Diagnosis and evaluation criteria for mild cognitive impairment in the field of animal assisted intervention

Yunseok Jang,Won-Guk Kang,Hyun-A Lee,Okjin Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

This study was conducted to investigate the diagnosis and evaluation criteria of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. A condition that belongs to the transitional period between cognitive changes and dementia during the process of mild cognitive impairment and normal aging. The main feature that distinguishes it from mild cognitive impairment and dementia is that memory does not have a significant impact on impaired conditions or in living an independent daily life with such cognitive impairment. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-V, 2013) predicts mild cognitive impairment that is less than previous levels of practice in one or more cognitive areas. If you diagnose mild cognitive impairment. Measurement tools include the simple mental status test-Korean version (MMSE-K), the evaluation tool for elderly people (LOTCA-G), and the qi-psychiatric behavior test-simple type (NPI-Q). In addition, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, the measurement of stress, which is a factor causing mild cognitive impairment, is analyzed through changes in hormones such as Cortisol and Oxytocin. As a method to solve such mild cognitive impairment, there is a method to select clients who meet the above diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment and to apply an intervention Animal-Assisted Intervention to alleviate symptoms. Acknowledgement: This paper was supported by Rural Development Administration in 2020, Agenda Research Project(PJ01475901) - Study on the mechanism of animal assisted therapy in human animal bond.

스텝을 활용한 인지-운동프로그램이 경도인지장애 노인의 인지기능, 보행, 우울에 미치는 효과

주은솔 ( Ju Eunsol ),방요순 ( Bang Yosoon ),오은주 ( Oh Eunju ) 대한통합의학회 2020 대한통합의학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a cognitive-exercise program using step on the cognitive function, gait, and depression of elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : The subjects comprised 30 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment who used elderly welfare centers in the provinces A, B, and C between March 21 and June 7, 2019. They were divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) before undergoing an experiment based on a pretest-posttest control group design. The lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment-geriatric population was used to assess the subjects’ cognitive function, while the 4-stage balance test, 30-second chair-stand test, timed up & go test, and functional reach test were employed to evaluate their gait. In addition, the beck depression inventory was used to measure their levels of depression. Results : The cognitive-exercise program using step enhanced the subjects’ cognitive function and gait and reduced their levels of depression. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion : The cognitive-exercise program using step promoted the process of sensorimotor and cognition through the learning process of various steps taking left and right steps and cognitive activities. It improves gait by activating the coordination of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems of the body and positively affecting posture control, balance, flexibility, and lower extremity muscles. It also relieved depression by performing successful step learning and cognitive activities with forward-looking (doing) that leads to pleasure and achievement. The present study confirmed the value of a cognitive-exercise program using step to treat multiple domains of functional decline in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. This is therefore proposed as an intervention program for this patient group.

지역사회 거주 경도인지장애 노인 운전자의 자가-보고식 평가 수행에 영향을 미치는 인지기능

최성열(Seong-Youl Choi) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.12

노인 운전자가 스스로 운전능력을 점검하는 자가-보고식 평가는 운전 중 사고 또는 사고위험성을 사전에 대비할 목적으로 사용된다. 지역사회에 거주하는 정상노인의 다수가 경도인지장애로 인해 인지기능 저하를 경험할 수 있으며, 이들의 저하된 인지기능은 노인 운전자용 자가-보고식 평가 수행에 영향을 미치는 변수가 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 지역사회에 거주하는 경도인지장애 노인 운전자가 자가-보고식 평가를 수행하는 데 있어 영향을 미치는 인지기능을 확인하였다. 지역사회에 거주하는 노인 운전자 103명의 Korean Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 평가결과를 바탕으로 경도인지장애와 정상 노인을 분류하였다. 그리고 두 집단의 자가-보고식 평가인 Korean-Drivers 65 plus 점수를 비교하였고, 이 평가 결과에 영향을 미치는 인지기능을 분석하였다. 그 결과 경도인지장애 그룹이 정상 그룹과 비교하여 유의하게 낮은 평가수행 결과를 보였으며, 경도인지장애 노인 운전자의 자가-보고식 평가 결과는 시공간 실행력 및 지연 회상력과 유의한 상관성이 확인되었다. 회귀분석을 통해 자가-보고식 평가 수행에 영향을 미치는 인지기능을 확인한 결과 시공간 실행력이 가장 영향력인 높은 변수로 확인되었다. 지연 회상력 또한 부분적 영향이 확인되었지만 경도인지장애 노인 운전자의 자가-보고식 평가 결과를 변질 시키는 수준은 아닌 것으로 확인되었다. A self-report evaluation is used to prevent driving accidents by elderly drivers. The majority of normal older adults may have mild cognitive impairment with reduced cognitive function. These depressed cognitive functions may be variables that affect the performance of elderly drivers. This study confirmed the cognitive functions that affect the self-reported evaluation for elderly drivers with mild cognitive impairment. Based on the results of the Korean Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 103 elderly drivers were classified into mild cognitive impairment and normal groups of elderly drivers. The Korean-Drivers 65 plus scores used in the self-reported evaluation of the two groups were compared, and the cognitive functions affecting the evaluation were analyzed. Results found the mild cognitive impairment group showed a significantly lower evaluation performance compared to the normal group, and the self-reported evaluation results of the elderly driver with mild cognitive impairment showed a significant correlation between visuoconstructional skills and delayed recall. As a result of regression analysis, the visuoconstructional skill was identified as the cognitive function with the strongest influence on the self-reported evaluation performance. Delayed recall was also found to have a partial effect but not at the level of altering the self-reported evaluation results of the elderly driver with mild cognitive impairment.

경도인지장애 여성노인의 온라인 복합인지운동 프로그램참여가 인지기능, 우울감, 수면의 질, 체력에 미치는 영향

홍서연,류현승 충북대학교 국가미래기술경영연구소 2023 기술경영 Vol.8 No.4

본 연구는 12주간의 온라인 복합인지운동 프로그램 참여가 경도인지장애가 있는 여성노인의 인지기능, 우울감, 수면의 질, 노인기능체력에 효과가 있는지 효과성을 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상자는 온라인 복합인지운동 프로그램에 참여한 경도인지장애 여성노인 10명, 대조군 10명으로, 주 2회, 50분, 12주 동안 실시간 온라인(ZOOM)을 통해 진행되었다. 연구결과 온라인 복합인지운동 프로그램 참여 집단은 인지기능, 수면의 질, 하지근력, 하지유연성. 동적평형성에서 통계적으로 유의한 효과가 나타났다(p<.05). 반면 대조군에서는 하지근력과 하지 유연성에서 유의한 감소가 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과는 온라인 복합인지운동 프로그램이 경도인지장애(MCI)노인 여성의 인지기능, 수면의 질, 체력요소 중에서는 하지근력, 하지유연성, 동적 평형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 경도인지장애 노인에게도 온라인으로 복합인지운동 프로그램 참여에 있어 긍정적인 효과를 기대할 수 있다는 사실을 시사한다. The purpose of this study is to verify whether participation in a 12-week online complex cognitive exercise program is effective on cognitive function, depression, sleep quality, and physical fitness in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. The subjects of the study were 20 elderly women with mild cognitive impairment, and consisted of a group that participated in an online complex cognitive exercise program (N=10) and a control group of 10 people. Participation in the online complex cognitive exercise program was conducted via ZOOM, twice a week, for 50 minutes, for 12 weeks. As a result of the study, the group that participated in the online complex cognitive exercise program had improved cognitive function, sleep quality, lower extremity strength, and lower extremity flexibility. A statistically significant effect was found in dynamic balance (p<.05). On the other hand, in the control group, there was a significant decrease in lower limb strength and lower limb flexibility (p<.05). These results show that the online complex cognitive exercise program has a positive effect on cognitive function, sleep quality, and physical fitness, including lower limb strength, lower limb flexibility, and dynamic balance, in elderly women with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). And this suggests that even elderly people with mild cognitive impairment can expect positive effects from participating in real-time, non-face-to-face complex cognitive exercise programs.

경도인지장애 노인을 위한 인지프로그램의 효과-무작위 대조군 실험연구의 체계적 문헌고찰-

황민지 ( Minji Hwang ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 경도인지장애 노인의 인지기능 향상을 위한 중재와 효과에 대한 근거의 통합적 고찰을 시행하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 2010년부터 2021년 3월까지 국내의 논문 검색데이터베이스를 통해 경도인지장애(mild cognitive iImpairment), 인지(cognition), 인지기능(cognitive function) 등을 주제어로 검색된 논문들에 대한 문헌 고찰을 수행하였다. 논문의 선택 및 제외기준에 따라 무작위대조군실험(randomized controlled trials) 연구 최종 13편이 선정되었다. 분석 결과, 2가지 이상의 활동을 결합한 복합중재를 제공하는 경우가 많았고, 중재기간은 주2회, 60분, 12주가 대다수였다. 또한 인지기능 향상을 확인하기 위해 사용된 평가는 MMSE이었다. 본 연구는 국내 경도인지장애 노인의 인지기능 향상을 위한 무작위대조 실험연구를 체계적으로 고찰하여 특징을 비교 및 분석하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그러나 국내뿐만 아니라 국외의 연구를 분석하지 못했다는 제한점이 있기에 연구결과의 일반화를 위해서는 이를 보완한 반복적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 본다. This study was conducted a systematic review for integrating evidence of intervention and effectiveness for cognitive function improvement in the elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Data search was conducted from 2010 to Mar. 2021, using terms “Mild Cognitive Impairment”, “Cognition”, and “Cognitive Function”, through domestic literature search databases. A total of 13 randomized controlled trials were selected according to selection and exclusion criteria. As a result, multimodal intervention combining two or more activities was the most frequently used, and the majority of the period was twice a week, 60 minutes, and 12 weeks. The mainly used measurement for the assessment of cognitive function improvement was MMSE. Therefore, it is considered that a follow-up study is needed to develop a cognitive program for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment based on this study results and to confirm its effectiveness.

경두개 직류자극과 가상현실프로그램 적용이 경도인지장애 환자의 인지 및 우울에 미치는 영향

김고운 ( Ko-un Kim ),김보라 ( Bo-ra Kim ),안태규 ( Tae-Gyu An ) 대한통합의학회 2021 대한통합의학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program application on cognition and depression of patients with mild cognitive impairment, and to find an intervention method that can enhance active participation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : In this study, 50 mild cognitive impairment patients were divided into a treatment group (25 patients) and a control group (25 patients). The treatment group was applied with a transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program, while the control group received a placebo transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program. Both groups received five 50-minute sessions per week (one session per day) for six weeks (total of 30 sessions). NCSE was used to evaluate the cognitive functions of the patients before and after treatment intervention. Moreover, K-BDI was conducted to examine the depression of the patients. Results : As a result of the transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program intervention, the cognitive function of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) improved, and the depression of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) decreased. Moreover, the changes in cognitive functions and depression were significant between the two groups¸ treatment and control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of the study showed that the application of the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program significantly improved the cognitive function of mild cognitive impairment patients and decreased the depression of them. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program was an intervention method which positively affects the cognitive function and depression of mild cognitive impairment patients.

맞춤형 인지프로그램이 치매와 경도인지손상노인의 LOTCA-G 및 일상생활동작에 미치는 영향

이효정 ( Hyo Jeong Lee ) 대한통합의학회 2016 대한통합의학회지 Vol.4 No.1

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of LOTCA-G and ADL by individualized cognitive program in elderly with vascular dementia, alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Method : The subjects of this study, old man and woman diagnosed with vascular dementia, alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment, 24 patients were picked up, who were agreed with this research and were having hospital care for 3weeks at nursing care centers. Individualized cognitive program was applied to 8 patients of vascular dementia, 8 patients of alzheimer dementia and 8 patients of mild cognitive impairment. Cognitive function measured by LOTCA-G and performance measured by FIM. The SPSS Ver. 22.0 statistical program was used for data processing. The significance level for statistical inspection was set as 0.05. Result : In comparison of LOTCA-G was significant increased after intervention and among three groups were significant difference. But FIM was no significant difference after intervention and among three groups were no significant difference. Conclusion : Therefore, the individualized cognitive program is useful to improve the cognitive function in elderly with dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

경도인지장애와 경도 치매의 감별을 위한 대면 이름대기와 범주 이름대기의 예측 성능 비교

변해원 한국융합학회 2020 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.11 No.5

The present study identify the predictive power of confrontational naming and generative naming as screening tests for normal and early cognitive impairment. The subjects were analyzed for 203 healthy elderly, 106 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 31 mild dementia. The confrontational naming was measured by the short-term Korean Boston Name Waiting Test, and the generative naming was measured by the Control Associative Word Test. As a result of polynomial logistic regression, both confrontational naming and generative naming had a significant effect on discriminating cognitive impairment (MCI, mild dementia) in general elderly (p<0.05). On the other hand, when distinguishing mild dementia from mild cognitive impairment, the generative naming-phonetic test had no significant odds ratio. The results of this study suggest that when discriminating mild dementia in mild cognitive impairment group, it is not meaningful to look only at the total score of generative naming test. 본 연구는 정상 노인과 초기 단계의 노년기 인지 장애(경도인지장애(MCI), 경도 치매)의 선별검사인 대면 이름대기와 범주 이름대기의 예측력을 파악하였다. 노년기 인지장애로 진단을 받은 340명(정상 노인 203명, MCI 106명, 경도 치매 31명)을 분석하였다. 대면 이름대기는 단축형 한국판 보스턴 이름대기 검사로 측정하였고, 범주 이름대기는 통제연상단어검사의 의미검사와 음소검사를 이용하여 측정하였다. 이름대기 검사의 예측 성능을 비교하고자 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행한 결과, 대면 이름대기와 범주 이름대기 검사 모두 일반노인에서 MCI와 경도 치매를 감별하는 데 유의미한 효과가 확인되었다(p<0.05). 반면, MCI에서 경도 치매를 감별할 때, 범주 이름대기의 음소검사는 교차비가 유의미하지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 MCI에서 경도 치매를 감별할 때, 범주 이름대기의 총점만을 측정기준으로 분석하는 것은 유의하지 않을 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

경도인지장애 환자에서 전산화 인지훈련 프로그램의 효과

김현(Hyun Kim),이강준(Kang Joon Lee) 대한노인정신의학회 2023 노인정신의학 Vol.27 No.2

Objective: As the elderly population increases, the proportion of neurocognitive disorder is increasing. Accordingly, research on cognitive intervention therapy to prevent neurocognitive disorder is also becoming active. In particular, this study attempted to evaluate changes in cognitive function before and after training and verify their effectiveness by implementing a computerized cognitive training program for patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A computerized cognitive training program was conducted for 15 patients with mild cognitive impairment. It was conducted twice a week, 30 minutes, and 16 times for 8 weeks, and neurocognitive function was evaluated before and after training. The neurocognitive function tests are as follows; Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Korean Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (K-IADL), Korean Neuropsychiatric Inventory (K-NPI), and Memory Age-associated Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q). Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in memory domain after the implementation of the computerized cognitive training program, but no significant changes in attention, language ability, visuospatial function, and frontal lobe executive function. Among the memory areas, the Seoul Verbal Learning Test: Delayed Recall, Rey Complex Figure Test: Delayed Recall, and Rey Complex Figure Test: Recognition are showed significant improvement. In addition, there was a significant improvement in CDR (sum of box) and K-MoCA scores. There was no statistically significant difference in K-IADL and K-NPI. Conclusion: Computerized cognitive training programs have been effective in improving memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment. In order to verify the effectiveness of dementia prevention, a long-term study of a larger number is needed. The results of this preliminary study will help develop and apply cognitive training contents in the future.

안정 상태에서의 정량 뇌파를 이용한 기계학습 기반의 경도인지장애 환자의 감별 진단 모델 개발 및 검증

임승의,김진욱,문기욱,하상원,이기원 대한의용생체공학회 2022 의공학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Early detection of mild cognitive impairment can help prevent the progression of dementia. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a machine learning model that automatically differential diagnosed patients with mild cognitive impairment and identified cognitive decline characteristics compared to a control group with nor- mal cognition using resting-state quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) with eyes closed. In the first step, a rec- tified signal was obtained through a preprocessing process that receives a quantitative EEG signal as an input and removes noise through a filter and independent component analysis (ICA). Frequency analysis and non-linear features were extracted from the rectified signal, and the 3067 extracted features were used as input of a linear support vector machine (SVM), a representative algorithm among machine learning algorithms, and classified into mild cognitive impairment patients and normal cognitive adults. As a result of classification analysis of 58 normal cognitive group and 80 patients in mild cognitive impairment, the accuracy of SVM was 86.2%. In patients with mild cognitive impair- ment, alpha band power was decreased in the frontal lobe, and high beta band power was increased in the frontal lobe compared to the normal cognitive group. Also, the gamma band power of the occipital-parietal lobe was decreased in mild cognitive impairment. These results represented that quantitative EEG can be used as a mean- ingful biomarker to discriminate cognitive decline.