Taxonomic review of the genus Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) in Korea

이광수,강태화,정지웅,류동표,이흥식 한국곤충학회 2015 Entomological Research Vol.45 No.5

A taxonomic review of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. A total of nine species of five subgenera with two unrecorded species are listed: Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar Linnaeus 1758, L. (P.) xylina Swinhoe 1903, L. (Lymantria) monacha (Linnaeus 1758), L. (L.) minomonis Matsumura 1933 (new to Korea), L. (L.) similis monachoides Schintlimeister 2004 (new to Korea), L. (L.) lucescens (Butler 1881), L. (Nyctria) mathura Moore 1865, L. (Collentria) fumida Butler 1877, and L. (Spinotria) bantaizana Matsumura 1933. Lymantria (Lymantria) minomonis and L. (L.) similis monachoides are newly added to the Korean fauna. Lymantria (L.) minomonis was found only on Bogildo Island of Jeollanam‐do in the southern part of Korea, and L. (L.) similis monachoides was collected in central Korea. Lymantria (Porthetria) xylina and L. (Collentria) fumida were not examined in this study, and it is considered that the previous records were due to misidentification or they are only distributed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. We provide diagnoses of two unrecorded species and adult habitus and genitalia photos of the Korean Lymantria species.

Molecular phylogeny of Indonesian Lymantria Tussock Moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) based on CO I gene sequences

Sutrisno, Hari The National Institute of Biological Resources 2014 Journal of species research Vol.3 No.1

Many species of Lymantria are important forestry pests, including L. dispar which is well known distributed from Asia to North America as an invasive species. Like of most other genera of moths, the systematic of this genus is still in dispute, especially on the monophyly and the relationship within this genus due to the fact that genus is very large and varied. This genus was morphologically defined only by a single aphomorphy. To clarify the monophyly of the genus Lymantria, to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among the Indonesian species, and to establish the genetic characters of Indonesian Lymantria, we analyzed 9 species of Indonesian Lymantria involving 33 other species distributed around the world based on nucleotide sequence variation across a 516-bp region in the CO I gene. The results showed that the base composition of this region was a high A+T biased (C: 0.3333). The results also showed that the monophyly of Lymantria was not supported by bootstrap tests at any tree building methods. Indonesian species was distributed into four different groups but the relationship among them was still in dispute. It indicates that relationships among the basal nodes (groups) proposed here were least valid due to the fact that the number of species may not be enough to represent the real number of species in the nature. Moreover CO I gene sequences alone were not able to resolve their relationships at the basal nodes. More investigations were needed by including more species and other genes that the more conserved.

DNA Barcoding of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) for Quarantine Inspection.

Kang, Tae Hwa,Lee, Kwang-Su,Lee, Heung-Sik Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2015 Journal of economic entomology Vol.108 No.4

<P>DNA barcoding and morphological analyses of Korean Lymantria (Erebidae, Lepidoptera) were conducted for quarantine inspection. In DNA barcoding, Lymantria dispar identified through quarantine inspection was distinguished as three species, L. dispar asiatica, L. albescens, and L. xylina. Lymantria monacha, which is known as a single species in Korea, is revealed as containing three species, L. monacha, L. minomonis, and L. sugii. At the subspecies level, L. dispar dispar formed a single cluster, whereas L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica formed a cluster containing both subspecies. In morphological re-examination on DNA barcoding results, L. dispar was distinguished from L. albescens by wing pattern, and from L. xylina by papillae anale. L. monacha and the related species were hard to be distinct from each other by using wing pattern, but it was easily distinct through comparison of genitalia. Therefore, DNA barcoding led to accurate identification in species level, but in subspecies level, only a taxon showing geographically far distance was discriminated from the others. These results may provide a taxonomic outline of the Korean Lymantria fauna and may be used as an identification reference for Lymantria species during quarantine inspection.</P>

DNA barcoding of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) for quarantine inspection

Tae Hwa Kang,Kwang-Su Lee,Min Young Kim,Su Bong Ha,Heung-Sik Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

We carried out DNA barcoding of five Korean Lymantria species to establish identification references library for quarantine inspection. Total of 118 samples including 34 samples obtained through quarantine inspection, two from USDA, and one collected from Philiphine were used for this study. And 30 sequences of 10 species from GenBank of NCBI were used as reference sequences. In a result of DNA barcoding of the Korean Lymantria species, sequence divergence of 148 DNA barcodes ranged from null to 17.0%, intraspecific divergence from null to 1.0%, and interspecific divergence from 5.1 to 17.0%. In NJ tree, L. dispar contained three clusters, which were identified as L. dispar asiatica, L. albescens, and L. xylina, respectively. L. xylina was collected through quarantine inspection on a foreign merchant ship in Yeosu port, and L. albescens was obtained by pheromone trap on L. dispar installed in Busan port. And L. monacha known as single species in Korea was revealed as species complex with three species, L. monacha, L. minomonis, and L. sugii. In subspecies level, L. dispar dispar (EGM) built single cluster, but L. d. asiatica (AGM) and L. d. japonica showed as multiple cluster. Therefore, DNA barcoding lead to rapid and accurate identification in species level, but in subspecies level, only a taxon showing geographically far distance was discriminated from the others. And the results could provide a taxonomic outline of the Korean Lymantria fauna and might be used as identification reference for Lymantria species in quarantine inspection.

Discover of a male of Okinawa gypsy moth, Lymantria albescens trapped in sex-pheromone trap for AGM, Lymantria dispar

Heung-Sik Lee,Tae Hwa Kang,Gwangsu Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.04

A male specimen of Lymantria albescens (called as Okinawa gypsy moth) was captured in Busan, by sex-pheromone trap for Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2- methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure]. Up to now, this species is distributed only in Ryukyu Islands of Japan including Ishigaki and Okinawa. The male of Okinawa gypsy moth might be attracted to AGM pheromone trap. If L. albescens is occurred in Korea, more many male individuals must be captured in pheromone trap. Therefore, we considered that the individual might be imported from Japan by inanimate pathway. Although it is high probability that L. albescens might be imported from Okinawa, it is important to a survey on an invasive pathway of the species in a view point of quarantine inspection. Through this presentation, we provided a detection method on Lymantria species using DNA barcoding. On the basis of this study, we will conduct on an invasive pathway and inhabitation possibility.

매미나방(Lymantria dispar ) 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향

조아해,김효정,이진희,김지인 한국응용곤충학회 2023 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.62 No.4

매미나방(Lymantria dispar)은 나비목(Lepidoptera) 독나방과(Lymantriidae)에 속하는 해충으로 매미나방은 한국, 일본, 시베리아, 유럽, 북아메리카 등에 분포하며, 주로 배나무, 사과나무, 블루베리 등의 식물을 가해하는 광식성 해충이다. 매미나방은 수목해충으로 관리되어 왔으나 최근 산림 발생지 인접 농경지로 유입 빈도가 높아지면서 방제 대책이 수립되지 않은 농작물에 피해가 심하다. 본 연구는 매미나방(L. dispar)의 방제기술의 일환으로 매미나방 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향을 알아보기 위해 2021년 전라남도 장흥군 황금측백나무에서 채집한 알집을 이용해 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33°C (14L:10D, 상대습도 60±5%) 항온조건에서 온도별, 발육단계별 발육기간을 조사하였다. 매미나방 유충의 발육속도는 온도가 높을수록 빨라졌으나, 매미나방 유충의 생존율이 33°C에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 발육적온은 30°C였으며, 30°C에서 총발육기간은 암컷 43.8일, 수컷 42.5일 소요되었다. 암컷과 수컷 발육영점온도는 각각 13.1°C, 12.5°C, 유효적산온도는 각각 641.1 DD, 657.8 DD였다. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), a polyphagous insect pest belonging to the family Lymantriidae, is widely distributed in Korea, Japan, Siberia, Europe, and North America. They pose a threat to various host plants including pear trees, apple trees, and blueberries. Traditionally considered a forest pest, the increasing incursion of gypsy moths into agricultural land near forested areas has intensified damage to crops lacking effective control methods. This study aimed to investigate the temperature-dependent development of gypsy moths to enhance outbreak prediction and advance technology development. The effects of temperature on development of each life stage were investigated under constant temperature conditions of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33°C (14L:10D, RH 60±5%) utilizing egg masses collected in Jeollanam-do Jangheung-gun in 2021. The results revealed that higher temperatures accelerated the development rate of the gypsy moth larvae with optimal development occurring at 30°C. However, the survival rate was lowest at 33°C. At the favorable temperature of 30°C, the total development period was 43.8 days for females and 42.5 days for males. The developmental threshold temperature were 13.1°C for females and 12.5°C for males, with effective accumulated temperature of 641.1 DD and 657.8 DD, respectively.

매미나방(Lymantria dispar)의 유약호르몬과 유약호르몬 에스테라제의 활성도

이경로,안기흥,이충언,강정호,신병식 한국곤충학회 1995 Entomological Research Vol.25 No.4

매미나방(Lymantria dispar) 유충의 혈림프 유약호르몬(JH)을 영(instar), 일(day), 시간(hr)에 따라 암수 구분하여 Galleria 큐티클 왁스 검사와 Gas liquid chromatography(GLC)로 조사하였고, 이를 조절하는 유약호르몬 특이 에스테라제(JHE)의 활성도를 측정하여 비교하였다. Gallrria 큐티클 검사 결과 JH titer는 암수 모두 4령(IV)에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, 수컷은 5령(V)에서 17,000GU/g 암컷은 6령(VI)에서 6,000GU/g으로 최저의 JH titer를 나타내었다. JH titer에서 최고치를 보인 4령 유충의 1일부터 7일까지 일별 JH titer의 변화는 수컷은 4령 2일에서 암컷은 4령 1일에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 일별 JH titer에서 최고의 활성을 나타낸 4령 2일(♂), 1일(♀)의 시간별 JH titer는 암수 모두 12시간에 서 55,000GU/g(♂), 48,000GU/g(♀)으로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. GLC로 분리한 결과 5가지 측정되었으나 JH I, II, III 3종류는 동정되었고, 2가지는 미동정되었다. GLC에 의한 JH titer의 변화는 전체적으로 4령 유충에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타낸 후 감소하여 6령에서는 아주 미미한 양이 검출되었다. 성별 JH titer의 변화는 전체적으로 암컷이 수컷보다 높은 값을 나타냈다. 동정된 JH별 변화에서는 영과 성에 관계없이 JH II가 가장 높은 titer를 나타낸 반면 JH I은 4령에서 0.029ng/m1(♂), 0.0515ng/ml(♀)로 나타났고, JH III는 특이하게 수컷 4령에서 0.0283ng/m1로 낮은 titer를 보였다. 유충의 각 시기별 JHE의 활성도는 2령 수컷에서 0.8n mole/min/ml로 최저이고 5령에서 3.6n mole/min/ml로 최고값을 나타냈다. JH의 활성이 가장 높은 4령의 날짜별 JH 가수분해율은 수컷의 5일에서 최저이고 7일에서 최고인 반면 암컷에서는 1일에서 최저이고 4일에서 최고치를 나타내어 전반적으로 수컷이 더 높은 활성을 나타내었다. JH titer가 가장 높은 4령 2일(♂)과 1일(♀)의 시간별 JH 가수분해율은 수컷에서는 6시간에서 2.3n mole/min/ml의 높은 JHE 활성도를 나타내었고, 암컷에서는 24시간에서 4.7n mole/min/ml로 최고치를 나타내어 역상을 나타내었다. Haemolymph juvenile hormone(JH) titers were examined using Galleria cuticle wax test and gas liquid chromatography(GLC) and juvenile homone specific esterase(JHE) activities, which control JH, measured in both sexes of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, during different larval stages, days and time. Galleria cuticle wax test had the highest JH titer at the 4th instar larvae on both sex(30,000 GU/g(♂), 33.000 GU/g( ♀)), and the lowest JH titer at the 5th instar larvae in male(17,000 GU/g), 6th instar larvae in female(6,000 GU/g). When JH titer was measured from day-1 to day-7 at the 4th instar larvae, it was high at day-2 in male(42,000 GU/g) and day-1 in female(37,000 GU/g), When JH titer was measured according to time, its high level was observed at 12 hour on both sexes(55,000 GU/g(♂) and 48,000(♀)). We found five JHs and three of them were identified as JH I, II, III, but two of them unidentified. 4th instar larvae showed a dramatic change of JH titers and female was me-re extreme than male. JH IIshowed the greatest change of its level regardless of different stages of larvae and sexes. JH I showed 0.029ng/m1( ♂ ), 0.015ng/ml(♀) at 4th instar larvae and specially JH III 0.0238 ng/ml at male 4th instar larvae, which is lower titer. Juvenile hormone specific esterase(JHE) activities of the gypsy moth in the different larval stages were lower at the 2nd instar larvae in male(0.8 mole/min/ml), and highest at the 5th instar larvae(3.6n mole/min/ml). When hydrolysis rate of JH at the 4th instar larvae whose JH titer was highest was measured, in male larvae, it was lowest(0.9n mole/min/ml) at day-5 and highest at day 7, and in female larvae, it was lowest(0.9m mole/min/ml) at day-1 and highest(3.3n mole/ min/ml) at day-4. Hydrolysis rate of JH in day-2(♂) and day-1 at the 4th instar larvae, whose JH titer was highest, was high in JHE activity at 6 hour(2.3 mole/min/ml) in male and 24 hour(4.7n mole/min/ml) in female. In conclusion, JH titer and JHE activity was shown to be inversely proportional.

매미나방(Lymantria dispar) 유충의 혈림프 유리아미노산의 함량 변화

이경로,강정호,이해풍 한국곤충학회 1990 Entomological Research Vol.20 No.1

매미나방(Lymantria dispar) 유충의 발생에 따른 혈림프 유리아미노산을 HPLC를 사용하여 분석하였다. 유충의 혈림프에서 필수아미노산을 포함한 18종의 유리아미노산을 분리하였고, aspartic acid는 특이하게 3령 유충에서만 검출되었다. 전 발생단계에서 histidine이 최고함량을 나타냈고 다음으로 arginine과 lysine이 높게 나타났다. 영별 아미노산의 함량변화는 수컷 3령 유충에서 가장 높게 나타난 후 계속 감소하였으며, 암컷은 4령 유충에서 최고치를 보였고 감소하다가 7령 유충에서 다시 증가하였다. 한편, 총함량은 암컷이 수컷에서 보다 높게 나타났다. 일별 아미노산도 양적 변화를 보여 histidine이 전시기에 걸쳐 50% 이상이었고, arginine, lysine, serine등도 비교적 높았다. 일별 변화에서 총함량은 암 수 모두 5령 유충의 3일에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 수컷은 1일에서 최저치였으나 암컷은 2일과 5일에서 거의 비슷한 수준이었으며, 성별 비교에서는 암컷이 높아 영별 변화와 일치하였다. Free amino acids in the hemolymph during larva stages of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar were determined by HPLC. A total of 18 free amino acids including 10 essential amino acids were found but aspartic acid was present at 3rd instar larva only. Histidine was predominant amino acids, then arginine and lysine were shown to have high concentration at all stages. In male the concentration of total free amino acids decreased gradually from 3rd to 6th instar larva. At the 4th female larva, that of total free amino acids marked maximum. But it declined rapidly to 6th instar larva, and then followed by increase at 7th instar larval stage. During 5th instar larva development, free amino acids also showed changes in concentration 3 old day larva contained the highest content at both sexes. 1 old day male larva appeared the minimum level, whereas 2 old and 5 old day larvae marked low level at female.

Methoprene이 매미나방 6령유충의 유리 아미노산 조성에 미치는 영향

강정호,오세원,이경로 한국곤충학회 1993 Entomological Research Vol.23 No.3

유충호르몬(juvenile hormone : JH)이 혈림프의 유리 아미노산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 JH 유사물인 mtethoprene (isopropyl (2E, 4E)-11-methoxy-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-2, 4-dodecadienoate)을 매미나방(Lymantria dispar)의 6령유충에 도포처리(topical treatment)와 경구처리(ingestion treatment)를 하여 HPLC로 유리 아미노산 조성을 조사하였다. 혈림프 내의 유리 아미노산은 암, 수에서 모두 14종을 동정하였으며 일부 미지물도 확인되었다. 아미노산의 함량 변화는 glutamine이 가장 높게 나타났으며, lysine, serine, valine 등이 비교적 많은 함량을 보인 반면, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine 등은 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. 총함량은 전체적으로 처리군이 대조군보다 감소하였으며, 수컷이 암컷보다 대조군과 처리군간에 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내 (P<0.1), 수컷이 methoprene의 영향을 더 받는 것으로 확인되었다. The effect of methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue, on amino acid composition in the hemolymph from 6th instar larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar were studied with HPLC. A total of 14 free amino acids were found. Glutamine was the predominent, and lysine, serine and valine were also relatively abundant. Glutamic acid was the least in quantity. Except for ingestion group, the total content of free amino acids in female were high. Amino acid contents of the methoprene treatment group were lower than those of the control group. For significance level 10% (p<0.1), there exist difference between control and methoprement treatment group in male.

매미나방(Lymantria dispar)의 혈림프 exo-$\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2의 정제와 특성

유정현,윤치영,여성문 한국곤충학회 1994 Entomological Research Vol.24 No.1

매미나방 (Lymantria dispar)에서 4종의 $eta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase를 확인하였으며 이 중 exo-$\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2(E2)를 column chromatography에 의해 분리, 정제하였다. 분자량은 27Kda, pI는 5.75, $ho$-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosamine에 대한 Km 값은 2.5$\times$$10^{-3}$M이었다. 또한 최적반응 pH는 5.5. 최적반응 온도는 7$0^{\circ}C$이었으며, 7$0^{\circ}C$까지 열안정성을 나타내었으나 그 이후 급격히 활성이 소실되었다. 정제된 효소는 $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^{+}$ 등에 의해 활성이 증가되었으며 반면에 H $g^{2+}$, C $u^{2+}$, F $e^{2+}$, F $e^{3+}$ 등에 의해 활성이 억제되었다.다. Four isozymes of $\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in gypsy moth Lympantria dispar. Of these isozymes exo-$\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 (E2) was isolated and purified by different types chromatography E2 had a molecular weight of 27 Kda, an isoelectric point of 5.75 and a Km value of 2.5$\times$10$^{-3}$ M. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 5.5 and 7$0^{\circ}C$, respectively, and maintained its normal activity until 7$0^{\circ}C$. E2 was activated by $Mg^{2+}$, M $n^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$, and inhibited by H $g^{2+}$, C $u^{2+}$, F $e^{2+}$, F $e^{3+}$./.+}$</TEX>./.