도재주조용 합금에 있어서 알루미륨 첨가에 따른 metal-ceramic과의 결합력 증진에 관한 연구

이재원,민병국,한민수,Lee, Jae-Won,Min, Byong-Kuk,Han, Min-Soo 대한치과기공학회 2002 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.23 No.2

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the chemically improvement of metal-ceramics bond strength in the course of recasting Ni-Cr metal composite system with 10wt.%, 20wt.% and 30wt.% aluminum respectively. We have tested the bond strength, micro-structure, chemical composition of each metal composites and metal- ceramic bond interfaces by 3-point bending strength tester, SEM and EDS. We have made the conclusions through this study as follow: 1. The most suitable amount of aluminum to the Ni-Cr metal composite recasting is 20wt. % for improving metal-ceramics bond strength with debonding strength value of 49.54 kgf/mm2. 2. The aluminum must be changed to small spread alumina like phases and second aluminum-metal composites phases in the morphology of Ni-Cr metal composite system by adding during it's casting. These second phases have inclined functional oxide phases mixed with metal elements and they must take roll to improvement of metal-ceramics bond strength. 3. In the case of 30wt.% aluminum appended to Ni-Cr metal composite system, an excess of second inclined functional oxide phases produce cracks and spalling of them apart from it's base material. It must be a important factor of reduction of metal-ceramics bond strength.

도재용착용 비귀금속과 열가압성형도재의 전단결합강도 연구

김성수,김욱태,이명곤,Kim, Seong-Soo,Kim, Wook-Tae,Lee, Myung-Kon 대한치과기공학회 2011 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Purpose: Heat pressed ceramics, used for all ceramic restorations, have the additional advantage of being technically less change through using of the lost-wax technique. Conceptually, combining the ceramic with the clinically proven reinforcing ability of a metal framework would be advantageous; however, cause of mismatching of fusion between ceramics and metal frameworks which from differences of casting temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion, pressed ceramics could not be used with a metal framework. The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strength of press-to metal ceramic to porcelain fused non precious metal and feldspatic porcelain fused non precious metal. Methods: The 30 metal specimens were casted in a porcelain fused non precious metal nickel-chromium alloy. They were divided into 3 groups by surface treatment and applied ceramic: $125{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide sandblasting and veneered feldspatic porcelain (group FP), $125{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide sandblasting and had press-to-metal ceramic applied (group PC), porcelain bonder (gold bonder) fused on surface of metal specimens and had press-to-metal ceramic applied (group PCG). In each group 10 metal specimens were used. The press-to-metal ceramic applied 20 specimens had ash-free wax pattern applied, the metal-wax complexes invested, and were pressed with heat press ceramic. All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Results: The results of measured in Mean SD and data were analyzed by one-way AVOVA (p= .05) and Tukey HSD test (p= .05).: group FP $16.090{\pm}1.841$ MPa, group PC $12.620{\pm}1.8256$ MPa, group PCG $10.920{\pm}0.9283$, significant differences between all groups (p < .05). Significant differences were found in each between group FP and group PC, group FP and group PCG (p < .05). Conclusion: The shear bond strength of press-to-metal ceramic to porcelain fused non precious metal was described higher in unused gold bonder group than used gold bonder groups.

선택적 레이저 용융 그리고 전통적인 주조 기술에 의해 제조된 Co-Cr 합금에 대한 전장용 세라믹의 전단 결합 강도 비교

홍민호(Min-Ho Hong) 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.12

최근, 치과 산업에서 레이저를 열원으로 합금을 제조하는 선택적 레이저 용융법(Selective laser melting, SLM)이 소개되고 있다. 하지만 SLM으로 제작된 금속-세라믹 수복물에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 SLM 그리고 CAST(casting)에 의해 제조된 Co-Cr 합금의 금속-세라믹(metal-ceramic) 결합 강도(bond strength)를 평가하는 것이다. SLM 그리고 CAST 방법을 사용하여 Co-Cr 시편을 제조하고 세라믹을 소결하여 시료를 제작하였다. 연구의 실험은 표본 준비 및 분석을 통해 2020년 1월부터 6월까지 수행되었다. 금속-세라믹 결합 강도는 만능 시험기에 의해 측정되었다. 부착 세라믹의 면적분(The area fraction of adherence ceramic, AFAC)은 SEM/EDS로 시편의 Si 함량을 측정하였다. 금속-세라믹 결합 강도 및 AFAC 결과는 t-test를 사용하여 분석하였다(α= .05). SLM 그리고 CAST Co-Cr 합금 사이의 결합 강도에 대해서는 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다(P>.05). SLM은 CAST 그룹보다 많은 세라믹 부착성(ceramic adherence)을 나타냈다(P<.001). 세라믹과 합금의 결합 강도는 제조 방법엥 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 SLM은 더 우수한 세라믹 부착성을 보였다. 이는 향후 임플란트 상부 보철물 제작에도 SLM으로 제작한 합금이 사용 가능한 것을 시사한다. CAST 방식의 단점을 극복하고 시간과 비용을 절약할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Selective laser melting (SLM) manufactures an alloy using laser as a heat source, and has recently been introduced in the dental industry. However, there is a lack of analytical research on metal-ceramic restorations achieved by SLM. This study evaluates and compares the metal-ceramic bond strength of Co-Cr alloys produced by selective laser melting and casting methods. Co-Cr samples required for this study were produced through the sintering process of ceramics, by applying the SLM and CAST methods. The metal-ceramic bond strength was measured by applying the shear bond strength test. In order to determine the area fraction of adherent ceramic, Si content of the specimen was measured using scanning electron microscopy SEM/ EDS. Results of the metal-ceramic bond strength and AFAC were analyzed by t-test (α = 0.05). No significant difference was observed comparing the bond strength of SLM and CAST Co-Cr alloys (P> 0.05). However, the SLM group had much better ceramic adherence than the CAST group (P < 0.001). Moreover, oxidation characteristics were similar for both SLM and CAST Co-Cr alloys, but metal structures were different. These results imply that although the bond of ceramic and Co-Cr alloy is not related to the manufacturing method, SLM alloys impart better ceramic adherence. This indicates that alloys made with SLM can be used to fabricate upper implant prostheses in the future. In particular, it is expected to overcome the shortcomings of the CAST method, and save time and cost.

A comparative study on the bond strength of porcelain to the millingable Pd-Ag alloy

홍준태,신수연 대한치과보철학회 2014 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.6 No.5

PURPOSE. The porcelain fused to gold has been widely used as a restoration both with the natural esthetics of the porcelain and durability and marginal fit of metal casting. However, recently, due to the continuous rise in the price of gold, an interest towards materials to replace gold alloy is getting higher. This study compared the bond strength of porcelain to millingable palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy, with that of 3 conventionally used metal-ceramic alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four types of metal-ceramic alloys, castable nonprecious nickel-chrome alloy, castable precious metal alloys containing 83% and 32% of gold, and millingable Pd-Ag alloy were used to make metal specimens (n=40). And porcelain was applied on the center area of metal specimen. Three-point bending test was performed with universal testing machine. The bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe’s tests (α=.05). RESULTS. The 3-point bending test showed the strongest (40.42 ± 5.72 MPa) metal-ceramic bond in the nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy, followed by millingable Pd-Ag alloy (37.71 ± 2.46 MPa), precious metal alloy containing 83% of gold (35.89 ± 1.93 MPa), and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold (34.59 ± 2.63 MPa). Nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold showed significant difference (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The type of metalceramic alloys affects the bond strength of porcelain. Every metal-ceramic alloy used in this study showed clinically applicable bond strength with porcelain (25 MPa).

Bond and fracture strength of metal-ceramic restorations formed by selective laser sintering

Bae, Eun-Jeong,Kim, Ji-Hwan,Kim, Woong-Chul,Kim, Hae-Young The Korean Academy of Prosthodonitics 2014 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.6 No.4

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of the metal and the bond strength in metal-ceramic restorations produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) and by conventional casting (CAST). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Non-precious alloy (StarLoy C, DeguDent, Hanau, Germany) was used in CAST group and metal powder (SP2, EOS GmbH, Munich, Germany) in SLS group. Metal specimens in the form of sheets ($25.0{\times}3.0{\times}0.5mm$) were produced in accordance with ISO 9693:1999 standards (n=30). To measure the bond strength, ceramic was fired on a metal specimen and then three-point bending test was performed. In addition, the metal fracture strength was measured by continuing the application of the load. The values were statistically analyzed by performing independent t-tests (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The mean bond strength of the SLS group (50.60 MPa) was higher than that of the CAST group (46.29 MPa), but there was no statistically significant difference. The metal fracture strength of the SLS group (1087.2 MPa) was lower than that of the CAST group (2399.1 MPa), and this difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION. In conclusion the balling phenomenon and the gap formation of the SLS process may increase the metal-ceramic bond strength.

A comparative study on the bond strength of porcelain to the millingable Pd-Ag alloy

Hong, Jun-Tae,Shin, Soo-Yeon The Korean Academy of Prosthodonitics 2014 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.6 No.5

PURPOSE. The porcelain fused to gold has been widely used as a restoration both with the natural esthetics of the porcelain and durability and marginal fit of metal casting. However, recently, due to the continuous rise in the price of gold, an interest towards materials to replace gold alloy is getting higher. This study compared the bond strength of porcelain to millingable palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy, with that of 3 conventionally used metal-ceramic alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four types of metal-ceramic alloys, castable nonprecious nickel-chrome alloy, castable precious metal alloys containing 83% and 32% of gold, and millingable Pd-Ag alloy were used to make metal specimens (n=40). And porcelain was applied on the center area of metal specimen. Three-point bending test was performed with universal testing machine. The bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe's tests (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The 3-point bending test showed the strongest ($40.42{\pm}5.72$ MPa) metal-ceramic bond in the nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy, followed by millingable Pd-Ag alloy ($37.71{\pm}2.46$ MPa), precious metal alloy containing 83% of gold ($35.89{\pm}1.93$ MPa), and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold ($34.59{\pm}2.63$ MPa). Nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold showed significant difference (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The type of metal-ceramic alloys affects the bond strength of porcelain. Every metal-ceramic alloy used in this study showed clinically applicable bond strength with porcelain (25 MPa).

PFM metal과 zirconia의 표면상태에 따른 전단결합강도 분석

정재관(Jung, Jae-Kwan),김경아(Kim, Kyung-Ah),이수옥(Lee, Su-Ok),김기백(Kim, Ki-Baek),김재홍(Kim, Jae-Hong),김영일(Kim, Young-Il) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.7

본 연구의 목적은 금속 도재관과 지르코니아 도재관 보철물의 하부 구조물인 금속과 상부 도재의 결합강도 (금속군), 하부 구조물인 지르코니아와 상부 도재의 전단결합강도 (지르코니아군)를 결정함에 있어서 각각 하부 구조물인 금속과 지르 코니아의 표면 처리를 다르게 하였을 때, 전단결합강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 한다. 금속군에서는 금속 표면에 각각 아무 처리를 하지 않은 집단(NM), 모래분사를 실시한 집단(SM), 불투명 도재를 도포한 집단(OM), 모래분사와 함께 불투명 도재를 도포한 집단(SOM) 총 4집단으로 나누어 실시하였고, 지르코니아군에서는 아무 처리를 하지 않은 집단(NZ), 표면에 모래 분사를 실시한 집단(SZ), 지르코니아 표면에 이장재(지르라이너)를 처리한 집단(LZ), 모래분사와 이장재 처리를 함께한 집단(SLZ) 총 4집단으로 시편을 제작하였다. 금속군과 지르코니아군 각각의 4집단의 표면 처리에 따른 전단결합강도에 영향 이 있는지 알아보기 위하여 SPSS를 사용하여 일원배치 분산분석을 시행하였다. 금속 도재관의 경우 하부 구조물인 금속 표면에 모래분사를 한 후 불투명 도재를 도포하는 것이 가장 권장되며, 지르코니아 도재관의 경우 하부 구조물인 지르코니아 표면에 모래분사를 한 후 지르라이너를 도포하는 것이 권장된다. This study examined the effects of the shear bond strength when the surface condition of the metal and zirconia, each being the lower structures, was different when determining the bond strength (metal group) of the metal lower structure with upper ceramics, and the shear bond strength (zirconia group) of zirconia lower structure with the upper ceramics in prosthetic appliances of metal-ceramic crown and zirconia-ceramic crowns. The metal groups were divided into a total of four groups: the group with no condition on the metal surface(NM), the group with sand-blasting(SM), the group with applied opaque ceramics(OM), and the group with applied opaque ceramics and sand-blasting(SOM). The zirconia groups were also separated into four groups: the group with no condition(NZ), the group with sand-blasting(SZ), the group treated with ZirLiner on the zirconia surface(LZ), and the group applied with ZirLiner along and sand-blasting(SLZ). To examine the effects on the shear bond strength according to the surface condition of each of the four metal and zirconia groups, SPSS was used to conduct one-way ANOVA. For metal-ceramic crowns, it would be best to apply opaque ceramics after sand-blasting on the surface of the metal, the lower structure. For zirconia-ceramic crowns, it is recommended to apply the ZirLiner after sand-blasting on the surface of zirconia, the lower structure.

Bond and fracture strength of metal-ceramic restorations formed by selective laser sintering

Woong-Chul Kim,Ji-Hwan Kim,Hae-Young Kim,Eun-Jeong Bae 대한치과보철학회 2014 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.6 No.4

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of the metal and the bond strength in metal-ceramic restorations produced by selective laser sintering (SLS) and by conventional casting (CAST). MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-precious alloy (StarLoy C, DeguDent, Hanau, Germany) was used in CAST group and metal powder (SP2, EOS GmbH, Munich, Germany) in SLS group. Metal specimens in the form of sheets (25.0 × 3.0 × 0.5 mm) were produced in accordance with ISO 9693:1999 standards (n=30). To measure the bond strength, ceramic was fired on a metal specimen and then three-point bending test was performed. In addition, the metal fracture strength was measured by continuing the application of the load. The values were statistically analyzed by performing independent t-tests (α=.05). RESULTS The mean bond strength of the SLS group (50.60 MPa) was higher than that of the CAST group (46.29 MPa), but there was no statistically significant difference. The metal fracture strength of the SLS group (1087.2 MPa) was lower than that of the CAST group (2399.1 MPa), and this difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION In conclusion the balling phenomenon and the gap formation of the SLS process may increase the metal-ceramic bond strength.

A comparative study on the bond strength of porcelain to the millingable Pd-Ag alloy

Soo-Yeon Shin,Jun-Tae Hong 대한치과보철학회 2014 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.6 No.5

PURPOSE The porcelain fused to gold has been widely used as a restoration both with the natural esthetics of the porcelain and durability and marginal fit of metal casting. However, recently, due to the continuous rise in the price of gold, an interest towards materials to replace gold alloy is getting higher. This study compared the bond strength of porcelain to millingable palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy, with that of 3 conventionally used metal-ceramic alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four types of metal-ceramic alloys, castable nonprecious nickel-chrome alloy, castable precious metal alloys containing 83% and 32% of gold, and millingable Pd-Ag alloy were used to make metal specimens (n=40). And porcelain was applied on the center area of metal specimen. Three-point bending test was performed with universal testing machine. The bond strength data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe's tests (α=.05). RESULTS The 3-point bending test showed the strongest (40.42 ± 5.72 MPa) metal-ceramic bond in the nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy, followed by millingable Pd-Ag alloy (37.71 ± 2.46 MPa), precious metal alloy containing 83% of gold (35.89 ± 1.93 MPa), and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold (34.59 ± 2.63 MPa). Nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy and precious metal alloy containing 32% of gold showed significant difference (P<.05). CONCLUSION The type of metal-ceramic alloys affects the bond strength of porcelain. Every metal-ceramic alloy used in this study showed clinically applicable bond strength with porcelain (25 MPa).

금속의 표면처리가 다양한 치과용 비귀금속 - 세라믹 시스템의 결합강도에 미치는 영향

황성식(Seong-Sig Hwang),이해형(Hea-Hyoung Lee),이중배(Joong-Bae Lee),최기열(Ki-Yeol Choi) 대한치과재료학회 2011 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.38 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bond strength of Be-free Ni-Cr base metal alloys with dental porcelain in comparing with those of Be-containing base metal alloys. Alloys used in this study were as followings; for Be-containing alloy, Verabond (VB), Rexillium V (RV); for Be-free alloy, Verabond 2V (2V), Bellabond Plus (BP), Super 3 (S3), Tilite P (TP), Tilite S (TS). Before applying dental porcelain, alloy specimens subjected to two different surface treatments; sandblasting and degassing after sandblasting. Metal-ceramic bond strength was determined from ISO 9693 three-point bending test. Elastic modulus of metal substrate was determined from load-displacement curve obtained from subsequent loading after debonding test. Two-way ANOVA test was conducted to analyze the effect of metal alloy and surface treatment on the bond strength and their interaction. Then multiple comparisons test between group under each surface treatment and t-test between surface treatments were conducted. The metal-ceramic bond strength was significantly affected by difference in alloy used and surface treatment, and the interaction of both variances was also significant (P<0.05). These results indicate that the effect of surface treatment on the metal-ceramic bond strength was differed with variance of metal alloy used. Degassing treatment of metal alloy increased the bond strength of group RV, S3 and TP, the others were statistically unchanged. However, the bond strength of group BP decreased significantly after degassing treatment. Overall, there was no significant difference in the metal-ceramic bond strength between Be-free and Be-containing alloys and the mean bond strength values were recorded over the minimum requirement of ISO 9693 (25 MPa), In conclusion, to increase the metal-ceramic bond strength, method of surface treatment for Ni-Cr base metal alloy should be properly selected before layering of dental porcelain.