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Input and Output Budgets for Nitrogen of Paddy Field in South Korea
정구복,홍성창,김민경,김명현,최순군,소규호 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4
The main objective of this research was to estimate the total mass of nitrogen discharged from various sources in paddy field area of South Korea in 2010 and 2013. Input and output budgets for nitrogen were estimated by mass balance approach. The mass balance approach reduces the effect of flow variations, and the large scale approach minimizes local effects, resulting in easier and faster establishment of strategy for nonpoint pollution problems. Nitrogen inputs were chemical fertilizer, compost, atmospheric deposition, biological fixation, and agricultural water, while crop uptake, denitrification, volatilization, and infiltration were nitrogen outputs. The estimated total nitrogen inputs for paddy field in South Korea were 266,211 ton yr-1, 260,729 ton yr-1, while those of total nitrogen outputs were 168,463 ton yr-1, 164,994 ton yr-1 in 2010 and 2013, respectively. Annual amounts of potential nitrogen outflow from paddy field were 97,748 ton yr-1, 95,735 ton yr-1 in 2010 and 2013. Also, annual rate of potential nitrogen outflow were 36.7%, 36.7% in 2010 and 2013, respectively.
Input and Output Budgets for Nitrogen of Paddy Field in South Korea
Goo-Bok Jung,Seung-Chang Hong,Min-Kyeong Kim,Myung-Hyun Kim,Soon-Kun Choi,Kyu-Ho So 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.1
The main objective of this research was to estimate the total mass of nitrogen discharged from various sources in paddy field area of South Korea in 2010 and 2013. Input and output budgets for nitrogen were estimated by mass balance approach. The mass balance approach reduces the effect of flow variations, and the large scale approach minimizes local effects, resulting in easier and faster establishment of strategy for nonpoint pollution problems. Nitrogen inputs were chemical fertilizer, compost, atmospheric deposition, biological fixation, and agricultural water, while crop uptake, denitrification, volatilization, and infiltration were nitrogen outputs. The estimated total nitrogen inputs for paddy field in South Korea were 266,211 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP> , 260,729 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, while those of total nitrogen outputs were 168,463 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, 164,994 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in 2010 and 2013, respectively. Annual amounts of potential nitrogen outflow from paddy field were 97,748 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, 95,735 ton yr<SUP>-1</SUP> in 2010 and 2013. Also, annual rate of potential nitrogen outflow were 36.7%, 36.7% in 2010 and 2013, respectively.
최의소 ( E So Choi ),김태훈 ( T H Kim ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2004 환경정책연구 Vol.3 No.1
This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was 1,194.5×103 tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to 422×103 tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively 8,274 kg N/km2/year from agricultural area, 730 kg N/km2/year from forest and 7,657 kg N/km2/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.
Management of Spent Ion-Exchange Resins From Nuclear Power Plant by Blending Method
Nursaidatul Syafadillah Kamaruzaman,David S. Kessel,Chang-Lak Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2018 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.16 No.1
With the significant increase in spent ion-exchange resin generation, to meet the requirements of Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) of the Wolsong disposal facility in Korea, blending is considered as a method for enhancing disposal options for intermediate level waste from nuclear reactors. A mass balance formula approach was used to enable blending process with an appropriate mixing ratio. As a result, it is estimated around 44.3% of high activity spent resins can be blended with the overall volume of low activity spent resins at a 1:7.18 conservative blending ratio. In contrast, the reduction of high activity spent resins is considered a positive solution in reducing the amount of spent resins stored. In an economic study, the blending process has been proven to lower the disposal cost by 10% compared to current APR1400 treatment. Prior to commencing use of this blending method in Korea, coordinated discussion, and safety and health assessment should be undertaken to investigate the feasibility of fitting this blending method to national policy as a means of waste predisposal processing and management in the future.
Management of Spent Ion-Exchange Resins From Nuclear Power Plant by Blending Method
Kamaruzaman, Nursaidatul Syafadillah,Kessel, David S.,Kim, Chang-Lak Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2018 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.16 No.1
With the significant increase in spent ion-exchange resin generation, to meet the requirements of Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) of the Wolsong disposal facility in Korea, blending is considered as a method for enhancing disposal options for intermediate level waste from nuclear reactors. A mass balance formula approach was used to enable blending process with an appropriate mixing ratio. As a result, it is estimated around 44.3% of high activity spent resins can be blended with the overall volume of low activity spent resins at a 1:7.18 conservative blending ratio. In contrast, the reduction of high activity spent resins is considered a positive solution in reducing the amount of spent resins stored. In an economic study, the blending process has been proven to lower the disposal cost by 10% compared to current APR1400 treatment. Prior to commencing use of this blending method in Korea, coordinated discussion, and safety and health assessment should be undertaken to investigate the feasibility of fitting this blending method to national policy as a means of waste predisposal processing and management in the future.