Liquid fuel processing for hydrogen production: A review

Bae, Joongmyeon,Lee, Sangho,Kim, Sunyoung,Oh, Jiwoo,Choi, Seunghyeon,Bae, Minseok,Kang, Inyong,Katikaneni, Sai P. Elsevier 2016 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.41 No.44

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Liquid fuel processing technologies have attracted attention because of the increasing importance of energy and environmental problems. Liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel are promising hydrogen sources because of their high hydrogen densities, widespread applications and well-constructed infrastructure. Liquid fuels can be used in various applications, such as fuel cells, through liquid fuel processing. Pure hydrogen or natural gas has been used depending on the fuel cell type. However, pure hydrogen and natural gas are unavailable in some applications and areas. Therefore, fuel cell applications can be diversified by using liquid fuels. The liquid fuel delivery, catalytic reforming and reformate cleaning processes have been investigated for producing hydrogen-rich gases. Some kW-class reactors have also been developed for practical applications. This paper will summarize and discuss each liquid fuel processing technology and the kW-class reactors for converting liquid fuels into hydrogen-rich gases in a stable manner.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The current status on liquid fuel processing for producing hydrogen is discussed. </LI> <LI> Fuel delivery, catalysts, and reformate cleaning are investigated in detail. </LI> <LI> kW-class reforming reactors have been introduced from various research groups. </LI> </UL> </P>

Influence of gas-to-liquid fuel on the combustion and pollutant emission characteristics

Park, Su Han,Lee, Donggon,Lee, Chang Sik Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd 2014 Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engin Vol. No.

<P>The purpose of this work was to investigate the combustion performance and the pollutant emission characteristics of gas-to-liquid fuel in a passenger car’s diesel engine. In order to perform this study, the test facilities were set up on a 1.6 l four-cylinder compression ignition diesel engine with a common-rail injection system. Gas-to-liquid fuel combustion under a high-engine-load condition was compared with conventional diesel and biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The performance test results revealed that the gas-to-liquid fuel shows more rapid ignition than diesel and biodiesel do because of its high cetane number. The rates of increase in the combustion pressure in gas-to-liquid fuel and biodiesel were smaller than that in diesel, and the maximum rate of heat release from gas-to-liquid fuel was the lowest among the three test fuels. In terms of emission analysis, gas-to-liquid fuel shows a slight decrease in the nitrogen oxide emissions and significant reductions in the hydrocarbon and the carbon monoxide emissions compared with other test fuels. Meanwhile, the combustion of gas-to-liquid fuel indicates a lower concentration of soot emissions than those from conventional diesel but slightly higher than those from biodiesel owing to the variation in the low heating value parameter.</P>

The Difference for Proliferation Resistant and Physical Protection (PRPP) Concept for Liquid-Fueled Reactor

Youngjoon Lee,Sunyoung Chang 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Molten salt reactor (MSR) has a unique characteristic using liquid fuel and/or coolant salt among six type of GEN IV reactors. Liquid fuels and on-site processing are fundamentally different from a solid fuel reactor where separate facilities produce the fresh solid fuel and process the Spent Nuclear Fuel. Because the choice of fuel cycle affects the safeguards and non-proliferation characteristics of the reactor system, different MSR concepts may have different proliferation resistance and physical protection characteristics. For example, MSR design variants that use solid fuel but are cooled with liquid salts such as FHR are very close to the Very High Temperature Reactor design concept. The composition of various fuel salts is a representative factor that makes it difficult to generalize the PRPP evaluation principle of MSR. In addition, the flow of molten salts containing fissile materials is also complex depending on the design of the reactor. The path through which radioactive materials travel not only inside the reactor but also to nuclear fuel cycle facilities can act as a difficult factor in measuring nuclear materials. As a further complication, some of the plants include fuel salt drain tanks intended to provide decay heat removal while others are designed to provide decay heat removal while the salt is maintained within the reactor vessel. Some lessons learned from the prior molten salt breeder reactor program are reflected in all of the new designs. Interior reflectors/shielding are frequently employed to reduce the radiation damage to the reactor vessel, and fuel salt chemistry control is employed to substantially limit oxidizing the container alloy constituents. However, even with the vessel interior shielding, the containment environment around both solid and liquid fueled MSRs during operation is likely to have substantially higher dose rates than at LWRs due to the fission process and fission products in the case of circulating liquid fueled reactors, and the shortlived activation products of fluorine (16N, 20F, and 19O) in the case of FHRs. Consequentially due to insufficient shielding from the coolant and the vessel wall, MSR containments will be remote access only for liquid fueled systems and remote access only during operation for FHRs.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of novel trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel

Dharaskar, S.A.,Wasewar, K.L.,Varma, M.N.,Shende, D.Z.,Tadi, K.K.,Yoo, C.K. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2014 Fuel processing technology Vol.123 No.-

In present paper experimental data on extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel using trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphinate has been presented. The FTIR, <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR, <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR, <SUP>31</SUP>P NMR, and ESR have been discussed for the molecular confirmation of synthesized phosphonium based ionic liquid. Further, conductivity, solubility, and viscosity analyses of phosphonium ionic liquids were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, ultrasonication, and recycling of ionic liquid without regeneration on removal of dibenzothiophene from liquid fuel were also investigated. In extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane was 79.5% for mass ratio of 1:1 in 30min at 30<SUP>o</SUP>C under the mild reaction conditions. Phosphonium ionic liquids could be reused five times without a significant decrease in activity. Also, the desulfurization of real fuels, multistage extraction was examined. The data and results provided in present paper explore the significant insights of phosphonium based ionic liquids as novel extractant for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels.

냉시동 조건에서 디젤연료의 온도에 따른 유동 및 분무특성 변화

신주곤 ( Jugon Shin ),박현욱 ( Hyunwook Park ),배충식 ( Choongsik Bae ) 한국액체미립화학회 2016 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

With the increasing use of diesel engines, emission regulations continuously become stringent such as particulate matter and nitrogen oxides as well as carbon dioxide. Issues related to the emission problem in diesel engines are represented seriously under cold-start conditions. Flow and spray characteristics of diesel fuel could be also problems under cold-start conditions, because fuel properties such as viscosity and density are changed by fuel temperature, especially at low ambient conditions. In this research, the effect of diesel fuel temperature on the flow and spray behavior under cold-start conditions was studied. The flow and spray characteristics of diesel fuel were investigated for injection rate using Bosch tube method and liquid-phase fuel penetration using Mie scattering in a constant volume combustion chamber, respectively. The injection quantity decreased at the same injection duration because of the increase fuel viscosity, as the fuel temperature deceased from 293 K to 253 K. In addition, the liquid-phase fuel penetration was longer by attenuating fuel evaporation due to low fuel and ambient temperature, and the spray angle was smaller especially in the initial stage of diesel fuel injection as well. The decrease of evaporation of injected fuel inside the chamber made the liquid-phase fuel penetration last longer. These results mean that the low fuel and ambient temperature have a negative effect on air-fuel mixing process.

자동차용 LPG 펌프의 연료조건에 따른 성능특성에 관한 연구

박철웅(Cheolwoong Park),김창업(Changup Kim),최교남(Kyonam Choi) 대한기계학회 2008 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.32 No.4

The need for more fuel-efficient and lower-emission vehicles has driven the technical development of alternative fuels such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) which is able to meet the limits of better emission levels without many modifications to current engine design. LPG has a high vapor pressure and lower viscosity and surface tension than diesel and gasoline fuels. These different fuel characteristics make it difficult to apply it for the conventional gasoline or diesel fuel pump directly. In this study, experiments are performed to get performance and efficiency of the fuel pump at different condition as temperature, rotating speeds, composition of fuel. The characteristics of fuel pump is affected by cavitation due to the variation of temperature and composition.

On the effect of spray parameters on CO and NO_x emissions in a liquid fuel fired flameless combustor

Sharma, Saurabh,Kumar, Rohit,Chowdhury, Arindrajit,Yoon, Youngbin,Kumar, Sudarshan Elsevier 2017 Fuel Vol.199 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to delineate the effect of various spray parameters on CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions in a combustor operating in flameless combustion mode with kerosene fuel. Thermal input was varied in the range of 20–41kW (Heat release density ∼5–10MW/m<SUP>3</SUP>) with different fuel injectors and various fuel injection pressures. Spray parameters were varied by employing two separate conditions (i) same fuel flow rate with different solid cone pressure swirl spray nozzles (N1 – N4) and injection pressures (2.5–14bar) to achieve varying spray parameters at same thermal input (ii) same fuel injection nozzle at different fuel flow rates and injection pressures (5–13bar) to understand their effect on combustion and emissions. In both the cases, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) varied in the range of 34–58μm with spray cone angle varying from 42° to 56° using different nozzles and fuel injection pressures. Tangential air injection helped achieve higher recirculation of hot combustion products in the primary zone of the combustor for all thermal inputs. The finer sprays obtained at higher injection pressures helped achieve improved recirculation and better mixing, resulting in uniform temperature and hence reduced CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions. The measured CO and NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions were in the range of 28–70ppm and 2–10ppm for all heat inputs with global equivalence ratio varying from ϕ=0.6 to 1, respectively. Measured acoustic emission levels were in the range of 98–101dB and 104–107dB for the flameless and transition mode respectively. The measured CO, NO<SUB>x</SUB> and acoustic emissions are an order of magnitude smaller those corresponding to conventional combustion mode. It was observed that coarser sprays led to a significant increase in acoustic emissions, relatively non-uniform temperature distribution and higher CO, NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions during flameless combustion mode.</P>

LPG 펌프에서 필터 종류에 따른 펌프 토출성능에 대한 연구

이석환(Seok Hwan Lee),박철웅(Cheol Woong Park),김창업(Chang Up Kim) 한국가스학회 2009 한국가스학회지 Vol.13 No.4

최근 연료경제성 및 강화되는 배출가스 규제를 만족하기 위하여 대체연료의 하나인 LPG에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 현재 LPG 차량에 적용되고 있는 제3세대 LPG 연료공급방식인 LPLi(Liquid Phase LPG Injection) 시스템은 가솔린 차량과 비교하여 배출가스는 적게 배출하면서 동등한 출력을 낼 수 있게 하는 핵심 기술이다. LPG 연료를 고압의 액상 상태로 공급하기 위해서는 LPG 펌프가 필요하다. 연료펌프의 성능을 저하 시킬 수 있는 연료 내 불순물을 제거하기 위하여 연료펌프에는 연료필터가 장착되어 있으며 장착되는 연료필터의 종류에 따라서 연료펌프의 성능도 변하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 임펠라 방식을 채택한 LPG 연료펌프에서 극세사, 이중메쉬, 외장형필터의 세 가지 필터에서 부하별 토출성능 및 효율을 파악하였으며 온도 변화에 따른 펌프유량변화를 측정하였다. In recent years, the needs for more fuel-efficient and lower-emission vehicles have driven to use the alternative fuel of LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) which is able to meet the more stringent legislations without many modifications to current engine. LPLi (Liquid Phase LPG Injection) system (the 3rd generation LPG injection system) is the core technology to produce power equivalent to a gasoline engine with less emissions. The LPG fuel pump can supply the compressed LP gas in the liquid phase to engine. The fuel filter is attached in the fuel pump to eliminate the remnants in the liquid phased LP gas and the performance of blowoff flow for a pump can be varied with various filters. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the performance and efficiency of the impeller type LPG fuel pump under various filter types of microfiber, double mesh and external filter. And blowoff flow for a LPG fuel pump was measured according to the temperature of the fuel.

자동차용 LPG 펌프의 온도 및 연료조성에 따른 초기토출성능에 관한 연구

박철웅(Cheolwoong Park),김창업(Changup Kim),최교남(Kyonam Choi) 한국가스학회 2008 한국가스학회지 Vol.12 No.2

강화되는 배출가스 규제에 대응하기 위한 대책으로 LPG 차량에 적용되고 있는 제3세대 LPG 연료공급방식인 LPLi(Liquid Phase LPG Injection)은 LPG 연료를 펌프를 이용해서 고압의 액상연료를 공급하는 것이 가장 핵심적인 기술이다. 그러나 LPG 연료의 경우 저점도, 저비등점의 물리적 특성을 갖는 가스연료로서 기존의 가솔린 또는 디젤용 펌프를 사용할 경우 성능 및 효율이 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 가솔린 연료 펌프의 임펠라 방식을 응용 변형시켜서 LPG연료용으로 개발된 펌프를 이용하여 다양한 온도와 연료조성 조건에서 초기토출성능 및 효율을 파악하고, 기존 펌프의 단점을 극복할 수 있는 펌프방식의 적용가능성 여부를 판단하고자 한다. The In recent years, the need for more fuel-efficient and lower-emission vehicles has driven the technical development of alternative fuels such as LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) which is able to meet the limits of better emission levels without many modifications to current engine design. LPG has a high vapor pressure and lower viscosity and surface tension than diesel and gasoline fuels. These different fuel characteristics make it difficult to directly apply the conventional gasoline or diesel fuel pump. In this study, experiments are performed to get initial performance and efficiency of the fuel pump under different condition of the temperature and composition of fuel. The characteristics of vane type fuel pump were investigated to access the applicability on LPLi engine.

자열증발된 액체연료를 적용한 원통형 예혼합 연소기의 연소특성

이필형(Pil Hyong Lee),송기종(Ki Jong Song),황상순(Sang Soon Hwang) 한국연소학회 2016 한국연소학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The fuel in conventional liquid fuel combustor is atomized by spray method for high efficiency and low emissions. To improve the overall fuel efficiency and lower pollutant emissions in liquid fuel combustion systems, the effective spatial and temporal separation of droplet evaporation from normal spray process is needed. In this paper, the recuperation of high temperature burnt gas for fuel evaporation was proposed to develop a cylindrical premixed combustor. The recuperation process using U shaped tube is effective to evaporate the liquid fuel. The results show that the flame mode is changed into red radiation flame, blue flame and lift off flame with decreasing equivalence ratio as gas fuel combustion mode. In particular, the blue flame is found to be very stable at heating load 9.2 kW and equivalence ratio 0.731. NOx was measured blow 105 ppm (O₂ zero base) from equivalence ratio 0.705 to 0.835. CO which is a very important emission index in liquid fuel combustor was observed below 5 ppm (O₂ zero base) under the same equivalence region.