從語言接觸看土族語民和方言的演變發展

姜根兄 ( Jiang Genxiong ) 한국알타이학회 2018 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.28

Language contact always causes the language evolution. Because Monguor people have a long period of language contact with Chinese, the Minhe dialect of Monguor language has been strongly affected by Chinese, resulting in a host of unique phonetic, vocabulary and grammatical evolution phenomena. But this situation cannot change the essential characteristics of language, Monguor language is still used as an effective communication tool for the nation. Minhe dialect is a dialect strongly affected by Chinese, and has entered a quite similar stage with Chinese. The contact between Min dialect and Chinese is a special type of various language contact. Its basic contact mode is the mode of coexistence, competition, weakening, convergence of inherent components and borrowing elements. From the perspective of language contact, the formation of these characteristics have a direct relation with the situation that the native people are closely related to Han nationality and strongly affected by Chinese. This paper mainly studies the language evolution of Minhe dialect caused by the influence of Chinese through the synchronic analysis of the Minhe dialect and the comparison with the Huzhu dialect. The analysis of the characteristics of Minhe dialect, especially the language variation caused by the influence of Chinese, is of theoretical value to the study of language contact.

세르비아어/크로아티아어 어휘에 나타나는 게르마니즘 연구

권혁재 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 동유럽발칸연구소 2010 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.25 No.1

The cultural exchanges between countries is accompanied by the language contact. Through contact with the foreign language, the language community understand each other's culture and language and will smoothly borrow each other's language. Language contact is closely related to geographical conditions, history, culture, and such elements. Due to the historical background Serbia and Croatia was a lot of affected by outside culture and Serbian/Croatian have been developed their own language in the contacts with neighboring languages. Through the natural process of the borrowing of foreign words many loanwords in Serbian/Croatian language exists. German and Serbian/Croatian language contact took place over a long period. From the late 19th to early 20th century the lexical Germanism had the greatest impact Serbian/Croatian language in the best. The subject of this work are the lexical Germanism in Serbian and Croatian. The beginning of this study is described the theory of language contacts and Loanword and summarized the brief history of language contact between German and Serbia/Croatia. The fate of the German vocabulary in the Serbian/Croatian language quite different. The Main part of the work the standard language Lexis German origin is analyzed with three kinds of levels depending on the features. 국가 간의 문화적 교류는 자연스러운 언어교류를 동반하고 언어접촉을 통해 해당 언어공동체는 서로의 언어를 차용하고 더욱 풍부한 표현력을 갖게 되었고 이를 통해 문화적으로 발전하게 된다. 언어접촉은 지리적 조건이나 역사, 문화 같은 요소들과 밀접히 관련되어 있다. 외부로부터의 문화적 영향이 많았던 역사적 배경으로 인해 세르비아어/크로아티아어는 이웃한 언어들과의 접촉과 교류 속에서 발전해 왔으며, 외래어와의 자연스러운 혼합과정을 통해 많은 외래어 차용어들이 세르비아어/크로아티아어에 존재한다. 독일어와 세르비아어/크로아티아어의 언어접촉은 오랜 기간을 거쳐 진행되었으며 19세기말부터 20세기 초까지 독일어는 세르비아어/크로아티아어에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 외래어이다. 이 연구의 도입부분은 언어접촉과 언어차용에 대한 일반적인 이론을 정리하고 독일어와 세르비아어/크로아티아어의 언어접촉의 역사를 간략하게 정리하였다. 연구의 핵심부는 세르비아어/크로아티아어와 독일어 언어접촉의 실질적인 결과물이라 할 수 있는 독일어 차용어를 크게 ‘실질적 게르마니즘’과 ‘구조적 게르마니즘’으로 구분하고, 이를 다시 어원으로서의 게르마니즘, 중간 언어로서의 게르마니즘, 조어 모델로의 게르마니즘이라는 세 가지 기능으로 나누어 분석하였다.

언어 접촉에 대한 사회언어학 연구의 성과와 과제 : ≪사회언어학≫ 게재 논문을 중심으로

박용한(Park, Yong-han) 한국사회언어학회 2020 사회언어학 Vol.28 No.3

This study aims to categorize research achievements about language contact based on the papers in the Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea for the last thirty years into five sections, which include bilingualism and diglossia, pidgin and creole, various decision making under language contact situations, loan-words, and dialect contact. This study concludes by offering further research questions that need to be answered in the field of language contact. Early years of sociolinguistics has remained at a level of introducing language contact problems of Europe and Africa, Pacific and Atlantic equator region to the domestic academic circles. However, these achievements have turned out to be the foundation of research related to overseas Koreans bilingualism problem and various domestic language contact problems between Korean and foreign language. Until now, Korean sociolinguistics has mostly handled problems of bilingualism. However, since the early 21st century, the population of international marriage immigrants and foreign laborers has increased at a rapid rate, generating various language contact phenomena. Furthermore, with a recent globalization wave, many foreign languages are more widely used in Korea. In such a flow, it is evident that the Korean society will go through various language contact between Korean and foreign languages. Therefore, systematic and aggressive research on multi-culture family bilingualism, code-switching of Korean speakers, loan-words situation, and the problem of contact between standard language and dialect is needed in the Korean sociolinguistic field.

하위집단화(subgrouping) 방법을 이용한 중고한어(中古漢語) 문헌과 비자연접촉(非自然接觸) 한자음의 관계 연구

노혜정 ( Roh Hyejeong ) 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.86

Language contact includes natural language contact and non-natural language contact. Natural language contact refers to oral contact between different languages (dialects) spoken at the same place. This kind of language contact exists between different dialects, Chinese and minority languages in China. Non-natural language contact occurs with literature spreading or translation across different spaces. The purpose of the study is to analyze Genetic Relationship in Non-natural language contact: the Diffusion of Chang'an Phonology of Tang Dynasty by subgrouping method. This research takes statistical approach of subgrouping, selecting 46 phonological features, and has worked out the tree graph of Sino-Korean, Sino-Japanese, Sino-Vietnamese and 13 Chinese Dictionaries. The result shows that the major stratum of Sino-Korean is slightly earlier than Yiqiejingyinyi(一切經音義) by Huilin(慧琳), the major stratum of Sino-Vietnamese is slightly later than Yiqiejingyinyi(一切經音義) by Huilin(慧琳), Jinshuyinyi(晋書音義), Wujingwenzi (五經文字) and earlier than Eryayintu(爾雅音圖), Shengyinchanghetu(聲音倡和圖), Wujingwenzi(五經文字). Sino-Japanese is slightly earlier than Yiqiejingyinyi(一切經音義) by Huilin(慧琳). But the Position of Sino-Japanese takes an independent, which seems doubtful and needs further study.

목표어 사회에서의 언어적 상호작용이 학습자의 화용 이해에 미치는 영향 - 거절 화행과 함축 의견 이해를 중심으로 -

이복자 한국언어문화교육학회 2014 언어와 문화 Vol.10 No.2

This study examines the effect of language interaction in the target language community on indirect refusal and implied opinion comprehension. Participants were 43 intermediate Korean learners who were divided into two groups according to the amount of language interaction. They completed a pragmatic listening task measuring their ability to comprehend implied meaning. The results were as follows. First, according to the frequency and time of language contact outside of class per week, there is a significant difference in pragmatic comprehension. Namely, it was shown that the group with greater language contact had a higher pragmatic comprehension ability than the group with less language contact. In addition. according to the frequency and time of language contact outside of class per week, there was a significant difference in each item type. In particular, it was shown that the group with greater language contact had higher comprehension of both indirect refusals and implied opinions than the group with less language contact outside of class. Second, from the analysis of each individual response, it was shown that indirect refusal comprehension was affected by refusal strategies, and implied opinion comprehension was affected by syntactic, lexical difficulty.

언어접촉과 언어변화

최영미 한말연구학회 2020 한말연구 Vol.- No.57

The purpose of this study was to examine a type of language contact which appeared in result of contact between three dialects that were Hangyeong dialect, Sokcho dialect and a standard language in the linguistic society of Sokcho-si North Korean refugees during Korean War. To this end, sociolinguistic methods examined the use of language between the first, second, and third generations of North Korean refugees and explained the type of language contact based on the results. As a result, language changes occurred depending on age in the language use of North Korean refugees and descendants, and changes in language by generation were confirmed. In addition, the language of North Korean refugees and their descendants was confirmed in terms of language contact, leveling and interdialect formation. The conclusion is based on describing the rationale for supporting these results. First, the language use of North Korean refugees and their descendants has resulted in language changes of age and generation in stem with 'ㅌ‘ coda, kinship terms, interrogative ending '-eummae?', conjugated ending of request '-gio, -eupse’, vocabulary such as ‘ajumeoni, nurungji, gyeodeurang, etc. Second, considering the type of language contact between North Korean refugees and their descendants, we were able to identify the type of leveling and interdialect formation. Leveling is confirmed in the following: The first generation is using the hamkyungdo dialect type, and the second generation is using Hamkyungdo dialect type, Sokcho dialect type, standard language, the third generation can be seen that the use of standard language. And North Korean refugees and their descendants tend to level the Hamkyung dialect to the standard language rather than the Sokcho dialect. In addition, interdialect formation appears as follows: ‘ajeumi ’ is 'ajeumai 's 'ajeu' and 'ajimi 's 'mi' combine to change shape. And the name of the relatives, "ajeumai , ajeumi, and ajimi", is expanded to be used as the general vocabulary of 'ajumeoni'.

한국어의 다문화 언어 수용과 변용 연구- 다문화 접촉과 언어 차용의 관점을 중심으로

이윤자(Lee, Yun-Ja) 한국문화융합학회 2016 문화와 융합 Vol.38 No.2

언어와 문화의 관계는 오랜 동안 많은 학자들의 관심을 받아왔으며, 학자들은 각자의 사유방식을 통해 정치, 경제, 사회, 민속, 종교, 문학, 예술 등의 다양한 측면에서 문화와 언어의 의미를 고찰해왔다. 즉 언어를 통해 문화의 특징과 정보를, 문화를 통해 언어의 특징과 정보를 상호교류 할 수 있기 때문이다. 언어와 문화는 사회와 역사의 변화와도 밀접한 관계가 있어 끊임없는 변화와 다양성으로 시대와 사회를 반영하고, 한 민족의 사상과 감정, 생활양식 등을 담아왔다. 인류의 모든 언어와 문화는 타 언어 공동체나 타 문화, 타 민족과의 자연스런 접촉과 교류 속에서 이루어져 다문화와 다문화어의 성격을 띠고 있다 하겠다. 이때에 얻어진 언어 차용은 차용되는 과정에서 생성·발전·소멸의 언어 생태 양상을 보여준다. 언어 접촉과 문화 접촉으로 한국어에 차용된 언어들은 문화를 형성하면서 한국어에 수용되고 변용되어 오면서, 한국어와의 공존과 조화를 이루며 발전해왔다. 차용 언어들은 한국어의 내적 요인에 의한 언어 체계의 문제들과 더불어 외적 요인을 형성하며 시대와 사회문화, 생활양식의 변화들과 함께 발전해왔다. A lot of researchers have long concentrated their attention on the relationship between language and culture, and they have contemplated the meaning of culture and language in their own way and from diverse angles such as politics, economics, social studies, folk customs, religion, culture and the arts, since language facilitates the interchange of cultural characteristics and information and culture expedites the exchange of linguistic characteristics and information. Language and culture are closely bound up with the shifts of society and history. They are mirrors of contemporary age and society thanks to their characteristics like ceaseless variation and diversity, and represent the thought, sentiment and life style of a race that they belong to. Every language and culture of mankind have evolved through natural contact and exchange with other linguistic communities, other culture and other races. Therefore it could be said that every language and culture of mankind are basically multicultural, and language borrowing takes place during the exchange, which shows the generation, development and disappearance process of language. Loanwords that have been introduced into the Korean language through language contact and cultural contact have been received and adapted in Korean society as part of Korean culture, and they have developed through coexistence and harmony with the Korean language. The loan words have developed along with the contemporary changes of society, culture and life style as one of the internal and external factors of the Korean language.

언어 접촉으로 육지 해녀의 언어에 나타난 제주 방언 연구

김지숙 ( Kim Jisuk ) 한국방언학회 2020 방언학 Vol.0 No.32

그동안 언어 접촉에 의한 언어 변화는 동일 언어권 안에서 방언 간의 접촉에서 언어 내적 요인을 밝히는 데에 주목하는 경향이 있었다. 이 연구에서는 제주 해녀와 육지 해녀 간의 언어 접촉을 사회언어학의 측면에서 언어 외적 요인과 언어 내적 요인을 함께 검토하였다. 육지 해녀의 언어에서 제주 방언을 쉽게 찾아 볼 수 있었는데, 제주 해녀들의 육지로의 이주와 결혼이 그 원인이 되었다. 이와 같은 배경으로 육지 출신의 해녀들은 자신의 지역 방언 외에도 물질과 관계되는 어휘에서 자연스럽게 제주 방언을 사용하고 있었다. 이러한 제주 방언은 본래의 형태, 의미, 음운의 변화가 나타나기도 했지만 대부분 원래의 제주 방언에서 크게 벗어나지 않았다. 해녀들이 육지로 이주한 시기가 오래 되었음에도 육지 해녀의 언어에 제주 방언이 보전되었다는 것은 제주 방언이 이들 직업에서 특수화된 언어로 존재했기 때문이다. 즉 특정 지역의 언어라기보다는 특수 직업어로서 역할을 한 것이다. 그래서 육지 해녀들은 해당 지역 공동체에서는 해당 지역의 방언을 사용하면서도 이들이 속한 사회 공동체에서는 제주 방언을 사용하고 있었다. 이처럼 육지 해녀의 언어에서 제주 방언이 나타난 것은 해녀들이 중복되는 여러 언어 공동체에 속하게 되면서 해녀 공동체의 사회 규칙과 더불어 새로운 의사소통 규칙을 습득해야 하는 필요와 요구 때문으로 볼 수 있다. So far, most of the language changes by language contact have been only performed by contact between dialects within the same linguistic sphere. For this reason, the researches on language change have tended to pay attention to revealing the internal factors of language. This study reviewed the language contact between Jeju female divers and land female divers together with the external factors of language in the aspect of sociolinguistics. Focusing on Jeju Language shown in the language of land female divers, it was verified in the category of man, tool, and collection. The external factors causing this language contact were Jeju female divers’ marriage and move to land. Because of this, the Jeju language could be easily found in the language of female divers originated from land. Even though this Jeju language showed some changes in the original form, meaning, and phoneme, mostly, it was not much different from the original Jeju language. Even though it was a long time ago for the female divers to move to land, the Jeju language was preserved in the language of land female divers because the Jeju language was existing as a specialized language for their occupation. In other words, it was working as a special jargon, rather than a language of a specific region. Thus, the land female divers used the dialect of the relevant region in the relevant community while they also used the Jeju dialect in their social community. In other words, the Jeju language was shown in the language of land female divers because those female divers who belonged to many overlapping linguistic communities were needed and required to acquire the communication rules and the social rules of female divers’ community.

언어 접촉(Language Contact)의 관점에서 본 중국 조선어의 변이 양상

계문함,강은지 우리말학회 2024 우리말연구 Vol.78 No.-

이 논문은 중국 조선어에 보이는 변이 양상을 실증적으로 보이고, 이를 언어 접촉의 관점에서 합리적으로 설명하는 데 목적이 있다. 오랜 시간을 걸쳐 여러 이유로 한반도에서 중국으로 이주한 조선족은 중국 정부의 정책에 따라 경제, 사회, 문화, 언어 등 여러 면에서 중국의 다수 민족인 한족의 영향을 받아 왔다. 다민족 다언어 사회인 중국에서 언어 접촉은 매우 보편적인 현상이다. 이로써 조선어에는 원래의 한국어적 요소 외에도 한어적 요소가 함께 나타날 수밖에 없다. 지금까지의 연구는 통시적인 관점에서 한어의 영향을 받아 변화된 조선어 어휘의 특징을 다루는 것이 주를 이루었다. 본 논문에서는 공시적 관점에서 한어와의 언어 접촉을 통한 변이 양상을 직접 관찰하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 조선족 집거 지역의 청소년들을 대상으로 조선어 작문 자료를 직접 수집하여 이들의 언어적 종합적으로 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 조선어와 한어는 언어유형론적이나 계통론적 측면에서 매우 다름에도 불구하고 조선어의 실질 형태소들 가운데 한어를 직접 차용하거나, 조선어 파생 접미사나, 어미 등을 결합한 혼종어들이 매우 많이 발견되었을 뿐 아니라 일부 문장 구조에서도 한어의 영향을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 Thomason(2001)의 관점에서 조선어와 한어의 접촉 강도가 3단계에 해당하는 것으로 결론 내렸다. This paper aims to empirically demonstrate the variation patterns observed in Chinese Korean and rationally explain them from the perspective of language contact. Over a long period and for various reasons, the ethnic Koreans who migrated from the Korean Peninsula to China have been influenced by the Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China, in numerous aspects, including economy, society, culture, and language, due to the policies of the Chinese government. In the multi-ethnic and multilingual society of China, language contact is a common phenomenon. Consequently, Chinese Korean inevitably exhibits elements of the Chinese language in addition to its original Korean linguistic features. Previous research has primarily focused on the diachronic perspective, addressing the characteristics of Korean vocabulary altered under the influence of Chinese. This paper, however, aims to directly observe the variation patterns resulting from language contact with Chinese from a synchronic perspective. For this purpose, Korean compositions written by adolescents in Korean ethnic communities were collected and comprehensively examined. The analysis revealed a significant presence of hybrid words combining Korean derivational suffixes or endings with Chinese morphemes, despite the typological and genealogical differences between Korean and Chinese. Additionally, certain sentence structures showed the influence of Chinese. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the intensity of contact between Korean and Chinese corresponds to level three according to Thomason (2001).

IT 뉴스 영한 번역에 나타난 영어의 영향

최희경 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2012 통번역학연구 Vol.16 No.2

A language changes within the internal linguistic system over time, but also for various other reasons. Language contact may be one of the reasons, and translation is obviously a form of language contact. In a globalized world, translation from English, a lingua franca, into other languages-and its importance-is ever-increasing, and English-Korean translation is no exception. Against this backdrop, this study aims to identify the influence of English as a hegemonic language on the Korean language through translational contact. Today, languages contact in a more direct manner than ever before even between ones as typologically and geographically far from each other as Korean and English by virtue of the Internet, mass media and travels; nevertheless, translation still serves as a primary conduit for communication between users of different languages. Thus, translation, involving translators as agents of language contact and change, may arguably influence the language community as a whole, given all instances of translation taking place around us. In written translation, the decisions and choices translators make in the process of translational contact may well be preserved in the form of various linguistic features. Among others, this study analyzed two features occurring at different levels of text: terminology and modality. These variables were selected based on earlier research work to represent the nature of IT news articles, where English apparently exerts greater influence as a language of power and intrusion than in other fields. For the analysis of the features, a parallel corpus of English source texts and Korean target texts and a comparable corpus of Korean original texts were constructed. Findings show that both in terminology and modality, Korean target texts and Korean original texts show statistically significant differences, an indication that the translated texts underwent some contact-induced change. The present study may serve as a preliminary research to lay the groundwork for related follow-up studies.