한국어 균열 구문의 '것'

최기용 한국생성문법학회 2011 생성문법연구 Vol.21 No.1

In this paper, we propose that the Korean kes cleft construction is formed when an nP or an NP inside a DP on a predicative position of copular clauses moves to a subject position after N-to-D head movement. Kes is inserted in an empty NP position which would be ungrammatical after adnominal clauses or genitive NPs, if nothing happens. We claim that under this analysis, dual categories (N or Comp as in Kang 2006) or uses (a nominalizer use or a referential use as in Kim&Sells 2007) of kes in the Korean cleft construction are only apparent. The dual properties of a kes-phrase follow from the well-known observation that copular clauses have predicative and equative uses and the assumption that a predicative use obtains when a subject NP moves into [Spec, IP] and an equative use obtains when a predicate NP moves into the position. We also show that Kim&Sells's 2007 observation that a kes-phrase may not have a predicative use receives a straightforward account under our analysis.

분열문의 초점 부분에 나타난 ‘것’ : 개체화 형태소

김랑혜윤(Kim, Rhanghyeyun) 한국생성문법학회 2021 생성문법연구 Vol.31 No.2

Verb phrases and clauses need to be nominalized by kes when they are focused in the kes-cleft construction in Korean, even though non-nominal categories are otherwise allowed in the focus position. This paper offers a solution to this puzzle from the fact that (i) the categories that can be focused by the adverb ‘palo’ coincide with the categories that can occur in the focus-position of the kes-cleft constructions, (ii) ‘palo’-focuses and cleft-construction focuses are identificational and exhaustive, and (iii) the kes-cleft construction and all the categories focused by ‘palo’ include an individuation morpheme such as noun or ‘-seo.’ This paper proposes that the kes-nominalization of focused verb phrases or clauses follows since the exhaustivity is induced by the semantic operator EXH (Brody and Szendrıi 2010) and the operator is located in the individuation morpheme such as the noun, -seo, or kes in Korean.

소위 강조구문과 "것"의 의미

염재일 ( Jae Il Yeom ) 한국언어정보학회 2014 언어와 정보 Vol.18 No.2

In a so-called cleft (or, pseudocleft), the kes-phrase seems to refer to a person, even though kes is generally incompatible with human beings. In this paper, I claim that in a cleft, the kes-phrase can refer to a concept, and that a concept of human beings is not a person. I give some pieces of evidence for this claim. In a cleft, the kes-phrase cannot be pluralized only when it is supposed to denote a human being. Moreover, in such a case, the NP before the copula cannot be interpreted as the meaning of a predicate. Furthermore, in a cleft two kes-phrases are not conjoined with (k)wa only when they seem to denote human beings. All the observations can be explained by the claim that the kes-phrase denotes a concept in such cases. A concept cannot be used as a predicate, pluralized, or conjoined to refer to objects that are subsumed under a concept. When the kes-phrase denotes a concept, the cleft sentence is an identity statement. (Hongik University)

Embedded Declaratives in Korean

( Jae-il Yeom ) 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.1

Jae-Il Yeom. 2018. Embedded Declaratives in Korean. Language and Information, 22.1, 1 -27. This paper deals with three verbs that take a declarative clause. The verb al ‘know’ takes a ko-phrase, which is non-factive, and a kes-phrase, which describes a fact. The verb mit ‘believe’ also takes both, but a kes-phrase taken by the verb denotes a proposition. The verb sayngkakha ‘think’ takes a ko-phrase, but not a kes-phrase. I claim that a ko-phrase is a predicate which reflects what is in the mind of the subject. A kes-phrase expresses something that exists independently of the epistemic process. It can be a fact or a proposition that is given. If a kes-phrase is selected by al, it denotes a fact and if a kes-phrase is selected by mit, it denotes a proposition. sayngkakha only expresses an epistemic state, and it does not take a kes-phrase. I also discuss an adnominal declarative clause as part of a kes-phrase.

특정성과 서술성의 통사론: 영어와 한국어의 (‘것'-)분열문을 중심으로

김선웅 대한언어학회 2010 언어학 Vol.18 No.3

Kim, Sun-Woong. 2010. The Syntax of Specification and Predication: (Kes-)Clefts in Korean and English. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 18(3). 167-185. This paper argues that the Korean kes-cleft construction is a mixture of clefts (it-clefts) and pseudoclefts (wh-clefts) in that it has the properties of both clefts at the same time. To show this, comparisons with English it-clefts and wh-clefts are made with respect to the well-known syntactic and semantic properties. Regarding semantic properties of kes-clefts, it is concluded that the Korean kes-cleft construction is basically of specificational nature rather than predicational. In order to properly derive kes-clefts, following the lead of den Dikken(2009), it is argued that kukes in Korean kes-clefts starts as a small clause predicate and is raised to the front in terms of predicate raising in the sense of Moro(1997). The proposed derivation turns out to effectively explain the binding connectivity and the control possibility of kes-clefts.

한국어 명세화 의사분열 구문: ‘것’-분열절의 허사적 성격

박명관 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2019 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.38 No.-

This paper investigates specificational pseudoclefts and their inverted counterparts in Korean in light of the difference that kes-cleft clauses in the former have with those in the latter. We argue that the kes cleft clause in specificational pseudoclefts has a null operator displaced to its left periphery and enters into labeling, its label thereby being composed of uninterpretable formal features. This is how the kes cleft clause in point behaves like an expletive. The consequence is that it is not allowed to occur in a theta-marked position such as the complement of a copula or others. We also show that the kes clause can be analyzed not as a cleft clause, but as a relative clause construction where kes is a relative head. It will be shown that unlike the kes cleft clause, the relative clause construction with the kes head is evidently not an expletive, denoting a non-human entity.

Kes -copular construction in Korean

Jae-Il Yeom 한국언어학회 2020 언어 Vol.45 No.4

In this paper, I discuss what I call a kes-copula construction (KCC) and propose how the construction is analyzed. A KCC characterizes a situation described by a previous sentence in a different way by replacing an expression in a previous sentence with a new one. The new expression can be a word or a phrase. There are two mechanisms involved in this characterization. One is a predication relation which is expressed by the copula and the kes-phrase. The copula has a subject, null or overt, which refers to a situation described by a previous sentence and the kes-phrase denotes a property of situations. Therefore the two sentences describe the same situation. The other is that the new expression is focused. It introduces an alternative and the KCC triggers a presupposition from that alternative and the rest of the kes-phrase. If the presupposition is satisfied by a previous sentence, we can identify correspondence relations between expressions in the previous sentence and those in the kes-phrase. The new expression in the kes-phrase is predicated of the semantic entity introduced by the corresponding expression in the previous sentence in a different way. I call the new expression a dynamic predicate, which is a new notion, and the semantic entity introduced by the corresponding expression the target subject.

[Human] (Mis)match in Korean Pseudocleft Constructions

( Park Myung-kwan ),( Kim Hyosik ) 한국현대언어학회 2016 언어연구 Vol.32 No.2

This paper is to investigate the fact that the kes-clause in the subject position of Korean specificational Pseudocleft is construed either as human or non-human, but the clause elsewhere is construed only as non-human. We propose that this peculiar construal is attributed to the (expletive) null operator in the [Spec,CP] of the kes-clause, which can only merge into the non-thematic subject position. The other thematic positions cannot host the kes-clause whose projection is labeled by the (expletive) null operator. They rather house the kes-clause whose head kes with the interpretable [-human] feature determines the label of its projection. In essence, this paper shows that in the kes clause of Pseudoclefts in Korean either the clausal head kes or the null operator in the [Spec,CP] position enters into labeling the clausal projection, depending on its occurrence in a thematic or non-thematic position. (Dongguk University)

Embedded Declaratives in Korean

염재일 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.1

This paper deals with three verbs that take a declarative clause. The verb al ‘know’takes a ko-phrase, which is non-factive, and a kes-phrase, which describes a fact. The verbmit ‘believe’ also takes both, but a kes-phrase taken by the verb denotes a proposition. The verb sayngkakha ‘think’ takes a ko-phrase, but not a kes-phrase. I claim that ako-phrase is a predicate which reflects what is in the mind of the subject. A kes-phraseexpresses something that exists independently of the epistemic process. It can be a fact ora proposition that is given. If a kes-phrase is selected by al, it denotes a fact and if akes-phrase is selected by mit, it denotes a proposition. sayngkakha only expresses anepistemic state, and it does not take a kes-phrase. I also discuss an adnominal declarativeclause as part of a kes-phrase.

[Human] (Mis)match in Korean Pseudocleft Constructions

박명관,김효식 한국현대언어학회 2016 언어연구 Vol.32 No.2

This paper is to investigate the fact that the kes-clause in the subject position of Korean specificational Pseudocleft is construed either as human or non-human, but the clause elsewhere is construed only as non-human. We propose that this peculiar construal is attributed to the (expletive) null operator in the [Spec,CP] of the kes-clause, which can only merge into the non-thematic subject position. The other thematic positions cannot host the kes-clause whose projection is labeled by the (expletive) null operator. They rather house the kes-clause whose head kes with the interpretable [-human] feature determines the label of its projection. In essence, this paper shows that in the kes clause of Pseudoclefts in Korean either the clausal head kes or the null operator in the [Spec,CP] position enters into labeling the clausal projection, depending on its occurrence in a thematic or non-thematic position.