A model investigation into the atmospheric NO_y chemistry in remote continental Asia

Han, K.M.,Lee, S.,Yoon, Y.J.,Lee, B.Y.,Song, C.H. Elsevier 2019 Atmospheric environment Vol.214 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The OMI-observed tropospheric NO<SUB>2</SUB> columns over highly polluted regions in East Asia showed high values during the cold seasons and low values during the warm seasons. On the contrary, the monthly trends over Mongolia are completely opposite to those in polluted regions in East Asia. This study was initiated by such an interesting contrast. To determine the key factors controlling such monthly trends over Mongolia, we used the WRF-CMAQ simulated data. In the analysis, we explored the budget of <SUB> P ‾ N O x </SUB> (columnar net NO<SUB>x</SUB> chemical production rates), taking into account atmospheric chemical production and removal of NO<SUB>x</SUB> as well as surface (soil) NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions. For the polluted regions, NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions show the largest values, followed by <SUB> P ‾ R N O 3 </SUB> in terms of the magnitudes. Among the negative contributors, the largest contribution is made by <SUB> P ‾ R N O 3 </SUB> (columnar net NO<SUB>x</SUB> chemical production rates via the HNO<SUB>3</SUB> and RNO<SUB>3</SUB>-related reactions) ranging between −42% and −77% during the warm months. Other negative contributions from <SUB> P ‾ P A N s </SUB> (columnar net NO<SUB>x</SUB> chemical production rates via the formations and decompositions of PANs) and <SUB> P ‾ H e t e r o . </SUB> (columnar net NO<SUB>x</SUB> chemical production rates via the heterogeneous reactions of NO<SUB>3</SUB> and N<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB>) are relatively small. Unlike the situations over the polluted regions, the negative <SUB> P ‾ R N O 3 </SUB> was offset completely by E<SUB>NOx</SUB> (emission of NO<SUB>x</SUB>) and positive <SUB> P ‾ P A N s </SUB> over the remote continental regions of Mongolia. <SUB> P ‾ P A N s </SUB> was also regarded as an important atmospheric process, and its positive contributions range between 5% and 51% over the remote continental regions of (south) Mongolia. From the analysis, it was found that NO<SUB>2</SUB> produced via thermal decomposition of PANs in the remote continental regions of Mongolia contribute to the high NO<SUB>2</SUB> columns during the warm seasons and low values during the cold seasons.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Monthly trends of NO2over Mongolia are opposite to those over polluted regions. </LI> <LI> Thermal decomposition of PANs is the primary reason for high NO2 in Mongolia during summer. </LI> <LI> Thermal decomposition of PANs can be major sources of NOx in Mongolia. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

도기를 통한 태안 마도3호선의 출항지 연구

신종국 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2017 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.50

The underwater excavation of Mado Shipwreck No. 3, which was conducted in 2011, yielded thirty five wooden tablets. One of the tablets contains records that tell us the cargos on the ship were sent from Yeosu Prefecture(present day Yeosu City in Jeollanam-do Province).Thus, it is generally understood as that the ship departed from Yeosu or other ports located along the southern coast of Korea. However, the records written in the wooden tablets yielded from this shipwreck are simpler than those written in wooden tablets yielded from other excavated shipwrecks. Moreover, it is difficult to acknowledge the understanding that the ship departed from Yeosu when considering the artifacts, particularly stoneware vessels, which were uncovered from this shipwreck. For this reason, this paper aims to re-examine the view of “Yeosu and Other Ports along the Southern Coast of Jeollanam-do Province”, which has been recognized as the main theory about the place of departure of Mado Shipwreck No. 3, by revealing the production site of the stoneware vessels uncovered from this shipwreck. The shape and production technique of the stoneware vessels from the shipwreck can be summarized in three aspects. First, except a jar with dish-shaped mouth that seems to be produced in the southeastern region of Jeollanam-do Province, all other items were surely produced at a particular production site. Second, bottles are characterized by a wide lower body and short neck, whereas jars with flattened side and short-necked jars are characterized by a lateral mouth. Third, compared with stoneware vessels that have been found at inland sites in the southeastern region of Jeollanam-do Province to date, the vessels from this shipwreck weigh between 30 and 60 percent less and are made of finer clay. Their inner bodies are incised with a lateral line pattern. In addition, the proportion of glazed vessels in this ship is higher than at contemporary inland stoneware production sites; and even both glazed and unglazed items are found in the same pottery style. Therefore, the stoneware vessels found in this shipwreck show explicitly different styles and production techniques than those found in the southeastern region of Jeollanam-do Province; thus, this paper names these “Mado Shipwreck No. 3 Type”. Stoneware vessels showing the same typical characteristics have been uncovered from Tomb No. 23 at the Deobugol site in Goyang and Pit Feature No. 5 at Suseong Elementary School Sangdong site in Daegu. It seems that these vessels were not local products but items supplied from other regions. The excavation of the Yeonjado site in Ulju yielded large quantities of this type of stoneware, and hence, it can be inferred that these were supplied from the adjacent production site. It is difficult to know the accurate location of the production site of these goods, but it seems plausible that the vessels might have been produced in the Ulju area considering the production and distribution system of stoneware at that time. Judging from the records of the wooden tablets, particularly those listing the recipients of cargos, most goods found in this shipwreck might have been shipped in Yeosu or other ports in the southern coast of Jeollanam-do Province. However, it is a highly likely that the stoneware vessels contained in the shipwreck were the products of Yeonjado in Ulju; thus, Yeonjado might have been the first place of departure of Mado Shipwreck No. 3.

Characterization of inhibitory constituents of NO production from <i>Catalpa ovata</i> using LC-MS coupled with a cell-based assay

Park, Sangmin,Shin, Hyeji,Park, Yeeun,Choi, Ilgyu,Park, Byoungduck,Lee, Ki Yong Elsevier 2018 Bioorganic chemistry Vol.80 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An effective screening method for inhibitors of NO production in natural products using LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with a cell-based assay was proposed. The ethyl acetate fraction of <I>Catalpa ovata</I> exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia cells. We attempted to identify the active constituents of <I>C. ovata</I> by using LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with a cell-based assay. Peaks at approximately 14–15 min on the MS chromatogram were estimated to be the bioactive constituents. A new iridoid compound, 6-<I>O-trans</I>-feruloyl-3β-hydroxy-7-deoxyrehamaglutin A (<B>4</B>), and nine known compounds (<B>1</B>–<B>3, 5</B>–<B>10</B>) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of <I>C. ovata</I> by repeated column chromatography. Compounds <B>3</B>, <B>4</B>, <B>5</B>, <B>7</B>, and <B>8</B> significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NO production in BV2 cells. Our results indicate that LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with a cell-based NO production inhibitory assay successfully predicted active compounds without a time-consuming isolation process.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with a cell-based NO production inhibitory assay was developed. </LI> <LI> EtOAc fraction of <I>Catalpa ovata</I> showed inhibitory effect on NO production. </LI> <LI> Compounds between 14 and 15 min on Mass chromatogram inhibited NO production. </LI> <LI> Anti-inflammatory activity was tested on isolated compounds including a new compound. </LI> <LI> Predicted active compounds from developed method matched with the experimental data. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

용수의 연기설 재검토 및 중도적 이해

남수영(Nam, Soo-young) 불교학연구회 2012 불교학연구 Vol.32 No.-

논자는 본 논문에서 ①‘중론이 주장하는 연기는 상의성의 의미이며, 중론의 목적은 여러 법의 상의상관관계를 밝히는 것’이라고 하는 나카무라 하지메(中村元)의 견해와 ②‘상의성의 연기와 팔불연기를 동일한 것’으로 간주하면서, ③‘팔불은 동시적이고 상대적인 부정을 통해 양항을 다시 긍정하는 성격을 갖고 있다.’고 하는 윤종갑의 견해, 그리고 ④‘팔불의 상반하는 둘을 하나로 묶음으로써, 그 둘 각각의 긍정을 함의시킬 수가 있다.’고 하는 우에다 요시부미(上田義文)의 견해에 의문을 제기하고, 용수의 상호의존적 연기와 팔불의 연기를 재검토하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 1) 월칭의 언급으로부터 12연기와 상호의존의 연기는 세속제(世俗諦)로서 동일 차원에서 설해진 것이고, 팔불의 연기는 승의제(勝義諦)로서 상호의존의 연기와는 다른 차원에서 설해진 것임을 알 수 있다. 그럴 경우 상호의존의 연기와 팔불의 연기, 즉 세속제와 승의제의 분기점은 무자성과 공성의 개념이 된다. 그런 사실로부터 나카무라 하지메의 견해 ①과 윤종갑의 견해 ②는 타당성을 확보하지 못함을 알 수 있다. 2) 상호의존의 연기란 두 개의 사물이나 혹은 여러 개의 사물이 서로 의존해서 성립함을 설하는 것이다. 용수가 상호의존의 연기를 설한 목적은 인도의 대부분의 학파들이 실재로 간주하는 궁극적인 원인을 포함하는 모든 사물이 연기에 의해서 성립함을 밝히고, 다시 그로부터 모든 사물은 연기이기 때문에 무자성과 공성 등으로 설해지는 궁극적 진실인 승의제를 드러내기 위한 것이다. 3) 팔불의 연기란 연기이기 때문에 무자성인 모든 사물은 불생불멸 등의 여덟가지 특성을 지닌다는 의미이다. 팔불이 설해진 목적은 유자성론에 근거해서 설해지는 여러 학설들의 불합리를 비판하고, 무자성과 공성 등으로 설해지는 승의제를 더욱 분명하게 깨닫도록 돕기 위한 것이다. 4) 팔불의 각각은 동일한 형식으로 설해지고 있지 않다. 또한 팔불의 각각은 ‘자성으로서 불생’, ‘자성으로서 불멸’등으로 종결되며, 거기서 불생과 불멸 등 두 항목을 하나로 묶어서 다시 발생과 소멸 등을 긍정하는 경우는 발견되지 않는다. 이와 같은 사실들로부터 윤종갑의 견해 ③과 우에다 요시부미의 견해 ④는 올바르지 못한 것임을 알 수 있다. 5) 팔불은 시종일관 무자성의 개념에 근거해서 설해지고 있고, 그럴 경우 무자성은 비유비무(非有非無)라는 의미로 사용되었다. 그와 같은 사실로부터 팔불은 비유비무의 중도를 통해서 이해되어야 함을 알 수 있다. 또한 팔불의 각각은 자성으로서의 생멸, 자성으로서의 거래, 자성으로서의 일이, 자성으로서의 단상 등 불합리하고 극단적인 견해들을 부정하는 것이기 때문에, 팔불이 곧 중도라고 생각하는 것도 가능하다. 6) 월칭이 『중송』의 목적으로 제시했던 ‘모든 희론이 멈추어서 길상의 특정인 열반’에 도달하는 과정은 다음과 같다고 생각된다. 첫째, 세속제, 즉 상호의존의 연기에 의해서 일체법은 무자성이라는 승의제가 알려진다. 둘째, 승의제에 근거해서 팔불이 설해지고, 팔불을 통해서 유자성론에 뿌리를 둔 모든 희론들이 부정되는 동시에, 무자성인 모든 사물의 진실을 더욱 분명하게 깨닫게 된다. 셋째, 그런 깨달음을 통해서 무명과 갈애가 더 이상 작용하지 않게 되고, 마침내 수행자는 ‘모든 희론이 멈추어서 길상의 특징인 열반’에 도달하게 된다. The present writer raised questions to ①the opinion of Hajime Nakamura(中村元) which the dependent origination(緣起) of Mūla-madhyamaka-kārikāh is the meaning of mutual dependence(相依性) and the purpose of Mūla-madhyamaka-karikah is to reveal the mutual dependence of things, ②the opinion of Jonggap Yun(윤종갑) which the dependent origination of mutual dependence is same with the dependent origination of eight negations(八不), ③which eight negations have the nature of affirming the both items through the coincidently and relatively negations, and ④the opinion of Yoshibumi Ueda(上田義文) which we can write affirmation into the both of two items by joining into one of the contrary two items of eight negations. So the present writer reconsidered the dependent origination of mutual dependence and the dependent origination of eight negations in Mūla-madhyamaka-kārikāh, and confirmed as follow facts. 1) The dependent origination of twelve elements and the dependent origination of mutual dependence are said in a same level as belonging to the teaching of unclear meaning scriptures, but the dependent origination of eight negations is said in a different level as belonging to the teaching of clear meaning scriptures. So we could know that Hajime Nakamura’s opinion of ① and Jonggap Yun’s opinion of ② have no validity. 2) The dependent origination of mutual dependence is a theory that two or several things, action and actor, pure and impure etc., come into existence in a state of mutual dependence. The present writer thinks that the aim of the dependent origination of mutual dependence of Nāgārjuna is to reveal the fact that all things are of no intrinsic nature(無自性), emptiness(空性), dependent designation(假名), and middle-way(中道), because they are products of dependent origination. 3) The dependent origination of eight negations is a theory that all things as products of dependent origination have eight attributes of non-production(不生) non-extinction(不滅) etc. The dependent origination of eight negations has two aspects of the criticism on the theory of intrinsic nature and the revelation of the truth of no int rin sic nature of all things. So we could know that the aims of the dependent origination of eight negations are the negation of the irrational theories about production and extinction etc. based on the theory of intrinsic nature and the revelation of truth of all things of no intrinsic nature. 4) When we examined the contents and forms of the eight negations, we can see each item of the eight negations come to a stop with no-production as intrinsic nature, no-extinction as intrinsic nature etc., but we could not find any case of writing affirmation into the both of the two items, by joining into one the contrary two items of production and extinction etc. So we can know that Jonggap Yun’s opinion of ③ and Yoshibumi Ueda’s opinion of ④ are not correct. 5) The eight negations are described by the conception of no intrinsic nature from start to finish, and the conception of no intrinsic nature used as meaning of non-being and non-not-being(非有非無). Therefore we could know that eight negations must be comprehended by the middle way of no-being and no-not-being. Also because each item of the eight negations are denials to the irrational and extreme opinions of production as intrinsic nature and extinction as intrinsic nature etc., it is possible to think that the eight negations are exactly the middle way. 6) The meaning of Candrakīrti’s mention which he presented as the purpose of Madhyamaka-śāstra, ‘nirvana with auspicious feature because all of the irrational theories completely stoped’, is as follows. The truth of no intrinsic nature of all things has become known through the dependent origination of mutual dependence, and every irrational theory based on the theory of intrinsic nature is refuted by that truth.

시설고추 무경운 유기 재배의 생육 및 수량 특성과 생산비 절감효과

양승구,서윤원,손장환,박종대,최경주,정우진,Yang, Seung-Koo,Seo, Youn-Won,Son, Jang-Hwan,Park, Jong-Dae,Choi, Kyung-Ju,Jung, Woo-Jin 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.3

본 시험은 농촌 노동력이 노령화 및 부녀화되고 있은 현실에서 원예작물의 무경운 유기재배의 지속 가능성을 구명하여 농산물의 생산비를 절감하고 노령화 대응 기술을 개발하고자 시험을 수행하였다. 실험은 무농약 인증 상태를 유지하고 있는 비닐하우스 토양에서 유기재배 방법으로 시험을 수행하였으며, 시험구는 경운하지 않은 무경운 토양과, 경운 토양으로 나누어 시험을 수행하였다. 1. 경운 방법에 따른 고추의 생육 및 수량 : 고추의 생육은 무경운 재배가 관행 경운재배 고추에 비하여 주간과 주지길이, 경경과 절간장이 감소되어 생육이 억제되었다. 고추의 과 특성은 무경운 재배구가 경운재배에 비하여 과경과 1과중이 유의성 있게 증가되고 수확과수가 많아 고추 수량은 10% 정도 증수되었다. 고추의 품질은 무경운 재배구가 경운에 비하여 향상되었다. 2. 경운방법에 따른 생산비 절감 효과 : 경운방법에 따른 생산비를 이론적으로 분석한 결과 종묘 종자비와 무기질 비료비, 농약비, 수리비, 소 농구비, 영농시설상각비, 기타요금 등은 경운방법에 따라서 차이가 없었다. 무경운재배가 경운재배에 비하여 유기질 비료비 감소, 광열동력비 감소, 제 재료비의 감소, 대농구상각비 및 수선비 절감으로 중간재비가 11% 정도 절감되었다. 무경운은 경운과 관련된 작업이 생략되어 고용노력비와 자가노력비가 감소되었으며 농가소득은 11%, 소득율은 5% 정도 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 본 시험에서 무경운재배구가 관행 경운재배에 비하여 수량은 10% 정도 증수되고, 품질 향상으로 조수입은 25% 정도 증가되었다. 따라서 제재료비는 34% 정도 증가되었으며, 중간재비는 3%, 경영비는 2% 정도 증가되었고 농가소득은 무경운재배에서 52% 정도 높았고 소득율은 22% 정도 증가되었다. 경운과 무경운에 관계없이 유기재배는 관행재배에 무기질 비료비에 비하여 토양 양분관리를 위한 유기질비료(퇴비 제외) 비용이 증가되었다. 무경운농업은 농작물의 생산량과 품질, 대형농기구 구입비, 농기구의 운영비 등 경제성 뿐만 아니라, 농민의 건강과 농촌의 사회 안정화, 생물다양성과 병해충발생, 경관 조성, 국토보존, 지구온난화 대응 등 다양한 분야에 보다 적극적이고 체계적인 검토가 요청되었다. To investigate the possibility of sustainable agriculture in no-tillage pepper this study was carried out in vinyl greenhouse with organic cultivation having no pesticide certification. 1. Growth and yield in pepper cultivation General growth in pepper was suppressed with decreasing hill spacing, primary branch length, and stem width. Fruit diameter and fruit weight in no-tillage increased significantly, and yield of pepper increased by 10% compared with conventional tillage. From results organic cultivation in no-tillage improved a quality of pepper compared with conventional tillage. 2. Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage was not different in seed cost, inorganic fertilizer cost, pesticide cost, repair cost, light agricultural tool cost, agriculture facilities depreciation cost and so on. Intermediary goods cost in no-tillage was decreased by 11% for organic fertilizer cost, light and heat expenses and power rate, heavy agricultural tool cost, and repairing expenses compare with conventional tillage. Employment effort cost and work effort cost were decreased, and farm income and farm income rate were increased by 11% and 5%, respectively, in no-tillage. In this work, yield and gross income were increased by 10% and 25%, respectively, in no-tillage. Therefore material cost, intermediary goods cost, working expensive, farm income, and income rate were increased by 34%, 3%, 2%, 52% and 22%, respectively.

시설고추 무경운 유기 재배의 생육 및 수량 특성과 생산비 절감효과

양승구,서윤원,손장환,박종대,최경주,정우진 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.3

To investigate the possibility of sustainable agriculture in no-tillage pepper this study was carried out in vinyl greenhouse with organic cultivation having no pesticide certification. 1. Growth and yield in pepper cultivation General growth in pepper was suppressed with decreasing hill spacing, primary branch length, and stem width. Fruit diameter and fruit weight in no-tillage increased significantly, and yield of pepper increased by 10% compared with conventional tillage. From results organic cultivation in no-tillage improved a quality of pepper compared with conventional tillage. 2. Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage was not different in seed cost, inorganic fertilizer cost, pesticide cost, repair cost, light agricultural tool cost, agriculture facilities depreciation cost and so on. Intermediary goods cost in no-tillage was decreased by 11% for organic fertilizer cost, light and heat expenses and power rate, heavy agricultural tool cost, and repairing expenses compare with conventional tillage. Employment effort cost and work effort cost were decreased, and farm income and farm income rate were increased by 11% and 5%, respectively, in no-tillage. In this work, yield and gross income were increased by 10% and 25%, respectively, in no-tillage. Therefore material cost, intermediary goods cost, working expensive, farm income, and income rate were increased by 34%, 3%, 2%, 52% and 22%, respectively.

Bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS to Characterize Constituents Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production of Thuja orientalis

박다원,신혜지,변영주,이기용 한국생약학회 2021 Natural Product Sciences Vol.27 No.4

The ethyl acetate fractions prepared from the leaves of Thuja orientalis significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. According to bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS, the components near 22 and 25 mins in the mass chromatogram highly inhibited NO production and were expected to be labdane diterpenes, and the active components were characterized via further isolation. The results of the NO production inhibitory assay of the isolated compounds correlated well with the results of bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS. Among the identified constituents, NO production inhibitory activities of 16-hydroxy-labda-8(17),13-diene-15,19-dioic acid butenolide (2) and 15-hydroxypinusolidic acid (3) were newly reported. Taken together, these results demonstrated that LC-QTOF MS/MS coupled with NO production inhibition assay was a powerful tool for accurately predicting new anti-inflammatory constituents in the extracts from natural products. Moreover, it provided a potential basis for broadening the application of bioassay-coupled LC-QTOF MS/MS in natural product research.

Correlation between Flavonoid Content and the NO Production Inhibitory Activity of Peel Extracts from Various Citrus Fruits

Choi, Soo-Youn,Ko, Hee-Chul,Ko, Soo-Youn,Hwang, Joon-Ho,Park, Ji-Gweon,Kang, Shin-Hae,Han, Sang-Hun,Yun, Su-Hyun,Kim, Se-Jae Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2007 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.30 No.4

<P>We investigated the correlation between the flavonoid content and NO production inhibitory activity of fruit peel extracts using 20 citrus plants. The contents of seven flavonoids (naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin, rutin, nobiletin, and tangeretin) were determined by HPLC analysis. Each citrus peel extract varied in flavonoid content, but the contents of nobiletin and tangeretin, which were contained in all 20 fruit peels, showed a positive and significant correlation with each other (<I>r</I>=0.879, <I>p</I><B><</B>0.0005 for immature fruit peels; <I>r</I>=0.858, <I>p</I><0.0005 for mature fruit peels). All citrus peel extracts dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. This inhibitory effect was significantly and positively correlated with the content of nobiletin and tangeretin. Nobiletin showed a more potent NO production inhibitory activity (IC<SUB>50</SUB>=26.5 μ<SMALL>M</SMALL>) compared to tangeretin (IC<SUB>50</SUB>=136.6 μ<SMALL>M</SMALL>). This result supports the premise that nobiletin-rich citrus may provide protection against disease resulting from excessive NO production.</P>

Age-related Decline of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

Soo-Youn Baek,Jae-Eun Pie,Hong-Pyo Kim,Seung-Duk Ryu,Woon-Gye Chung,Young-Nam Cha,Chang Shin Park 한국분자세포생물학회 2002 Molecules and cells Vol.13 No.3

Hepatocytes exhibit a non-specific immune response by expressing the enzyme inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS, NOS2) through the stimulation of a mixture of cytokines, or a single cytokine such as interleukin- 1β. We examined the age-dependent inducibility of the iNOS gene expression and the capacity of NO production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in primary cultured rat hepatocytes that were isolated from the livers of rats, 3 (young) and 24 (aging) months of age. NO production (NO2 −), indicating iNOS activity, was much higher in the young rat hepatocytes following stimulation with LPS or IL-1β. Likewise, in the young hepatocytes, Western blot analyses showed much higher protein levels in the iNOS expression; it was also a little higher in mRNA levels that were analyzed by RT-PCR. Furthermore, after stimulation with IL-1β, the levels of transactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that were involved in the induction of the iNOS gene were reduced without a significant difference in the aged cells. Therefore, the decrease of NO formation in the aged hepatocytes was due to the belated and incomplete inducibility of the iNOS protein expression, together with a minor contribution of the reducedtransactivation of NF-κB. These results suggest that the age-related decline of the iNOS gene expression in primary rat hepatocytes may be associated with the increased incidence of many infective diseases with aging.

송산리 고분군 벽돌의 생산과 수급

장성윤,이찬희 한국상고사학회 2013 한국상고사학보 Vol.82 No.-

The bricks from the Songsanri tomb complex were examined by the physical, mineralogical and geochemical analysis to understand the making techniques and interprete differences of each bricks in production and supply. The study was implemented on the bricks from the royal tomb of King Muryeong, the Songsanri tomb No. 6, and some of nearly 100 bricks of unknown origin, which have been assumed to be excavated from the Songsanri tomb complex during the period of Japanese occupation. Although all bricks from the royal tomb of King Muryeong, the Songsanri tomb No. 6, and the unknown Songsanri tomb bricks were produced with soil from Jeongdongri and fired at the Jeongdongri kiln sites, Buyeo, the results were shown that the bricks were produced by different techniques for different usage. Bricks from the royal tomb of King Muryeong and the Songsanri tomb No. 6 were made compactly by removing macrocrystallines and it is assumed to be fired at a temperature from 1,000 to 1,200℃. In spite of the different patterns, it can be assumed that these bricks were produced with same material and techniques and supplied appropriately by usage because they are showing similarities in sizes, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the materials, degrees of refinement and firing temperatures. In addition, to prevent disfiguring, the patterns were made with separated-type cast and applied on bricks simultaneously with their production. Observing through X–ray radiography, the patterns were identified to be created by applying pressure on to the edges and the pattern surfaces of the casts after filling them with clay. Although the unknown Songsanri tomb bricks were made with same soil as others, their body was determined to be microstructurally loose containing macrocrystalline particles and fired at a temperature from 900 to 1,000℃. Since the shape of casts, methods of refinement process and firing temperature were different from that of the bricks of the royal tomb of King Muryeong and the Songsanri tomb No. 6, these largesized, patternless unknown bricks are considered to be produced from a different workshop or at a different period and for different purposes. The result can raise the possibility that the provenance of these unknown bricks can be other brick chamber tombs, besides Songsanri tomb complex. 이 연구에서는 송산리 고분군에서 출토된 벽돌의 제작기법을 추정하고 생산과 수급 관계를 해석하기 위해 물리적, 광물학적, 지구화학적 연구를 수행하였다. 대상 벽돌은 무령왕릉, 6호분 그리고 일제 강점기에 조사되어 정확한 출처는 알 수 없지만 송산리 고분군 출토로 전하는 백여 점의 벽돌 일부이다. 이 결과 무령왕릉, 6호분 및 송산리 고분군 출토로 전하는 벽돌은 부여 정동리 일대의 고토양을 사용하여 정동리 가마터에서 제작된 것으로 판단되나 용도에 따라 제작기법이 달랐던 것으로 나타났다. 무령왕릉과 6호분 벽돌은 거정질 입자를 제거하고 치밀하게 제작되었으며 소성온도는 1,000~1,200℃로 추정된다. 이들은 전문과 연화문을 띠고 있지만 벽돌의 크기, 재료의 화학적 및 광물학적 조성, 수비의 정도, 소성온도가 거의 동일하게 나타나 같은 재료와 제작기법으로 제작되어 각 용도에 맞게 공급된 것으로 추정된다. 문양벽돌은 문양을 훼손하지 않고 성형하기 위해 분리형 성형틀을 사용하고, 제작과 동시에 시문되는 방법을 사용한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 X–선 투과 촬영 결과로 볼 때, 문양벽돌은 점토 주입 후 가장자리와 문양면에 압력을 가하여 시문하고 탈형한 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 송산리 고분군 출토로 전하는 벽돌은 동일한 지역 토양을 사용하였으나 거정질 입자가 남아 있으며 느슨한 조직에 소성온도는 900~1,000℃로 낮게 나타났다. 이들은 무령왕릉과 6호분 벽돌보다 다소 큰 무문 벽돌로서 성형틀, 토양의 수비방법, 소성온도 등이 다르게 나타나 제작공방이나 제작시기가 달랐고 사용처도 달랐던 것으로 판단된다. 이들은 송산리 이외의 벽돌고분 축조에 사용되었을 가능성이 제기된다.