Nitrogen Use and Yield of Silage Corn as Affected by Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Soil-incorporated at Different Time in Spring

Jong-Ho Seo,Ho-Jin Lee,Il-Bong Hur,Si-Ju Kim,Chung-Guk Kim,Hyeon-Suk Jo,Jung-Sam Lee 韓國作物學會 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.4

Winter green manure crops including legume increase grain yield of subsequent crop and substitute N fertilizer requirement with organic-No Hairy vetch grows vigorously and can provide N-rich green manure for corn with its soil incorporation after wintering. But, grain yield of corn as succeeding crop would be reduced if its planting time is delayed until late spring. This experiment was carried out to find the proper incorporation time of hairy vetch green manure and planting time of subsequent corn in cropping system with winter hairy vetch(green manure)-summer corn. Hairy vetch was incorporated into soil at a ten-day interval between April 10 and May 10 and corn was planted at 5 days after each hairy vetch incorporation. Soil nitrate concentration on April 10 and 20 in hairy vetch plot was slightly lower than that at winter fallow. Above-ground dry matter and organic-N of hairy vetch increased linearly with delayed hairy vetch incorporation time from April 10 to May 10. Average dry matter and organic-N produced by hairy vetch were 5.7 ton/ha and 248 kgN/ha, respectively. Corn growth and yield decreased as delayed corn planting time after May in spite of increasing dry matter and N-yield of hairy vetch. Nitrogen concentration of corn grain, stalk and whole plant at harvest were the highest in May 5 planting, but total N-uptake of May 5 planting were not different from that of April 25 planting because of lower grain yield. It was concluded that the proper incorporation time of hairy vetch and corn planting time were April 20 and April 25, respectively, because grain yield was the highest and corn could use hairy vetch-N effectively to produce dry matter.

Use of Hairy Vetch Green Manure as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn Production

Jong-ho Seo,Ho-jin Lee,Il-bong Hur,Si-ju Kim,Chung-kuk Kim,Hyeon-suk Jo 韓國作物學會 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.5

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) winter annual is very effective on reducing chemical nitrogen fertilizer for subsequent com by fixed organic green manure nitrogen fixed during hairy vetch growth. In this experiment, hairy vetch produced above-ground dry matter of 5 ton/ha, nitrogen yield 200 kgN/ha, at com planting on the average during 1997 and 1998. Changes in com yield and nitrogen uptake for two years were investigated after application of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kgN/ha on plot of winter fallow and hairy vetch green manure, respectively. Nitrogen status such as ear-leaf N%, SPAD value at silk and dough stage, and com yield decreased in proportion to reduction of nitrogen fertilizer at winter fallow, but nitrogen status and yield of com were not different among nitrogen fertilizer rate at hairy vetch green manure. Com yield (total dry matter) at 0 kgN/ha plot of hairy vetch was 22, 20 ton/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively and com could produce more dry matter 9, 13 ton/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer in 1997, 1998, respectively. Com yield (total dry matter) at 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure was higher than that of high N fertilizer rate such as 180, 240 kgN/ha of winter fallow. Nitrogen uptake of com at plot of hairy vetch-no nitrogen fertilizer slightly decreased than at plot of hairy vetch - nitrogen fertilizer, but com absorbed more nitrogen of 141, 159 kgN/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under no nitrogen fertilizer condition in 1997, 1998, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer reduction for com by hairy vetch green manure was 149, 161kgN/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively. Still more, com could absorb more soil nitrogen by nitrogen fertilizer 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure than by high nitrogen fertilizer such as 180, 240 kgN/ha at winter fallow. It is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer for corn could be reduced by winter cultivation and soil incorporation of hairy vetch at com planting.

Effect of live hairy vetch and its incorporation on weed growth in a subtropical region

Anugroho, Fajri,Kitou, Makoto The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2011 Weed Biology and Management Vol.11 No.1

Two of the many benefits of including legume cover crops in a fallow cropping system are weed suppression and increased soil organic N. This study was conducted in order to examine the effect of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) on weed growth and soil N through a fallow period in subtropical Okinawa, Japan. Together with an untreated control plot, hairy vetch was grown from November 2007 to April 2008 and subsequently incorporated into the soil. The weeds were allowed to develop uncontrolled for 2 months until the time when a cash crop would be planted. In the period after the incorporation of hairy vetch, the weed biomass in the hairy vetch (HV)+ plot was more than threefold greater than that in the HV- plot. Hairy vetch had a high tendency to uptake N in April before the incorporation of hairy vetch; the N uptake by the weeds was lower in the HV+ plot than in the HV- plot. After the incorporation of hairy vetch, the N uptake by the weeds in the HV+ plot was two-to-six times higher than that by the weeds in the HV- plot. The C/N ratios of hairy vetch and the weeds in the HV+ plot were lower than those of the weeds in the HV- plot. More than half of the hairy vetch residue and N in the residue had decomposed by 28 days after incorporation. The content of both the NH4-N and NO3-N in the HV+ soil was higher than that in the HV- soil. Moreover, the amount of NO3-N increased during the growing period of hairy vetch and decreased after the incorporation of hairy vetch. The fallow soil into which hairy vetch had been incorporated displayed a greater weed biomass and resulted in a higher inorganic N content than the soil that had not supported hairy vetch.

Use of Hairy Vetch Green Manure as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn Production

Seo, Jong-ho,Lee, Ho-jin,Hur, Il-bong,Kim, Si-ju,Kim, Chung-kuk,Jo, Hyeon-suk The Korean Society of Crop Science 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.5

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) winter annual is very effective on reducing chemical nitrogen fertilizer for subsequent com by fixed organic green manure nitrogen fixed during hairy vetch growth. In this experiment, hairy vetch produced above-ground dry matter of 5 ton/ha, nitrogen yield 200 kgN/ha, at com planting on the average during 1997 and 1998. Changes in com yield and nitrogen uptake for two years were investigated after application of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kgN/ha on plot of winter fallow and hairy vetch green manure, respectively. Nitrogen status such as ear-leaf N%, SPAD value at silk and dough stage, and com yield decreased in proportion to reduction of nitrogen fertilizer at winter fallow, but nitrogen status and yield of com were not different among nitrogen fertilizer rate at hairy vetch green manure. Com yield (total dry matter) at 0 kgN/ha plot of hairy vetch was 22, 20 ton/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively and com could produce more dry matter 9, 13 ton/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer in 1997, 1998, respectively. Com yield (total dry matter) at 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure was higher than that of high N fertilizer rate such as 180, 240 kgN/ha of winter fallow. Nitrogen uptake of com at plot of hairy vetch-no nitrogen fertilizer slightly decreased than at plot of hairy vetch - nitrogen fertilizer, but com absorbed more nitrogen of 141, 159 kgN/ha by hairy vetch green manure compared with winter fallow under no nitrogen fertilizer condition in 1997, 1998, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer reduction for com by hairy vetch green manure was 149, 161kgN/ha in 1997, 1998, respectively. Still more, com could absorb more soil nitrogen by nitrogen fertilizer 60kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure than by high nitrogen fertilizer such as 180, 240 kgN/ha at winter fallow. It is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer for corn could be reduced by winter cultivation and soil incorporation of hairy vetch at com planting.

가축액상분뇨 시용이 헤어리베치 질소흡수와 후작 배추 생육에 미치는 영향

류종원 한국유기농업학회 2005 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.13 No.2

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of animal slurry on nitrogen uptake of hairy vetch and growth of chinese cabbage in cropping system. Hairy vetch was seeded on September 20 in 2003. We examined the effect of cover crop(hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and slurry application(0, 100, 200kg N/ha) on yield and N uptake. Dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake of hairy vetch were measured. The chinese cabbage succeeding cover crop was harvested in 2004. The nitrogen uptake of hairy vetch was 84, 121, 148kg N/ha respectively, when the slurry application was 0, 100 and 200kg N/ha. In addition. N uptake of hairy vetch at the plot of 100kg and 200 kg N/ha slurry were 44% and 76% higher than that of the plot without slurry application respectively. Slurry application of hairy vetch could increase nitrogen uptake by application of green manure at the harvesting time. The content of organic matter and P-content of soil with hairy vetch plot was higher than that of fallow plot due to inhibition of soil erosion. The organic matter levels tend to improve with the addition of hairy vetch. Hairy vetch could improve soil quality by reducing erosion compared with bare fallow. The green manure of hairy vetch with animal slurry maintained soil nutrient and reduced nitrogen fertilizer of chinese cabbage. The hairy vetch residues decomposed rapidly releasing half of their residues within 40 days after burial. The yield of chinese cabbage was 90% in the plot of manure of hairy vetch compared with chemical fertilizer. The yield in the plot treated with green manure of hairy vetch and 50% of chemical fertilizer was reduced 5% less than that of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, it was estimated that the green manure of hairy vetch-chinese cabbage cropping system could reduce nitrogen chemical fertilizer as much as 84~148kg N/ha. The green manure of hairy vetch with animal slurry maintained soil nutrient and reduced nitrogen fertilizer of chinese cabbage.

Nitrogen Use and Yield of Silage Corn as Affected by Hairy Vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) Soil-incorporated at Different Time in Spring

Seo, Jong-Ho,Lee, Ho-Jin,Hur, Il-Bong,Kim, Si-Ju,Kim, Chung-Guk,Jo, Hyeon-Suk,Lee, Jung-Sam The Korean Society of Crop Science 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.4

Winter green manure crops including legume increase grain yield of subsequent crop and substitute N fertilizer requirement with organic-No Hairy vetch grows vigorously and can provide N-rich green manure for corn with its soil incorporation after wintering. But, grain yield of corn as succeeding crop would be reduced if its planting time is delayed until late spring. This experiment was carried out to find the proper incorporation time of hairy vetch green manure and planting time of subsequent corn in cropping system with winter hairy vetch(green manure)-summer corn. Hairy vetch was incorporated into soil at a ten-day interval between April 10 and May 10 and corn was planted at 5 days after each hairy vetch incorporation. Soil nitrate concentration on April 10 and 20 in hairy vetch plot was slightly lower than that at winter fallow. Above-ground dry matter and organic-N of hairy vetch increased linearly with delayed hairy vetch incorporation time from April 10 to May 10. Average dry matter and organic-N produced by hairy vetch were 5.7 ton/ha and 248 kgN/ha, respectively. Corn growth and yield decreased as delayed corn planting time after May in spite of increasing dry matter and N-yield of hairy vetch. Nitrogen concentration of corn grain, stalk and whole plant at harvest were the highest in May 5 planting, but total N-uptake of May 5 planting were not different from that of April 25 planting because of lower grain yield. It was concluded that the proper incorporation time of hairy vetch and corn planting time were April 20 and April 25, respectively, because grain yield was the highest and corn could use hairy vetch-N effectively to produce dry matter.

Decomposition and N Release of Hairy Vetch Applied as a Green Manure and its Effects on Rice Yield in Paddy Field

Lee, Jeong-Sam,Lee, Ho-Jin,Seo, Jong-Ho The Korean Society of Crop Science 2002 Korean journal of crop science Vol.47 No.2

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

Decomposition and N Release of Hairy Vetch Applied as a Green Manure and its Effects on Rice Yield in Paddy Field

Ho Jin Lee,Jeong Sam Lee,Jong Ho Seo 韓國作物學會 2002 Korean journal of crop science Vol.47 No.2

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of 15 N derived from 15 N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-15 N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 a-l application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. 15 N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N H4 + -N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

논 投入 볏짚과 헤어리베치의 分解 및 窒素 放出이 벼 生育에 미치는 影響

이호진 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 2000 농업생명과학연구 Vol.4 No.-

The decomposition of crop residue is necessary for the nutrient recycling in farm soil. Rice straw is considered as a main soil organic supplier, since it is easily and economically incorporated into the soils compared to other organic manures in paddy field. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. For the effective use of rice straw and hairy vetch, we investigated the decomposition and N release of the rice straw and hairy vetch and their effect on rice growth in paddy field. The decomposition of rice straw and hairy vetch placed by soid depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting date was investigated by mesh bag method which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. At the same time, the decomposition coefficient(k) of rice straw was determined in laboratory incubation by using mesh bag as affected by temperature, water and nitrogen condition. Recoveries of rice straw-15N and hairy vetche-15N by rice plants were measured by 15N-tracer method to investigate the fate of nitrogen released by rice straw and hairy vetch decomposition under different nitrogen fertilizer application levels in paddy soil. Furthermore, recovery of urea-15N by rice plant was measured by 15N-tracer method to investigate the utilization of fertilized urea as affected by rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation. The overall decomposition patterns of rice straw and hairy vetch were similar for the three incorporation depths in transplanted paddy field. The straw incorporated at transplanting date showed an initial weight loss of about 50%, 70% and 90% after 2 months, 5 months and 2 years, respectively, soil incorporation. Hairy vetch decomposed more rapidly than rice straw and showed an initial weight loss of 72-81% as affected by depth after the first month soil incorporation. After 5 months, the vetch had lost 86-90% of its weight as affected by incorporation depth. The decrease of lignin of decomposing rice straw was slower than that of cellulose and silica. C/N ratio of the decomposing straw did not change significantly throughout rice growth stages, but that of decomposing vetch sharply increased during the early stages and after then, slowly decreased. N amounts released from the straw and the vetch during 5 months were about 67% and 94% of initial N, while more than 60% and 90% of those was released during first month after soil incorporation, respectively. P release rate from the straw and the vetch was faster than N release rate. Hairy vetch was more rapidly decomposed and released more nitrogen as compared with rice straw. The decomposition coefficient of rice straw in laboratory incubation showed about threefold variation to the different conditions. The rate of straw decomposition increased as the temperature increase, in both treatments of surface spreading and soil incorporation. Meanwhile, the decomposition rate of buried straw in both saturated and flooded conditions decreased as compared with that of 30% soil moisture. Nitrogen applications increased decomposition rate of straw, but there was no difference between 5 and 10 kgN/10a levels. Recoveries of rice straw-15N by rice plants were 10.2, 13.4 and 14.9% in 0, 6 and 12 kgN/10a application, respectively, and recoveries of hairy vetch-15N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kgN/10a application, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization increased the recovery of rice straw-15N and hairy vetch-15N. The incorporation of rice straw and hairy vetch decreased the loss of urea-15N in paddy soil. This result was mainly due to increased soil residual effect and plant uptake of urea-15N in rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation, respectively. Also loss of nitrogen by nitrate leaching from paddy soil for about 10 days after transplanting was decreased by rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation. The yields of the transplanted paddy rice cultured using soil incorporation of rice cultivated applying urea fertilizer. The yield in the plot with rice straw was 12% lower than that in plot with urea fertilizer, but the yield in the plot with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea fertilizer. In farmer's field trial, we investigated the effects of long term application of rice straw on rice yield for four years. The rate of application of fresh rice straw was 5-6kg straw-N/10a in combination of 6kgN/10a of chemical N fertilizer. The yield in the plot with successive rice straw application increased gradually year by year, which showed the possibility of reducing the application rate of chemical N fertilizer.

고랭지에서 파종시기에 따른 헤어리베치와 울리포드베치의 생육특성 및 녹비생산성

류종원 한국유기농업학회 2008 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.16 No.4

The highland area remained bare for the winter and spring seasons and this condition has resulted in soil erosion. In this areas, crop rotation by legume has not been commonly practiced. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the growth characteristics and nitrogen yield as a green manure crop according to sowing seasons of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. In this experiment, we was investigated the growth characteristics, winter tolerance, soil coverage and productivities of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. We cultivated two hairy vetch(Madison, H1) and two woolly pod vetch(Naomi, Haymaker) varieties in the highland are a from 2006 to 2007. The result are summarized as follows; The plant heigpt of hairy vetch increased with the progress of growth stage until flowering stage. The wintering rate of hairy vetch was 79~83% in highland area. But, the wintering rate of woolly pod vetch was 29.5~39.2%. The 100% soil coverage of hairy vetch was reached between end of May and beginning of June under autumn sowing and between end of June and beginning of July under spring sowing The weeds density of hairy vetch field under autumn sowing was lower than that under spring sowing Dry matter yield of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. The dry matter yield of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch were 5,255~5,405㎏/㏊ and 3,520~3,640㎏/㏊, respectively. But, hairy vetch in spring sowing was not significantly higher fresh matter yield than that of woolly pod vetch. The nitrogen content in hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch was 2.98~3.08 and 2.74~3.21%, respectively. There were no significant difference in nitrogen content of the hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch under the spring sowing. N-uptake of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch in autumn sowing. The N uptake was 156~164 ㎏/㏊ in hairy vetch and 96~101 ㎏/㏊ in woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. It was thought that hairy vetch was better than woolly pod vetch as a green manure crop in autumn sowing considering wintering rate and yield of dry matter in highland area. And woolly pod vetch could use as a green manure crop under spring sowing in highland area.