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신라금관의 완성과 마립간기 신라정치 - 자비․소지 마립간기를 중심으로 -
김정희 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2020 新羅文化 Vol.57 No.-
The golden crowns of Silla are particular artifacts excavated only in large wooden chamber tombs with a stone mound in the Gyeongju area during the Maripgan period, having close connections with the politics of Silla. This study set out to investigate the golden crowns of Silla that appeared at the stage of Grand Tomb of Hwangnam and the aspects of politics in Silla during the years when the golden crowns were completed. During the latter part of Maripgan period, five golden crowns of Silla were made including three in the vertical form with a perpendicular Suji and two in the vertical form going astray and completed the regular form of Silla's crowns. Politically speaking, Silla was on the war basis in preparation of its war against Goguryeo after its separation from Goguryeo, building fortresses and reforming its systems. They constructed a new palace and held religious rituals and events in the process of pushing forward all kinds of reform, which reinforced the royal authority further. The present study analyzed the icons of Silla's golden crowns and interpreted that the icons expressed on Silla's crowns told the myth of Kim Al-ji. The study focused on frequent ritual events including the construction of a new palace during the reign of King Soji and estimated the functions of a golden crown in relation to such rituals. The construction of a Singung (神宮) during the reign of Soji Maripgan was an event that publicly announced that the clan and royal authority of Kim, who succeeded in the transmission of regal power by heredity, held absolute superiority over the clans of Park and Seok and thus complete dominance over the ritual power. The main god of the Singung was Kim Al-ji, who had a myth expressing the identity of the Kim clan right during the Maripgan period. The myth of Kim Al-ji was reproduced at the religious service ceremonies held at the Singung. The Kim family with its royal authority displayed their sacred regal power through such ritual acts, inducing voluntary obedience and cooperation from other powers including their clan members. The golden crowns of Silla used at such rituals contained elements that showed the sacredness of the Kim family's royal authority or icons that connected the myth of Kim Al-ji and the royal authority of the Kim family to the Heaven. The golden crowns of Silla were very political as they showed the world the identity and sacredness of the Kim family and their royal authority and were a splendid symbol of Silla's new proud status equal to that of Goguryeo unlike its earlier status as a vassal to Goguryeo during the early days of Maripgan period. These findings indicate that Silla succeeded in getting independence from Goguryeo and reinforcing its royal authority during the Maripgan period, thus putting on an opening act to a full-blown centralized state. Created in this process, the golden crowns of Silla were the most splendid political and cultural products that embraced their periodic roles beautifully.
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김기흥(Kim Ki-Heung) 한국고대사학회 2011 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.64
신라의 김씨는 진흥왕대에 대중국 외교 관계에서 처음 사용되었다. 『北齊書』에 보이는 신라왕 ‘김진흥’은 ‘왕인 진흥’으로 ‘김’은 ‘왕’의 의미이다. 김씨 왕실의 바로 앞에 있었던 다른 부계 혈통의 ‘예전 왕’들은 ‘옛 왕’ 즉 ‘석김(昔金)’에서 왕을 나타내는 ‘김’을 피하고 석(昔)만을 남겨 구분한 듯하다. 석씨에 앞서 집권하였던 왕실 계통은 시조 혁거세의 이름에 보이는 ‘광명’의 의미를 취하여 ‘박’이란 성씨로 구별하였다. 三姓은 석씨계 집단의 도태 후에 칭해진 것으로서 씨족이나 족단들이 준별되는 상태에서 賜姓하여 준 것이 아니었다. 기존 왕계에 따라 성씨를 나누고, 왕실과 친연관계가 있는 귀족들에 대하여는 부계 혈연관계에 따라 구분하여 가다가 결국 상대적 친소정도에 의해 성씨를 구별하였던 것이다. 그런데 이들 지배층은 누대의 정치적 연합과 통혼관계를 통하여 복합적인 혈연관계를 형성하고 있었다. 이에 중고기 성골왕실의 근친혼이 강화되며 권부의 핵심에서 도태되었던 박씨계에 대해 김씨계는 여전히 혈연적 유대감을 갖기도 하였다. 김씨 왕비가 대외적으로 박씨를 칭하기도 하고, 신라 말에는 김씨였을 가능성이 있는 신덕왕이 박씨를 칭하는 일도 나타났다. 신덕왕은 견훤이나 궁예 등이 신성한 자임을 선전하는 중에 신라 왕실의 권위를 다시 세우고자 퇴락한 김씨왕계 대신 신라 초기 왕계인 박씨의 원손임을 천명하는 복고적 행태를 보였다. 한편, 김씨의 경우 7세기에 이르러 김알지 이외에 중국의 신화적 제왕인 소호금천씨를 시조로 보는 인식이 나타났다. 국제화의 진전 속에 왕실의 위상을 제고하기 위한 정체성의 확대 시도이며, 아울러 국가 중추세력으로 등장한 가야계 김씨까지를 포괄하기 위한 것이었다. 시조를 중국의 신화적 존재로 설정하게 되자 중국의 김씨 시조인 김일제도 먼 일족 정도로 인식할 수 있게 되었다. ‘대당고김씨부인묘명’에는 소호금천씨를 세조로 김일제를 원조라고 하고 그의 후손들이 요동에 피난한 양 말하였다. 그런데 김씨부인이 중국내에 본관을 둔 ‘경조(京兆) 김씨’ 임을 분명히 하고 중국내 연원 관계를 강조하고 있다. 따라서 이 묘명의 성씨 관련 내용은 재당 신라계 귀화인들의 경계인적 사고방식에서 적극 윤색된 것으로 신라 김씨 왕실의 연원을 그대로 말한 것으로 볼 수 없다. Kim, one of the three House names(Kim, Seok, Park) that were used by members of the Shilla royal family, seems to have been used for the first time in 565, by King Jin’heung-wang in his diplomatic dealings with China. At the time, the full and formal name that was used to refer to the Shilla king in diplomatic occasions was ‘Kim Jinheung.’ From the fact that such title literally meant ‘King Jin-heung,’ we can see that the term ‘Kim’ actually had the meaning of ‘King.’ It seems that the houses which provided former kings(which would make them ‘former royal families’), yet now stripped of power and shut out by the Kim House members, were not allowed to use the name ‘Kim,’ as such last name would falsely indicate that they were the present house in power making kings. They may have only been allowed to use the name ‘Seok-Kim(昔金),’ which would have meant ’Past king’ with the prefix ‘Seok(昔),’ while ‘Kim’ alone would be the equivalent of ‘(Present) King.’ Meanwhile, the descendants of kings and Houses which predated the ‘Seok’ kings and its house were also present at the time, and have been part of the Shilla dynasty’s central nobility class for quite some time. They were not to be referred to as ‘Seok.’ So they distinguished themselves with the last name ‘Park,’ which reflected the meaning of the term ‘Gwang’myeong(“light”)’ that can be found inside the Founder Hyeok’-geo‘se’s name. (‘Hyeok’geo‘se’ is usually referred to as “Park Hyeok‘geo’se”). Then in the 7th century, a new perspective to view the name Kim started to emerge. Unlike the previous thinking which believed that Kim Al-ji, the origin of the last name Kim, was the beginning of the house, the new idea came to argue that the mythical emperor of China, ‘Soho Geumcheon,’ was the true beginning and origin of the Kim house family members. This seems to have been a result of the Shilla government’s overall efforts to lift the status of the king and also enhance its importance in the process, as it became necessary for the Shilla dynasty to boost its image and establish its prowess throughout the East Asian region. Once the founder of the House name Kim was established as an ancient and also mythical being from China’s past, another historical figure named Kim Il-je(金日?), the origin of the Chinese last name Kim and whose origin can also be traced to the Huns(‘匈奴’), came to be considered as a distant relative of the Shilla royal family as well, and even be recorded in Shilla epitaphs. This caused a debate concerning the matter of whether or not the Shilla royal Kim family was related to the Hun tribes, yet the possibility of the Shilla Kim house descending from the Huns is nearly nonexistent.
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