerance potential to iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG stress in terms of osmotic adjustment appears to be the prime defense mechanism of Sesuvium for its survival under iso-osmotic stress conditions at the expense of reduced growth and water content.

고추 배양조직에 있어서 NaCl이 묘생장과 분화에 미치는 영향

Kwang Soo Roh(盧光洙),Byung Weon Kim(金柄源),Jae Ki Kim(金宰棋),Young Goo Park(朴龍求) 한국육종학회 1994 한국육종학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The induction of adventitious shoots from scarlped cotyledon of Capsicum annuun L. was investigated with the various combinations of BA and IAA levels, Up to 35 adventitious shoots were obtained per cotyledon on MS medium with 10 μM IAA and 12 μM BA, and 64 shoots per cotyledon were induced when 0.15% of peptone was added to this medium. The induced shoots rooted on 2/3 MS medium and were regenerated into whole plants. In order to examine the effects of NaCl on the stem elongation, and leaf and root expansion of seedlings and shoot induction from cotyledon, the seedlings were transferred to MS medium with 0~150 mM NaCl. After 3 and 6 weeks of culture, the growth of leaf, stem and root was completely suppressed on MS medium with 130 mM NaCl. Thus, around 130 mM NaCl seems to be limiting concentration for seedling growth and induction of shoot. To investigate the changes in soluble proteins caused by salt stress during shoot induction, soluble protein extracted from adventitious shoots developed from cotyledons by culturing on media with 0, 40, 80, or 120 mM NaCl was subjected to SDS-PAGE. As concentration of NaCl increases, 23, 22.6 and 21 KD that had low activity in the control without NaCl became more active. The proteins of 21.7KD and 20.6KD that had high activity in the control without NaCl showed a decreasing trend as the concentration of NaCl increases, but 26.4 KD remained at the similar level regardless of change in NaCl level.

Molecular Cloning of Maltooligosyltrehalose Trehalohydrolase Gene from Nostoc flagelliforme and Trehalose-Related Response to Stresses

( Shuang Xiu Wu ),( Liang He ),( Rong Rong Shen ),( Xiu Zhang ),( Quan Xi Wang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2011 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.21 No.8

A genomic DNA fragment encoding a putative maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (NfMTH) for trehalose biosynthesis was cloned by the degenerate primer-PCR from cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme. The ORF of NfMTH is 1,848 bp in length and encodes 615 amino acid residues, constituting a 70 kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of NfMTH contains 4 regions highly conserved for MTHs. By expression of NfMTH in E. coli, the function of this protein was demonstrated, where the recombinant protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of maltooligosyl trehalose to trehalose. The expressions of MTH and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase in the filaments of N. flagelliforme were upregulated significantly under dehydration stress, NaCl stress, and high temperature-drought stress. The accumulations of both trehalose and sucrose in the filaments of N. flagelliforme were also improved significantly under the above stresses. Furthermore, trehalose accumulated in smaller quantities than sucrose did when under NaCl stress, but accumulated in higher quantities than sucrose did when under temperature-drought stress, indicating that both trehalose and sucrose were involved in N. flagelliforme adapted to stresses and different strategies conducted in response to various stress conditions.

NaCl, 한발 및 온도 처리에 따른 유묘기 수도의 폴리펩티드 속성의 비교분석

임금춘,정영상,신정섭,Lim, Gum-Chun,Jung, Yeoung-Sang,Shin, Jeong-Sheop 한국응용생명화학회 1992 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.35 No.6

식물은 자극이 큰 환경적 stress에 반응 외견상의 변모 뿐 아니라 내적으로 생리적 생화학적인 변화가 있게 되며, 특히 체내의 단백질 합성계는 그러한 stress에 더욱 급격하게 반응한다. 여러가지 stress하에서 유묘기 벼의 단백질 수준이 어떻게 변화되는 가를 일차적으로 조사하기 위하여 NaCl, 한발 및 온도를 각각 달리 처리하여 이에 따른 폴리펩티드의 변이 양상을 전기영동에 의하여 비교하여 보았다. 환경 변화에 내성이 다소 강한 벼의 경우에도 stress 처리에 따라 다수의 폴리펩티드가 변화되었으며, 새로운 폴리펩티드의 생성도 관찰 되었다. 또한 기존의 1차 대사과정을 위한 단백질의 감소도 각각의 처리에 따라서 달리 표현되는 것이 확인되었다. Plants are altered not only in the outward appearance but also in their physiological and biochemical properties with reaction to the environmental stresses; particularly, the biosynthetic system of protein in situ rapidly responds to this. In order to investigate the change of properties of polypeptides in rice plants induced by several stresses, the seedlings were subjected to exposure to NaCl, drought, and low and high temperatures, respectively, and then some aspects of polypeptide variations were compared. Without exception, the rice plant, which is somewhat tolerant to environmental change, shows the alteration in several polypeptides. Moreover, newly synthesized polypeptides were observed in response to stresses. The existing proteins for the primary metabolic pathways were markedly decreased as each treatment progressed.

Nitric oxide mediated growth enhancement of tomato under salinity stress

Jumaah Watheq Natiq,Nabi Rizwana Begum Syed,Rolly Nkulu Kabange,Adamu Teferi Alem,Tayade Rupesh,Aye Nay Chi,Hussain Adil,윤병욱 한국식물생명공학회 2024 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.18 No.3

Salinity is a major problem for agricultural production throughout the world significantly limiting crop production. Here, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) growth and development of five different tomato cultivars under salt stress induced by different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl). Results showed that germination was significantly reduced by the salt-stress treatments in a dose-dependent manner, where germination was significantly reduced by 75 mM NaCl but completely suppressed by 100 mM NaCl. Pre-treatment of seeds with 0.001 mM sodium nitro- prusside (SNP) as a NO donor for 8 h not only accelerated the germination rate but also significantly improved the growth of seedlings under salt stress induced by 50 mM NaCl as compared to the salt-stressed plants not treated with SNP. Real-time PCR analysis showed that SNP treatment decreased the expression of antioxidant gene SlGRX1 after 6 and 12 h of the treat- ment but increased after 24 and 48 h. On the other hand, the expression of SlAPX1 was reduced at all time points, indicating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging effect of the SNP treatment via GRX1 transcript accumulation. This suggests that NO plays a vital role in seed germination and early plant development. It is, therefore, concluded that exogenous NO treatment of tomato seeds can improve seed germination and plant growth under saline conditions.

Statistical Modeling and Optimization for Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillus confusus in Submerged Fermentation under High Salinity Stress

Phisit Seesuriyachan 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.6

In the last two decades, many studies have been reported that a high concentration of NaCl suppresses exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in lactic acid bacteria. In the present study, however, the enhancement of EPS production by Lactobacillus confusus under high salinity stress in submerged fermentation was demonstrated using response surface methodology via a full factorial design. Under the optimized conditions of 3.33% NaCl, 20 g/L sucrose, and 35 h of incubation, the EPS yield was 10.87 g/L with 178% higher than the maximum yield (6.12 g/L of EPS) produced from the modified MRS medium without NaCl. Biomass production was independent of EPS production. A high yield of biomass was obtained in the culture with 0.23% NaCl. This results indicate that high salinity stress by NaCl can enhance EPS production in submerged fermentation in uncontrolled pH cultivations by inducing the production of cell-associated dextransucrase.