일본 재군비 과정에서 제국군인의 역할과 위상 -연합국총사령부(General headquarters) 復員局내의 ‘핫도리(服部) 그룹’을 중심으로-

유지아 일본사학회 2011 일본역사연구 Vol.33 No.-

After the war, the U.S. Army purged from public service dismantled all the institutions of the army and navy, and expelled the army and navy officers in order to realize non-militarization of Japan. On November 30, 1945, after abolishing the board of army and navy, military institutions virtually became extinct. But the U.S. Army made the Japanese military's ability by military requirements partially maintain, and under dissolution and disarmament of the Japanese armed forces, Japanese military old officers associated with these features acted as intermediaries with the U.S. Army. Especially as time passes, cooperating into the U.S. military through configuring of each institution in the range recognized by the U.S. military, and also carrying out discussing Japan's security and the rearmament of Japan in the future. Among them, Hattori group mainly studied on the rearmament of Japan. The zenith of this study was two years from 1948 to 49 years. Hattori group's research policy was to studying the main reasons and deficiency of the military defeat of Greater East Asia War and exploring the form of the existence of rectified newly Japanese Army. In this process, as soon as Korean War outbreaking, the U.S. immediately decided on military intervention into the Korean Peninsula. And MacArthur delivered to the Japanese government on July 8. letter directed the establishment of Police Reserve Force for the replacement the U.S. troops sent to South Korea. The Hattori group was deeply involved in the establishment of Police Reserve Force, however the organization had very likely been operating as an American style because it was created by American Advisory Group. It was to not resurface the forces' nature of Police Reserve Force. However, the case of a police in an executive position since the San Francisco Peace Treaty, the experienced people of the military service was beyond the 90 percentage. Since then, the adoption of old soldiers continued and police, old soldiers become an important location for 10 years after the beginning of Police Reserve Force. That is, as the nature and role of Police Reserve Force changing, the old soldiers' enlistment became more aggressive participation even over colonel as well as a mid-level officers. Formally, the rearmament of the Japan was not the resurrection of old Japanese Army, but the regulation built by Korean War and Reverse course of Occupation policy of the U.S. without relating with old Japanese Army. However, the Self-Defense Forces has actually the characteristic showing a strong continuity with old Japanese Army in many ways. Especially, since the beginning of Police reserve force, the enlistment of large number of executive officers will a clear evidence determining such continuity.

일제 경찰의 강압적 위생 취급

최재성 한국독립운동사연구소 2022 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.- No.77

Japanese police have implemented a ‘threat and soothing’ (‘carrot and whip’) policy to spread hygiene ideas in Joseon. In this article, I examined coercive activities, which are a method of coercion, except for the way of appeasement as propaganda activities using time and space. It is the implementation of violent ‘cleaning methods’, ‘disease-examined census’, and punishment and forced injection. The Japanese imperialism was treated as ‘martial law’ from the beginning of the implementation of the cleaning method, so the implementation of this cleaning method was also a process of violence by the Japanese police. In the process of implementing the cleaning method several times a year, the military police and the police gave beatings and insults to the Korean farmers, so the Koreans had an antipathy to the cleaning method. The Japanese imperialists also said that one of the reasons for the implementation of the disease-examined census was the concealment of the disease of the Korean people, but the fear of being accommodated in the isolation facility became a cause of psychology to hide. And there were many cases of unforeseen pain and an unnatural death as a result of prescription of a very incongruent drug and misdiagnosis. Also the punishment of hygiene obstruction was indeed violence directly applied to the body and property. There was also a compulsion in vaccinations. Such coercive hygiene administration of Japanese police did not work effectively to reduce the outbreak of infectious diseases. Thus, during the 30 years between 1911 and 1941, the number of infectious disease patients and the number of deaths continued to rise, except for temporary reversal of the 1920s. In addition, the lack of hygiene ideas of Koreans, which the Japanese police identified as the cause of the epidemic, was a baseless prejudice when we saw the incidence of Japanese residents living in Korea at the same time. Violence was accompanied by the Japanese police in their hygiene activities. The governing body itself was not able to escape from the pre-modern nature of the ‘putting government above people’, and it was caused by the overlapping of ethnic discrimination violence associated with ethnic logic.

논문 : 한말 일본군의 의병 진압과 친일세력의 역할 -순검,일진회원,밀정 등의 "토벌대" 참여 분석을 중심으로-

홍순권 ( Soon-kwon Hong ) 역사교육학회 2016 역사교육논집 Vol.58 No.-

As soon as the struggle of the Korean patriotic militia, so-called ``Righteous Armies``(Ui-byoung, 義兵) was resumed before and after the breakout of Russia-Japan War in 1904, Japanese Empire began to suppress them. Japan established the ``Residency-General`` (Tonggam-bu, 統監府) in 1906 after Japan took the diplomatic sovereignty of Korea by force in 1905. Futhermore, soon after Japan disorganized the Korean Army, they began to slaughter Ui-byoungs including the old Korean Government soldiers. Numberless Ui-byongs were killed by Japanese troops stationed in Korea,. In order to subdue them Japan dispatched to Korea the strong armies which well trained and well armed with the modern weapons. On the other side, the Ui-byongs were not well trained and armed with old and primitive weapons such as matchlocks or lances. The great sacrifices of Ui-byouung was originated from such a differential of combat strength between the two. But that was not the only reason. Then What were the another reassons? The so called ``punutive troop`` was composed of Japanese soldiers and M.P.s including Korean police men, Iljinhoe members, spies, and other bribed Japanophiles. The suppressive facilities such as garrisons, M.P.s, and polices divided their works ; the garrison took over the directive agression against Ui-byoungs, M.P.s and police gathered the informations about the Ui-byoungs which enabled the garrison to move instantly when they find out them. Iljinhoe members, spies, and other bribed Japanophiles played important roles in helping the military operations of Japanese``punutive troops`` to slaughter the Ui-byoungs. They informed Japanese garrisons or ``punitive troops`` of the movements of Ui-byoungs, and guided them to the places where the Ui-byoungs gathered together or took shelter. Futhermore they also joined battles together with Japanese troops. They endeavored to search out the Ui-byoungs who hided themselves, helping Japanese troops eliminate Japanese troops by all means. The Japanese army in Korea continued to develop the military operations in order to eliminate Korean resitants, Ui-byoungs, since 1906. 17,779 Korean people or more than that number were killed by Japanese forces until 1911. Such a massacre could happen, partly by the strength of Japanese forces armed with modern and suprior weapons, and partly by the cooperation of Korean Japanophiles. These Japanophiles were complicit with Japanese army who committed ``Massacre crime against Ui-byoungs``.

한말 일본군의 의병 진압과 친일세력의 역할 - 순검․일진회원․밀정 등의 ‘토벌대’ 참여 분석을 중심으로 -

홍순권 역사교육학회 2016 역사교육논집 Vol.58 No.-

As soon as the struggle of the Korean patriotic militia, so-called ‘Righteous Armies’(Ui-byoung, 義兵) was resumed before and after the breakout of Russia-Japan War in 1904, Japanese Empire began to suppress them. Japan established the ‘Residency-General’ (Tonggam-bu, 統監府) in 1906 after Japan took the diplomatic sovereignty of Korea by force in 1905. Futhermore, soon after Japan disorganized the Korean Army, they began to slaughter Ui-byoungs including the old Korean Government soldiers. Numberless Ui-byongs were killed by Japanese troops stationed in Korea,. In order to subdue them Japan dispatched to Korea the strong armies which well trained and well armed with the modern weapons. On the other side, the Ui-byongs were not well trained and armed with old and primitive weapons such as matchlocks or lances. The great sacrifices of Ui-byouung was originated from such a differential of combat strength between the two. But that was not the only reason. Then What were the another reassons? The so called ‘punutive troop’ was composed of Japanese soldiers and M.P.s including Korean police men, Iljinhoe members, spies, and other bribed Japanophiles. The suppressive facilities such as garrisons, M.P.s, and polices divided their works ; the garrison took over the directive agression against Ui-byoungs, M.P.s and police gathered the informations about the Ui-byoungs which enabled the garrison to move instantly when they find out them. Iljinhoe members, spies, and other bribed Japanophiles played important roles in helping the military operations of Japanese ‘punutive troops’ to slaughter the Ui-byoungs. They informed Japanese garrisons or ‘punitive troops’ of the movements of Ui-byoungs, and guided them to the places where the Ui-byoungs gathered together or took shelter. Futhermore they also joined battles together with Japanese troops. They endeavored to search out the Ui-byoungs who hided themselves, helping Japanese troops eliminate Japanese troops by all means. The Japanese army in Korea continued to develop the military operations in order to eliminate Korean resitants, Ui-byoungs, since 1906. 17,779 Korean people or more than that number were killed by Japanese forces until 1911. Such a massacre could happen, partly by the strength of Japanese forces armed with modern and suprior weapons, and partly by the cooperation of Korean Japanophiles. These Japanophiles were complicit with Japanese army who committed ‘Massacre crime against Ui-byoungs’.

일제강점기 일본인경찰관에 대한 한국어교육 연구 -특수목적 외국어교육의 관점에서-

김은희 한국일어교육학회 2019 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.48

This study explores Korean language education in the Japanese colonial era, how it was used as a tool for administrative purposes. It is not a study of Japanese domination and Korean resistance. Korean language education for the Japanese police force was conceived not just as a tool for helping Japan’s colonialization of Korea but also was a typical form of special-purpose foreign language education. This study examines how the educational environment, rules in the work setting, needs of police officers, vocational development evaluation, and incentive system affected Korean language acquisition of Japanese law enforcement officers in the Japanese colonial era in Korea. In 1921, the Japanese Government-General of Korea enacted the rule that encouraged Japanese administrative officers to learn the Korean language and provided incentives to the officers with additional allowances and promotion at work. In a police training school, Korean language education was the mandatory subject for all trainees. Also, in local police stations nationwide, Korean language education was required as a part of the regular duties. For policeman who could translate Korean into the Japanese language, additional monetary benefits were provided. The result showed remarkable progress: 80% of entire Japanese policemen were able to communicate in the Korean language in 1927. The materials that were used in language education were specially designed for special purposes. Especially, the contents were targeted for daily duties of policemen. In 1926, education material titled Study Material for Korean Language for Policemen was published. It covered illustrative examples that could be easily applied in daily use. This includes detailed explanations on Korean culture, and communication skills to minimize potential conflicts. Thus, Korean language was widely used among police, and became / was? an administrative tool to control and rule over the Korean people. 일제강점기 일본인 경찰관에 대한 한국어교육의 궁극적인 목적은 철저한 식민 지배를 위한 수단이라는 것은분명하다. 그러나 경찰관이라는 직업 업무를 수행하기 위한 외국어교육의 일환으로 보면 특수목적을 위한 외국어교육의 한 영역이다. 하위 영역으로는 직업 목적 외국어교육에 해당한다. 본 연구는 경찰관을 대상으로 하는 한국어교육의 규정, 인센티브, 교육기관, 경찰관 학습자, 경찰관용 한국어교재, 평가시험에 대한 기록들을 찾아내어 경찰관을 위한 한국어교육이 갖는 특수목적 외국어교육으로서의 면모를 살펴보았다. 1921년 조선총독부는 일본인 관리들에게 조선어장려규정을 제정하고 장려시험에 합격한 일본인 관리들에게수당 지급, 승진 등의 인센티브를 제공하였다. 경찰의 교육을 담당했던 경찰강습소에서는 한국어를 필수과목으로 가르쳤고 지방의 경찰서에서는 별도의 한국어 수업과 시험이 실시되었다. 조선어 장려시험, 경찰관통역 겸장시험 합격자에게는 별도의 수당을 지급하였다. 이에 따라 괄목할 만한 성과를 보여 1927년 통계자료에 따르면일본인 경찰관 80%가 한국어로 업무가 가능하였다. 1926년에 발간된 「警察官專用朝鮮語敎範」은 경찰관 업무 내용을 장면 실라버스로 구성하고 있어 경찰관의언어사용역(register)을 알 수 있고 조선사정에 대한 설명과 지배자로서의 커뮤니게이션 스킬을 포함하고 있다. 일본인 경찰관에게 한국어는 한국 국민들을 통제하고 지배하기 위한 수단이고 행정 업무의 도구였음을 알 수 있다. 일제강점기의 일본인 경찰관에 대한 한국어교육은 교육제도, 학습자 수, 교육환경, 실천과 성과 면에서 특수목적 외국어교육의 전형이다. 한국어교육사에서도 가장 두드러졌던 특수목적 한국어교육의 한 사례로 볼 수 있다.

근대기생, 미정의 소수자

권도희(Kwon, Do Hee) 한국사연구회 2014 한국사연구 Vol.- No.164