레이저/아크 하이브리드용접기술의 최신 동향

김영식,길상철,Kim, Youngsik,Kil, Sangcheol 대한용접접합학회 2013 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.31 No.2

The laser/arc hybrid welding process is a new process combining the laser beam and the arc as welding heat source. The laser beam and arc influence and assist one another. By application of hybrid welding, synergistic effects are achievable, and disadvantage of the respective processes can be compensated. The laser-arc hybrid welding process has good potential to extend the field of applications of laser technology, and provide significant improvements in weld quality and process efficiency in manufacturing applications. This review analyses the recent advances in the fundamental understanding of hybrid welding processes using the works of the data base of Web of Science (SCI-Expanded) since the 2000 year. The research activity on the hybrid welding has been become more actively since 2006, especially in China, presenting the most research papers in the world. Since the hybrid welding process was adopted in manufacturing of the automobile in Europe in the early of 2000's, its adopting is widely expanded in the field of manufacturing of automobile, ship building, steel construction and the other various industry. The hybrid welding process is expected to advance toward higher productivity, higher precision, higher reliability through the mixing of high power and flexible fiber laser or disk laser and digitalized pulsed arc source.

Modeling and simulation of arc: Laser and hybrid welding process

Cho, D.W.,Cho, W.I.,Na, S.J. Society of Manufacturing Engineers 2014 Journal of manufacturing processes Vol.16 No.1

Welding is a fabrication process to join two different materials. Among the many welding processes, the arc and laser welding processes are the most widely used. Great effort is required to understand the physical phenomena of arc and laser welding due to the complex behaviors which include liquid phase, solid phase and, gas phase. So it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation to understand the detailed procedures of welding. This paper will present the various numerical simulation methods of the arc welding processes such as arc plasma, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, laser welding, and laser-arc hybrid welding. These simulations are conducted by the finite element method, finite differential method and volume of fluid method to describe and analyze the various welding processes.

Interaction between laser-induced plasma/vapor and arc plasma during fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding

Jun Wang,Chunming Wang,Xuanxuan Meng,Xiyuan Hu,Yangchun Yu,Shengfu Yu 대한기계학회 2011 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.25 No.6

Hybrid plasma is an important physical phenomenon in fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding. It greatly affects the stability of the process,the quality of the weld, and the efficiency of energy coupling. In this paper, clear and direct proofs of these characteristics are presented through high-speed video images. Spectroscopic analysis is used to describe the characterization of hybrid plasma. The hybrid plasma forms a curved channel between the welding wire and the keyhole during the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding process. The curved channel is composed of two parts. The laser-induced plasma/vapor expands due to the combined effect of the laser and the MIG arc, forming an ionization duct, which is one part of the curved channel. The resistance of the duct is smaller than that of other locations because of the rise in electrical conductivity. Consequently, the electrical arc is guided through the duct to the surface of the material, which is the other part of the curved channel. The spectral intensities of metal elements in laser-MIG hybrid welding are much stronger than those in MIGonly welding, whereas the spectral intensities of shielding gas element in laser-MIG hybrid welding are much weaker.

디스크 레이저-아크 하이브리드 용접을 이용한 포지션 용접

임현식(Hyunsik Lim),김정학(Junghak Kim),김철희(Cheolhee Kim),김정한(Jeonghan Kim) 대한기계학회 2007 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2007 No.5

The combination of laser beam and electric arc sharing common weld pool has widely been investigated since the late seventies, but it is beginning of the industrial uses. Recently, laser-GMA hybrid welding process showed possibility to overcome the tight gap tolerance with improved productivity. The laser-arc hybrid welding process is inherently complex because it has three kinds of process parameters: arc welding, laser welding and hybrid welding parameters. In this study, the optimum range of the process parameters were determined by high speed image analysis which could unveil the welding phenomena in laser-arc hybrid welding. The laser-arc hybrid welding was applied for position welding from the flat position to the overhead position and the welding characteristics were investigated.

펄스형 Nd:YAG 레이저와 단락이행모드의 직류 GMA 열원을 이용한 하이브리드 용접 공정에 대한 연구

조원익,나석주,Cho, Won-Ik,Na, Suck-Joo 대한용접접합학회 2007 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.25 No.6

Until now, many researches on laser-arc hybrid welding processes have been conducted mainly for high power CW laser and high direct current arc to weld the thick steel plates for shipbuilding. Recently, however the usage of thin steel plates, which tend to be deformed easily by thermal energy, is been increasing because of demand of light structure such as car body in the automobile industry. Accordingly, heat sources having relatively low heat input such as pulsed laser, dip-transfer DC GMA and pulsed GMA seem to be applied more increasingly and the study about those heat sources is needed more intensively. Any heat source mentioned above can not stand alone without weld defects at a relatively high welding speed for increasing the welding productivity. This is main reason to apply the hybrid welding process which uses pulsed laser and low-heat-input GMA heat sources simultaneously to weld the thin steel plate. In this study, parameters of pulsed laser and dip-transfer DC GMA welding are studied firstly through preliminary experiments, and then analyzed in the viewpoint of their physical phenomena. Before conducting the hybrid welding, a pulse control technique is developed based on the parallel port communication and Visual C++ 6.0. Owing to development of this technique, interactions of laser and arc pulses can be controlled consistently. Using the pulse control technique, the hybrid welding is conducted and then its interactive welding phenomenon is analyzed.

내면 용접부재의 전자세 레이저-아크 하이브리드 용접 연구

안영남,김철희,김정한,Ahn, Young-Nam,Kim, Cheolhee,Kim, Jeonghan 대한용접접합학회 2015 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Laser-arc hybrid welding has been considered as an effective pipe girth welding process since early 2000's. Tolerance for fit-up offsets such as gap and edge misalignment is one of most important requirements in pipe girth laser-arc hybrid welding, and several approaches using parameter optimization, a laser beam scanning and an arc oscillation have been tried. However the required offset tolerance has not been fully accomplished up to now and laser-arc hybrid welding has not been widely applied in pipeline construction than expected, despite of its high welding speed and deep penetration. In this study, internal welding was adopted to ensure the offset tolerance and sound back bead. The effect of welding parameters on bead shape was investigated at the flat position. Also tolerances for gap and edge misalignment were verified as 0.5 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively. The position welding trials were conducted at several welding positions from the flat to the overhead position in a downward direction. With the fixed welding speed, arc current for gas metal arc welding current and laser output power, adequate welding voltages for gas metal arc welding were suggested for each position.

Research on the Microstructure Characteristic and Tensile Property of Laser‑MIG Hybrid Welded Joint for 5A06 Aluminum Alloy

Yanqiu Zhao,Xiaohong Zhan,Qiyu Gao,Shuai Chen,Yue Kang 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.3

Laser-metal inter gas (MIG) hybrid welding technique provides higher overall productivity over the traditional fusionwelding processes for joining medium-thick aluminum alloy. In this paper, laser-MIG hybrid welding experiment was performedby the TruDisk 12003 Laser and KUKA robot. The second fusion line, the laser-dominated region and laser-MIGhybrid-dominated region were introduced to this study to discuss the microstructure distribution. A three-dimensionalfinite element model was established by MSC. Marc to study the thermal field distribution of laser-MIG hybrid weldingprocess. It found that the temperature in the laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region was much higher than the laser-dominatedregion. The formation of the second fusion line in the welded joint is mainly owing to the different heat effect of laser-archybrid-dominated region and laser-dominated region. The crystalline size of equiaxed dendrite grains in the laser-MIGhybrid-dominated region is finer than the laser-dominated region. In addition, the tensile property was measured to dissectthe failure mechanism of the laser-MIG hybrid welding joints. The element content in fractured surface at the position ofdimple and pore wall were comprehensively analyzed. The element content of Mg and O in pore wall are higher than dimple. In the solidification process, the growth of equiaxed dendrite grains is in part hindered by the existence of coarse pores inthe laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region.

API X-100의 레이저-아크 하이브리드 용접성에 미치는 용접와이어의 영향

김성욱,이목영,Kim, Sungwook,Lee, Mok-Young 대한용접접합학회 2014 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.32 No.5

In this study, API-X100 steel pipes were welded with various kinds of welding wires in the laser-arc hybrid welding process. 10kW fiber laser source was combined to MIG arc welding process. API X-100 steel of base metal was of 16.9mm thickness, and butt welding applied. After welding, full penetration weld was acquired by 1-pass welding. A root porosity and the lack of fusion was observed in some welding conditions. By the mixing the melted wire, acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite, pro-eutectoid, aligned side plate, and bainite structures were observed at the weld metal. From the observation of hybrid weld, unmixed zone had more Ni and Cr. The unmixed zone was a 1/3 area of the weld metal. As the mechanical test of the hybrid welding, tensile test and impact test applied. From the tensile test, all of the welding except SM70S was fractured at the base metal. The result of the impact test at -30 degree C led 60J~320J of the absorbed energy. The result of the low-absorbed energy might be from the coarse equiaxed structures of the weld metal.

아연도금 강판의 $CO_2$ 레이저-TIG 하이브리드 용접에 관한 연구 Part 1 : 용접현상분석

김철희,최웅용,채현병,김정한,이세헌,Kim, Cheol-Hee,Choi, Woong-Yong,Chae, Hyun-Byung,Kim, Jeong-Han,Rhee, Se-Hun 대한용접접합학회 2006 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.24 No.4

In lap welding of zinc-coated steel, porosity formation is one of most significant weld defects, which is caused by zinc vapor generated between the steel sheets. Various solutions have been proposed in the past years but development of more effective method is a worthwhile subject to be investigated. In this study, autogenous laser welding and laser-TIG hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel without gap, and weld pool behaviors were observed by using high speed camera and the porosity generation mechanism was analyzed. The weld defects were successfully eliminated by laser-TIG hybrid welding. This is because the leading TIG arc partially melted the upper sheet and vaporized/oxidized the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces prior to the trailing laser illuminating the specimen.

레이저-GMA 하이브리드 용접에서 유동에 의한 기포 및 기공 형성 해석

조원익,조정호,조민현,이종봉,나석주,Cho, Won-Ik,Cho, Jung-Ho,Cho, Min-Hyun,Lee, Jong-Bong,Na, Suck-Joo 대한용접접합학회 2008 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.26 No.6

Three-dimensional transient simulation of laser-GMA hybrid welding involving multiple physical phenomena is conducted neglecting the interaction effect of laser and arc heat sources. To reproduce the bubble and pore formations in welding process, a new bubble model is suggested and added to the established laser and arc welding models comprehending VOF, Gaussian laser and arc heat source, recoil pressure, arc pressure, electromagnetic force, surface tension, multiple reflection and Fresnel reflection models. Based on the models mentioned above, simulations of laser-GMA hybrid butt welding are carried out and besides the molten pool flow, top and back bead formations could be observed. In addition, the laser induced keyhole formation and bubble generation duo to keyhole collapse are investigated. The bubbles are ejected from the molten pool through its top and bottom regions. However, some of those are entrapped by solid-liquid interface and remained as pores. Those bubbles and pores are intensively generated when the absorption of laser power is largely reduced and consequently the full penetration changes to the partial penetration.