유해화학물질 취급설비와 긴급차단밸브의 유효성 검토 – 불화수소와 염소가스를 중심으로

신용호(Yong Ho Shin),박정남(Jung Nam Park),이규식(Gyu Sik Lee),김충래(Chung Rea Kim),조규선(Guy Sun Cho) 한국위험물학회 2021 한국위험물학회지 Vol.9 No.2

유해화학물질을 취급하는 공장들이 많아지면서 취급하는 독성물질의 누출로 인한 피해가 근로자 및 인근 주민에서 영향을 끼치고 있으며 불안함으로 인해 유해화학물질에 관한 관심도가 높아진 실정이다. 이러한 독성물질 누출사고의 피해를 줄일 수 있는 시스템 중 긴급차단밸브를 들 수 있다. 그러나 사업체의 입장에서는 공정상 또는 관리적인 측면에서도 부담될 것이기 때문에 모든 설비에 긴급차단밸브를 설치할 수 없을 것이다. 또한, 가벼운 가스와 무거운 가스의 누출 시 거동이 다를 것이기 때문에, 효과적으로 긴급차단밸브를 설치 할 수 있도록 무거운 가스 및 가벼운 가스에 긴급차단밸브가 적용되었을 상황과 적용되지 않았을 상황을 비교하고자 한다. 가벼운 가스로는 불화수소가스를 선정하였으며 , 무거운 가스로는 염소가스를 선정하였다. 영향평가 시뮬레이션 프로그램은 환경부에서 제공하는 KORA 프로그램을 사용하였다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 가벼운 가스보다는 무거운 가스에 긴급차단밸브가 유효하다는 것을 검증할 수 있었다. As the number of factories handling hazardous chemicals increases, the damage caused by the leakage of toxic materials is affecting workers and nearby residents, and interest in hazardous chemicals has increased due to anxiety. An emergency shut-off valve is one of the systems that can reduce the damage caused by such a toxic substance leak accident. However, it will not be possible to install emergency shut-off valves in all facilities because it will be burdensome in terms of processes or management from the perspective of businesses. In addition, since the behavior of light gas and heavy gas will be different when leaking, we want to compare the situation in which the emergency shut-off valve was applied to heavy gas and light gas and the situation in which it was not applied so that the emergency shut-off valve can be installed effectively. Hydrogen fluoride gas was selected as the light gas, and chlorine gas was selected as the heavy gas. For the impact evaluation simulation program, the KORA program provided by the Ministry of Environment was used. Through the results of this study, it was possible to verify that the emergency shutoff valve is effective for heavy gas rather than light gas.

Gas Distribution Mapping and Source Localization: A Mini-Review

김태환,박인규 한국센서학회 2023 센서학회지 Vol.32 No.2

The significance of gas sensors has been emphasized in various industries and applications, owing to the growing significance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) management in corporate operations. In particular, the monitoring of hazardous gas leakages and detection of fugitive emissions have recently garnered significant attention across several industrial sectors. As industrial workplaces evolve to ensure the safety of their working environments and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the demand for high-performance gas sensors in industrial sectors dealing with toxic substances is on the rise. However, conventional gas-sensing systems have limitations in monitoring fugitive gas leakages at both critical and subcritical concentrations in complex environments. To overcome these difficulties, recent studies in the field of gas sensors have employed techniques such as mobile robotic olfaction, remote optical sensing, chemical grid sensing, and remote acoustic sensing. This review highlights the significant progress made in various technologies that have enabled accurate and real-time mapping of gas distribution and localization of hazardous gas sources. These recent advancements in gas-sensing technology have shed light on the future role of gas-detection systems in industrial safety.

Specific Process Conditions for Non-Hazardous Classification of Hydrogen Handling Facilities

Choi, Jae-Young,Byeon, Sang-Hoon Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2021 Safety and health at work Vol.12 No.3

Hazardous area classification design is required to reduce the explosion risk in process plants. Among the international design guidelines, only IEC 60079-10-1 proposes a new type of zone, namely zone 2 NE, to prevent explosion hazards. We studied how to meet the zone 2 NE grade for a facility handling hydrogen gas, which is considered as most dangerous among explosive gases. Zone 2 NE can be achieved considering the grade of release, as well as the availability and effectiveness of ventilation, which are factors indicative of the facility condition and its surroundings. In the present study, we demonstrate that zone 2 NE can be achieved when the degree of ventilation is high by accessing temperature, pressure, and size of leak hole. The release characteristic can be derived by substituting the process condition of the hydrogen gas facility. The equations are summarized considering relation of the operating temperature, operating pressure, and size of leak hole. Through this relationship, the non-hazardous condition can be realized from the perspective of inherent safety by the combination of each parameter before the initial design of the hydrogen gas facility.

휴대용부탄연소기의 화재 위험성 연구 : 실험을 통한 위험성 검증

이석기,김태윤 (사)한국화재감식학회 2024 한국화재감식학회 학회지 Vol.15 No.1

There are not a few fire accidents occurring around us, and fire types are also occurring in various ways. Among the various fire accidents, this study tried to find out about fire accidents related to portable butane gas. Portable butane gas, which is most commonly used by many people around (home, general restaurant, outdoor, etc.), has established itself as an essential cooking utensil in Korea. Because of the high frequency of use, it is not uncommon for accidents to occur. So, in this study, I became interested in the safety of the portable butane gas burner, which has been firmly established as a cooking utensil, and at the same time reached the stage of confirming its danger through empirical experiments. Therefore, we investigated what factors could cause a fire accident when using a portable butane gas cooker, such as using an excessive fire plate, and conducted a numerical analysis of the risk through a verification experiment tailored to it. As a result, it was found that the risk of explosion of butane gas due to negligence in use still exists.

물질특성 및 운전조건을 고려한 증기상 물질의 2차 누출에 따른 폭발위험장소 범위 선정에 관한 연구

서민수(Minsu Seo),김기석(Kisug Kim),황용우(Yongwoo Hwang),천영우(Youngwoo Chon) 한국가스학회 2018 한국가스학회지 Vol.22 No.4

현재 KS Code 등 국내규정에서는 폭발위험장소의 범위를 계산하는 방법이 명확하게 나타나지 않아, 정확한 범위 선정을 위해서는 확산 모델링 해석을 이용하여야 한다. 본 연구애서는 대표적인 물질과 운전조건을 활용하여 확산 모델링에 비하여 간편하면서도 비교적 합리적인 폭발위험장소의 범위를 산정하는 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 현재 시행되고 있는 국내외 표준을 바탕으로 폭발하한계(LFL, Lower Flammable Limit)까지 거리에 영향을 미치는 변수를 선정하였다. 총 16종의 인화성물질을 대상으로 물질변수, 운전변수, 기상조건에 대하여 모델링을 진행하였으며, 통계분석을 통해 영향을 미치는 변수를 선별하였다. 선별된 변수를 이용하여 폭발위험장소의 범위 선정을 위한 3단계 분류화 방법(3Step Classification Method)을 작성하였다. Currently, local regulations, such as KS Code, do not clearly specify how to calculate the range of hazardous area, so the dispersion modeling program should be used to select dispersion. The purpose of this study is to present a methodology of determining the range of hazardous area which is simpler and more reasonable than modelling by using representative materials and process conditions. Based on domestic and overseas regulations that are currently in effect, variables affecting distance to LFL(Lower Flammable Limit) were selected. A total of 16 flammable substances were modelled for substance variables, process conditions variables, and weather conditions variables, and the statistical analysis selected the variables that affect them. Using the selected variables, a three-step classification method was prepared to select the range of locations subject to explosion hazard.

주요 건축 내장재의 연소가스 유해성 평가

서현정,손동원 한국화재소방학회 2015 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.29 No.4

Toxic gases from five types of interior building materials were investigated according to Naval Engineering Standard(NES) 713. The materials were plywood, indoor wall coverings (wood wall plate members and pine wood), reinforced Styrofoaminsulation, laminate flooring, and PVC. Specimens were measured using an NES 713 toxicity test apparatus to analyzethe hazardous substances in combustion gas from the materials. We used the US Department of Defense standard (MIL-DTL,Military Standard) to calculate the toxicity index of the combustion gas. Emissions of CO2 from all specimens did not exceedthe NES 713 limit of 100,000 ppm. The amount of CO gas emissions from reinforced Styrofoam insulation was 6,098 ppm. 25 ppm and 49 ppm of formaldehyde were released from the reinforced Styrofoam insulation and PVC flooring, respectively. These values were less than the limit of 400 ppm. The highest emissions were from NOX emitted by plywood andwere above the limit of 250 ppm. The toxicity index of the specimens were calculated as 5.19 for plywood, 4.13 for PVCflooring, 2.35 for reinforced Styrofoam insulation, 2.34 for laminate flooring, and 1.22 for indoor wall coverings (pinewood). Our research helps us to understand the properties of these five interior materials by analyzing the combustion gasand explaining the toxicity of constituents and the toxicity index. Also, it would be useful for giving fundamentals to guidethe safe use of interior materials for applications. 본 연구에서는 건물 실내에서 주로 사용되고 있는 합판, 실내 마감용 목재(루바; 소나무), 압축 스티로폼 단열재, 강화마루 및 PVC 장판 5 종류의 연소가스 유해성을 분석하였다. 연소가스의 유해성 분석은 Naval Engineering Standard(NES) 713 규격 및 미국국방성 규격(MIL-DTL)을 적용하였다. CO2의 방출량은 5종의 내장재 모두 NES 713 규격 한계치인 100,000 ppm을 초과하지 않았다. CO 방출량의 경우 압축 스티로폼 단열재가 6,098 ppm으로 규격 한계치인4,000 ppm을 초과하는 값을 나타내었다. 포름알데히드는 PVC 장판과 압축 스티로폼 단열재에서 각각 25 ppm, 49 ppm방출되었다. NOX는 합판에서 955 ppm으로 가장 높은 양이 방출되었으며, 규정 한계치 250 ppm에 비하여 높은 값으로나타났다. 독성 지수는 합판 5.19, PVC 장판 4.13, 압축 스티로폼 단열재가 2.35, 강화마루 2.34, 그리고 실내 마감용목재 1.22로 산출되었다. 본 연구에서는 화재 시 발생되는 연소가스 측정 및 유해가스 농도를 확인하여, 향후 건축 내장재의 화재 안전성을 평가하기 위한 기초 데이터로 활용하고자 한다.

한국형발사체 열제어/화재안전 시스템 요구 조건 설계

최상호(Sangho Choi),이준호(Joon-Ho Lee) 한국추진공학회 2016 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

발사체는 발사 전에 발사체 시스템의 기능 점검 및 추진제 충전을 위한 지상 운용 과정을 거치게 된다. 이러한 과정에서 발사체 내부 격실에 대한 온도 제어를 수행하고, 위험 가스 누출로 인한 화재 및 폭발 가능성을 낮추기 위하여 열제어/화재 안전 시스템이 운용된다. 열제어/화재안전 요구 조건은 화재안전 관점에서 위험 가스를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 조건과 열제어 관점에서의 조건을 모두 만족시킬 수 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 한국형발사체(KSLV-II)에 적용할 화재안전 조건 및 열제어 조건을 도출하고 이를 바탕으로 열제어/화재안전 시스템의 요구 조건에 대한 설계를 수행하였다. Before lift-off of launch vehicle, ground operation for checking launch vehicle system and filling propellant is done. During ground operation, Thermal Control & Fire Safety System is operated to conduct thermal control for compartment of launch vehicle and reduce possibility of fire and explosion due to leak of hazardous gas. Requirement of Thermal Control & Fire Safety System should satisfy both fire safety condition and thermal control condition. In this study, fire safety condition and thermal condition to fulfill its mission was proposed. Based on these conditions, requirement of thermal control & fire safety system for KSLV-II was designed.

Evidence for gas hydrate occurrences in the Canadian Arctic Beaufort Sea within permafrost-associated shelf and deep-water marine environments

Riedel, M.,Brent, T.A.,Taylor, G.,Taylor, A.E.,Hong, J.-K.,Jin, Y.-K.,Dallimore, S.R. Elsevier 2017 Marine and petroleum geology Vol.81 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The presence of a wedge of offshore permafrost on the shelf of the Canadian Beaufort Sea has been previously recognized and the consequence of a prolonged occurrence of such permafrost is the possibility of an underlying gas hydrate regime. We present the first evidence for wide-spread occurrences of gas hydrates across the shelf in water depths of 60–100 m using 3D and 2D multichannel seismic (MCS) data. A reflection with a polarity opposite to the seafloor was identified ∼1000 m below the seafloor that mimics some of the bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) in marine gas hydrate regimes. However, the reflection is not truly bottom-simulating, as its depth is controlled by offshore permafrost. The depth of the reflection decreases with increasing water depth, as predicted from thermal modeling of the late Wisconsin transgression. The reflection crosscuts strata and defines a zone of enhanced reflectivity beneath it, which originates from free gas accumulated at the phase boundary over time as permafrost and associated gas hydrate stability zones thin in response to the transgression. The wide-spread gas hydrate occurrence beneath permafrost has implications on the region including drilling hazards associated with the presence of free gas, possible overpressure, lateral migration of fluids and expulsion at the seafloor. In contrast to the permafrost-associated gas hydrates, a deep-water marine BSR was also identified on MCS profiles. The MCS data show a polarity-reversed seismic reflection associated with a low-velocity zone beneath it. The seismic data coverage in the southern Beaufort Sea shows that the deep-water marine BSR is not uniformly present across the entire region. The regional discrepancy of the BSR occurrence between the US Alaska portion and the Mackenzie Delta region may be a result of high sedimentation rates expected for the central Mackenzie delta and high abundance of mass-transport deposits that prohibit gas to accumulate within and beneath the gas hydrate stability zone.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Discovery of permafrost related gas hydrate regime in Beaufort shelf region. </LI> <LI> Base of gas hydrate stability zone follows trend predicted by thermal modelling. </LI> <LI> Permafrost-associated gas hydrate regime poses geo-hazards to drilling. </LI> <LI> Deep-water marine hydrate regime appears irregular across Beaufort margin. </LI> </UL> </P>

방사성폐기물 유리화설비의 배기가스 처리계통 운영 사례 연구

이혜현(Hye Hyun Lee),박규원(Kyu Won Park) 大韓環境工學會 2016 대한환경공학회지 Vol.38 No.5

본 연구에서는 상용 유리화설비 설계를 위한 기초자료에 도움이 되고자 용융공정에서 발생되는 배기가스의 특성과 배기가스 처리계통 운영사례를 조사하였다. 유리화설비 운영의 목적은 용융공정으로 투입된 방사성폐기물 내에 함유되어 있는 유해물질과 용융공정 내에서 발생된 다양한 화학종을 함유하고 있는 유해 배기가스를 처리하는 것이다. 유리화설비를 건설, 운영하기 위해서는 안전성 분석을 통한 인허가가 필수적이며, 부산물로 발생하는 방사성핵종이나 유해물질을 법적 환경배출규제치 이하로 처리하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 배기가스의 특성을 정확히 파악하여 그 특성에 따라 적절한 배기가스 처리공정을 설계해야 한다. 따라서 적절한 배기가스 처리계통을 설계하는 데는 폐기물 발생 특성, 용융로 특성, 배기가스 규제지침, 배기가스 발생 특성, 배기가스 처리장치에 대한 성능 평가 등의 광범위한 요소를 고려해야 한다. In this study, we investigated the main characteristics of off-gas generated from melting process and off-gas treatment system operation example to provide some primary data for commercial vitrification facility design. The purpose of vitrification facility operation is to treat hazardous materials in the radioactive wastes and harmful off-gas containing a variety of chemical species generated in the glass melting process. Constructing and operating vitrification facility essentially need to be licensed through safety analysis; it is very important to treat radionuclide and hazardous materials below the legal environment emissions regulation level. We must accurately understand the characteristics of off-gas and apply an appropriate off-gas treatment process accordingly. Thus, to design the appropriate off-gas treatment there must be a wide range of elements taken into account such as characteristics of waste and melter, regulation guidance of off-gas, characteristics of generated off-gas and off-gas treatment system performance assessment.

연소독성지수와 마우스 행동정지시간 비교 연구

조남욱,이종천,이동호 한국화재소방학회 2011 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.25 No.4

Casualties due to toxic smoke products have been reported as major fire damage. There are various tests in order to evaluate toxic smoke from a fire at home and abroad, and KS F 2271 as a test of the gas hazard of building finish materials has been conducted in Korea. The current test of the gas hazard exposes rodent, laboratory rat, to smoke gases to evaluate combustion gas toxicity by measuring acting time of that. this study performed a test of the gas hazard for combustible polymer material,Urethane and rubber flooring, and determined gases with the FT-IR. Quantitative results compared with standard value defined in BS6853 and toxicity index (R) was calculated. Using relative comparison with animal test and the toxicity index, We tried a variety of toxicity evaluation by correlation analysis of two tests. 연기독성생성물로 인한 인명피해가 주요한 화재피해로 보고되고 있다. 화재로 인한 연기독성을 평가하기 위해 국내외의 다양한 시험이 있으며, 국내에서는 KS F 2271의 가스유해성시험으로 건축마감재료의유해성을 평가하고 있다. 현행 가스유해성시험은 발연가스를 설치류(실험용 흰 쥐)에 노출시켜 행동시간을측정하여 연소가스 독성을 평가한다. 본 연구에서는 가연성 고분자소재(우레탄 및 고무바닥재)를 대상으로가스유해성시험을 수행하고 이때 발생되는 가스를 FT-IR로 정량분석하였다. 정량분석결과는 BS6853에서규정하는 기준값과 비교하여 독성지수(R)를 산정하였다. 동물시험과 독성지수의 상대적 비교를 통해 두 시험법의 상관성을 분석하여 다양한 독성평가를 시도하고자 하였다.