난연도료의 도포 두께별 연소특성에 관한 연구

김홍(Kim, Hong),박형주(Park, Hyung-Ju) 한국화재소방학회 2003 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구에서는 지하공동구 및 트레이에 설치된 케이블의 화재시 화염전파를 막기 위해 사용되고 있는 수성 및 유성계 난연도료의 도포 두께별 연소특성을 파악하기 위해 연기밀도(ASTM E 662)와 산소지수 (ASTM D 2863) 시험법을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구 결과, 난연도료의 연소특성은 다음과 같다. (a) 난연도료의 최적 두께는 수성계의 경우 1.5∼2mm, 유성계의 경우 0.2mm 것으로 나타났다. (b) 연기밀도는 Non-flaming방식보다 Flaming방식에서 더 높게 나타났다. (c) 연기밀도와 산소지수를 측정한 결과 수성계 난연도료가 유성계 난연도료 보다 연소특성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. (d)수성 및 유성계 난연도료의 산소지수가 규격(30이상)에 만족함을 알 수 있었다. This experimental study shows the combustion characteristics for each coating thickness of water and oil paint which are used as fire retardant paints that prevent fire propagation through cables in underground culverts and trays. To evaluate combustion characteristics, smoke density(ASTM E 662) and Limited Oxygen Index(ASTM D 2863) experiment method was used. As the results of this study, the combustion characteristics of fire retardant paints produced the following : (a) The molt suitable coating thickness of fire retardant paint was 1.5∼2.0 mm in water paint and 0.2 mm in oil paint. (b) Flaming method in experiments of smoke density were found to be higher than Non-flaming method. (c) Water paint has the fire retardant effect and characteristics better than oil paint in measurement results of smoke density and oxygen index. (d) The oxygen index of water and oil fire retardant was able to know that it was satisfied a standard (30 or above).

페놀 폼의 연소특성에 관한 연구

박형주 한국화재소방학회 2010 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.24 No.1

The combustion characteristics of phenol foam were analysed using variable external irradiation level (20, 25, 35, 50, and 70 kW/m2) and in the mixture gas of oxygen/nitrogen. The oxygen index were carried out from the oxygen index tester (KS M ISO 4589-2) and ignition time, critical heat flux, and mass loss rate were carried out from the mass loss calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As the results of this study, the critical heat flux and average mass loss rate were 28.99 kW/m2 and 0.56~1.77 g/m2s respectively at the variable external irradiation level. And the limited oxygen index were 45.1% in mixture gas of oxygen/nitrogen. In conclusion, we knew that phenol foam had the best performance than other foam materials in fire safety from all data of this study. 외부복사 열원(20, 25, 35, 50, 70kW/m2)과 산소/질소의 혼합가스의 농도 변화에 따른 페놀폼의 연소특성을 분석하였다. 산소지수는 KS M ISO 4589-2를 만족하는 산소지수시험기를 사용하였으며, 점화시간,임계열속, 그리고 질량감소속도는 ISO 5660-1를 만족하는 mass loss calorimeter를 사용하여 측정하였다. 연구결과, 외부 복사열원에서 임계열유속은 28.99kW/m2, 평균질량감소속도는 0.56~1.77g/m2s로 측정되었으며, 한계산소지수는 45.1%를 나타내었다. 모든 연구결과를 종합한 결과 페놀 폼이 다른 발포 물질에 비해 아주 우수한 화재안정성을 나타낸다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Effects of inert gas addition, oxygen concentration, and pressure on explosion characteristics of propylene

최유정,최재욱 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.2

Propylene is used for manufacturing commonly used raw materials and synthetic materials for petrochemical processes. However, it is a volatile and flammable material that poses fire and explosion risks. Nitrogen is inexpensive and can lower the propylene explosion limit because of the dilution effect when used as an inert gas. This study measures the explosion limit, minimum oxygen concentration (MOC), explosion pressure, explosion pressure rise rate, and deflagration index (Kg) values for propylene and nitrogen at 25 oC. Results showed that the lower explosion limit of the explosion range did not significantly change with an increase in pressure from 0.10MPa to 0.25MPa; however, the upper explosion limit increased significantly. Furthermore, the MOC decreased as pressure increased at 25 oC, while both the maximum explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure rise rate increased, thereby increasing the explosion risk. The risk of propylene was predicted by the Kg values determined using the maximum explosion pressure rise rate and volume based on the experimental data. Therefore, through this study, we provide basic data on safety references for preventing fire and explosion accidents.

Industrial Rockwool Fiber Wastes as Reinforcement in Rigid Polyurethane Foam: Preparation and Characterization

Mohd Haziq Dzulkifi,Siti Zaima Zainal,Rohah A. Majid,MOHD YAZID YAHYA 한국섬유공학회 2023 Fibers and polymers Vol.24 No.1

Unrecyclable industrial rockwool fiber waste is a worldwide problem that demands an effective yet sustainable solution. This paper presents a work on repurposing industrial rockwool fiber wastes as fillers for rigid polyurethane (PU) foam. The fillers are varied from 1 to 10 wt% and the obtained reinforced foams are characterized for their thermal stability,combustibility, foam morphology, and mechanical response. Marked improvement in thermal stability was observed in thepresence of rockwool inside the foam formulation as denoted by delayed thermal degradation temperatures. Unfortunately,a similar finding was not obtained for its fire-retardancy as no distinguishable differences in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)and UL-94 combustion test was observed. Microscopy imaging indicated reduced cell size with increased filler loading,and the rockwool fillers are homogenously scattered within the polymer matrix. Drop in normalized compressive propertieswas detected, suggesting rockwool fillers pose no mechanical reinforcing effect on the foam other than through increasedapparent foam and cellular density.

에틸렌 비닐아세테이트/수산화알루미늄 복합재료의 난연 및 물리적 특성

이민호(Minho Lee),유다영(Dayeong Yu),김영호(Yeongho Kim),이성희(Sunghee Lee),김정호(Jeong Ho Kim),이영철(Young Chul Lee) 한국고분자학회 2015 폴리머 Vol.39 No.3

에틸렌비닐아세테이트(EVA)에 난연성을 부여하기 위해서 일반적으로 무기 난연충전제인 수산화알루미늄(ATH)이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐포장재 다층 필름의 재활용 공정에서 부생하는 ATH를 사용하여 EVA에 대한 난연제로서의 특성을 조사하였다. EVA/ATH 복합재료를 two roll-mill을 이용하여 제조하고, 이 복합재료의 난연성 및 물리적 특성을 조사하였다. 난연성은 한계산소지수(LOI) 및 UL-94 평가를 이용하여 확인하였다. EVA 수지에 재활용된 ATH가 150 phr 이상 첨가되었을 때 우수한 난연 특성을 나타내었다. ATH의 입자 크기 및 비표면적이 EVA/ATH 복합재료의 LOI 값 및 UL-94 평가의 등급에 영향을 주는 인자임을 확인하였다. 즉 ATH 입자 크기가 작을수록, 비표면적이 클수록 난연성은 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 기계적 물성의 경우 실제로 전선 등에 이용되고 있는 가교형 EVA/ATH 복합재료의 경우 재활용된 ATH를 첨가하여도 인장물성은 저하되지 않고 첨가하지 않은 경우와 유사하거나 오히려 우수한 것으로 나타났다. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) has been commonly employed as a flame retardant for ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers. In the present work, ATH was obtained from a recycling process of multi-layer packaging film wastes. EVA/ATH composite samples were prepared using a two roll-mill and flame retardancy of EVA/ATH composites were examined using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and flame retardancy test (UL94). We observed excellent flame retardancy in case of adding 150 phr or more of recycled ATH to EVA. Particle size and specific surface area play crucial roles in LOI value and UL-94 classification of the EVA/ATH composites. Smaller particle size and higher specific surface area of ATH was found out to improve the flame retardancy. Regarding tensile properties, crosslinked EVA/ATH compounds which is practically used for electric cables had similar to or even better tensile property values than the ones without ATH.

옥외 광고물 소재의 연소특성 평가

엄상용,김경진,이수경 한국화재소방학회 2012 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.26 No.5

Combustion characteristics of outdoor advertisement materials were evaluated for fire risk assessment about fire expanding. At this study, the flame retardancy and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by UL 94 and ASTM D 2863 respectively. At the result of flame retardancy, foamex was V-0 grade and those of others were out of grade. LOI measurement showed that the LOI of foamex was highest in the samples. The cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics. The cone calorimeter test showed that the outdoor advertisement materials were not good to prevent of fire expanding. The time to ignition (TTI) of flex was the fastest and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) as well as the total heat release (THR) of acrylic panel was higher than those of others. 상층 및 인접건물로의 연소확대 위험성이 있는 옥외 광고물 소재의 연소특성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서는 UL 94와ASTM D 2863에 따라 난연성과 한계산소지수를 평가하였다. 난연성 평가결과, 포멕스가 V-0의 높은 난연성을 보이는반면 다른 시료들에서는 등급외의 난연성을 보였다. 한계산소지수 평가 결과에서도 포멕스의 한계산소지수가 가장 높았다. ISO 5660-1에 따라 콘칼로리미터를 이용하여 연소특성을 평가하였으며, 콘칼로리미터 시험결과 옥외 광고물 소재들은 화재확대 예방에 취약하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 플렉스의 착화시간이 가장 빨랐으며, 특히 아크릴판은 최대 열방출율 뿐만 아니라 총 방출열량 또한 다른 소재들에 비해 높았다.

합성목재의 연소특성에 관한 연구

신백우,송영호,이동호,정국삼 한국화재소방학회 2010 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.24 No.6

Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) are one of spotlighting materials for the residential construction and the industry for furniture. At this study, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by ASTM D 2863 and the cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics of WPCs. In addition, the identical test was implemented to compare the combustion characteristics between the red pine and the antiseptic wood. The result of LOI measurement showed that the LOI of WPCs was lower than that of red pine or antiseptic wood. The cone calorimeter test showed that the heat release rate (HRR) of WPCs was the highest and the Peak HRR as well as the average HRR and total heat release of WPCs was higher than those of red pine or antiseptized wood 주거 건축 및 가구산업의 자재로써 합성목재(Wood-Plastic Composites)는 점차 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 합성목재의 연소특성을 살펴보기 위하여 한계산소지수 측정(ASTM D 2863) 및 콘칼로리미터 시험(ISO 5660-1)을 실시하였으며 또한 일반목재인 적송과 방부 처리를 한 방부목에 대하여도 동일한 시험을 통하여 합성목재와의 연소특성을 비교·검토하였다. 한계산소지수 측정결과 합성목재가 적송 및 방부목에 비해 낮게 측정되었다. 콘칼로리미터 시험결과 합성목재의 열방출률이 가장 높았고 또한, 최대 열방출률 및 평균 열방출률, 총 방출열량도 적송 및 방부목에 비해 높게 나타났다.

합성목재의 연소특성에 관한 연구

신백우 ( Baeg Woo Shin ),송영호 ( Young Ho Song ),이동호 ( Dong Ho Rie ),정국삼 ( Kook Sam Chung ) 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2012 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.26 No.1

주거 건축 및 가구산업의 자재로써 합성목재(Wood-Plastic Composites)는 점차 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 합성목재의 연소특성을 살펴보기 위하여 한계산소지수 측정(ASTM D 2863) 및 콘칼로리미터 시험(ISO 5660-1)을 실시하였으며 또한 일반목재인 적송과 방부 처리를 한 방부목에 대하여도 동일한 시험을 통하여 합성목재와의 연소특성을 비교·검토하였다. 한계산소지수 측정결과 합성목재가 적송 및 방부목에 비해 낮게 측정되었다. 콘칼로리미터 시험결과 합성목재의 열방출률이 가장 높았고 또한, 최대 열방출률 및 평균 열방출률, 총 방출열량도 적송 및 방부목에 비해 높게 나타났다. Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) are one of spotlighting materials for the residential construction and the industry for furniture. At this study, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by ASTMD 2963 and the cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics of WPCs. In addition, the identical test was implemented to compare the combustion characteritics between the red pine and the antiseptic wood. The result of LOI measurement showed that the LOI of WPCs was lower than that of red pine or antiseptic and the peak HRR as well as the average HRR and total heat release of WPCs was higher than those of red pine of antiseptized wood

Aluminum Trihydroxide로 코팅된 케나프섬유가 바이오복합재료의 한계산소지수와 열적, 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향

우연회(Yeonhae Woo),조동환(Donghwan Cho) 한국고분자학회 2016 폴리머 Vol.40 No.4

천연섬유와 poly(lactic acid)(PLA)로 구성된 바이오복합재료의 한계산소지수, 열안정성, 열팽창, 동역학특성, 인장특성에 미치는 여러 농도의 aluminum trihydroxide(ATH)로 코팅한 케나프섬유의 영향을 연구하였다. ATH 코팅농도가 증가함에 따라 케나프섬유 표면이 변화되며, 분포된 ATH 입자들에 의해 표면이 더 rough해지고 표면적도 높게 관찰되었다. 케나프섬유의 ATH 코팅은 케나프섬유/PLA 바이오복합재료의 한계산소지수(LOI) 뿐만 아니라 열안정성, 열치수안정성, 저장탄성률과 인장특성을 향상시키며, 이는 ATH 코팅농도에 따라 좌우된다. 적절한 농도의 ATH 코팅이 바이오복합재료에 난연성을 부여하는 동시에 보강효과에도 중요하게 기여하였다. The effects of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) coating on kenaf fibers on the properties such as limiting oxygen index, thermal stability, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and tensile properties of biocomposites composed of kenaf fibers and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are studied. It has been found that with increasing the ATH coating concentration the kenaf fiber surfaces are changed and the surfaces become rougher as there is an increase in the surface area due to the distributed ATH particles. The ATH coating on the kenaf fibers results in the enhancement of not only limiting oxygen index (LOI), which is closely relevant to retardancy, but also thermal stability, thermo-dimensional stability, storage modulus, and tensile properties of kenaf fiber/PLA biocomposites, depending on the ATH coating concentration. ATH coating with an appropriate concentration significantly contributes to imparting fire resistance and also to reinforcing this biocomposite system.

그래핀나노플레이트렛 및 재활용 페놀폼으로 제조된 목재기반 복합보드의 난연 및 열적 특성

한정인 ( Jeong-in Han ),김민지 ( Min-ji Kim ),송은지 ( Eun Ji Song ),김경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Kim ),인세진 ( Se-jin In ),이영석 ( Young-seak Lee ) 한국공업화학회 2019 공업화학 Vol.30 No.3

그래핀나노플레이트렛(GnP)이 목재기반 복합보드의 열적 및 난연 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 5, 10, 및 20 wt% 등 여러 가지 GnP 함량으로 GnP/재활용 페놀폼(re-PF)/목재 복합보드를 제조하였다. 제조된 복합보드의 열적특성 및 난연성은 열중량분석(TGA) 및 한계산소지수(LOI) 시험을 통하여 각각 분석되었다. 복합보드의 열안정성은 GnP 첨가량에 따라 비례하게 증가하였고, 이 복합보드의 탄화수율(char yield)은 순수 목재보드 대비 최대 22%까지 증가하였다. 복합보드의 LOI 값은 순수 목재보드보다 약 4.8~7.8% 높았다. 또한, 재활용 페놀폼 및 GnP 첨가로 인하여 복합보드의 난연성이 크게 향상되었음을 확인하였다. 이는 열안정성이 높은 재활용 페놀폼과 GnP가 복합보드의 열분해 개시 온도를 지연시키고, 탄화층(char layer)을 보다 조밀하고 두껍게 형성하였기 때문에, 복합보드의 연소 지연효과를 이끌었다. 특히 탄소기반 재료로서 GnP는 탄화층의 형성을 용이하게 하고, 탄화수율을 현저히 증가시켜 재활용 페놀폼에 비하여 난연성에 높은 효과를 나타내었다. Graphene nanoplatelet (GnP)/reused phenolic foam (re-PF)/wood composite boards were fabricated with different GnP content as 5, 10 and 20 w/w% to investigate the effect of GnP on thermal- and flame retardant properties of wood-based composite boards. The thermal- and flame retardant properties of fabricated composite boards were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen index (LOI), respectively. The thermal stability of the composite boards increased proportionally with respect to the amount of GnP, and the char yield of these boards increased up to 22% compared to that of the pure wood board. The LOI values of composite boards were about 4.8~7.8% higher than those of using pure wood boards. It was also confirmed that the flame retardant properties of composite boards were remarkably improved by the addition of re-PF and GnP. These results were because of the fact that the re-PF and GnP with a high thermal stability delayed the initial thermal degradation temperature of composite boards and made their char layers denser and thicker which led the overall combustion delay effect of the composite board. Especially, GnP as a carbon-based material, facilitated the char layer formation and increased remarkedly the char yield, which showed higher effect on flame retardant properties than those of the re-PF.