신라 사천왕사 건축 연구

김숙경 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2023 新羅文化 Vol.62 No.-

This paper is a fundamental architectural research study on the layout of Sacheonwangsa Temple and basic stage of architectural evidence of various structures such as Geumdang (main building of temple), Moktop (wooden pagoda), and Danseok (assumed altar). Summerizing the research contents, they are as follows. Firstly, the spatial dimensions of the front and back courtyards, which are centered on the Geumdang and the Iklang (wing corridor), were compared and reviewed based on the architectural plan of the Hwaerang (corridor). The size of the space is determined by the proportion of buildings inside the space, and the size of the Hwaerang is also adjusted accordingly. Therefore, the standard of Sacheonwangsa Temple's layout should be based on the Geumdang. Based on the Ikrang plan, the width of the internal space of the temple is closely related to ensuring the entrance space and the placement of the two pagodas facing each other. The size of the foundation stone (초석) of Sacheonwangsa Temple is based on the size of the Iklang, which is smaller than the Hwaerang. Secondly, the Chayang-kan (sloping eave bracket system) of the Geumdang was installed at the latest stage of the construction sequence. However, the Joomang (grid of columns) makes the Dori-kan evenly spaced, requiring a structural system that reinforces the Cha-yangkan, and this can be seen as an early structural form among the Geumdangs of the Silla period. Since the Geumdang has a Chayang-kan structure and a round seat size of the main hall-foundation stone is same, it is believed that the main building is a single-story architecture, including the roof of the Chayang-kan, which makes up the two-story of the Geumdang‘s exterior. Thirdly, Moktop preserves the standard plane of the Silla-style three-kans pagoda, making it a very important cultural property. The Ma-ae Pagoda in Namsan exhibits a evenly decreased shape, and is understood as a stacked pagoda structure with individual floors, rather than a continuous structure. Taking into account the size differences between the foundation stones of the 4 central-columns (사천주) and outer-columns (외주), as well as the dimensions of the supporting seat of Noban and the methods used to support the lower part of the bracket, it is thought that central-columns were connected by a short column, closing the distance between columns, from 2.15 meters at the first floor, to about 1.5 meters at the top floor. Lastly, Danseokji is believed to be a building site where a religious ritual called the Munduru Bibeop was performed. Specifically, it is judged to be a first-floor plan of a high-floor (고상) building. The small stones (소초석) inside were installed to support stairs or ladders leading up to the high-floor building. Buildings in square floor plans without columns on the inside and located in symbolic positions include the Danseokji Stone Platform, the Hwangboksa Temple Pagoda Site (assumed), and the Building Site No.12 in Hwangnam-dong. The elaborate stone carving of the foundation stone and the circular hole are closely related to the majestic level seen in the foundation stones of the Sacheonwangsa Temple, and are believed to have been measures taken to erect a tall pillar. Architecture such as high wooden floor can be referenced in ancient Chinese architectural paintings. Further research is needed to understand what function these high-floor buildings served, in addition to the possibility of the Danseok.

新羅四天王寺 建立過程 再考

이정민,미조구치 아키노리 한국건축역사학회 2019 건축역사연구 Vol.28 No.2

The Sacheonwangsa temple in Silla was completed in 679, just after the unification of the Three Kingdoms. In recent years, we have been critically considering the history of the chronology based on the existence of ‘Geumdang of the previous generation’, which has emerged through the research report of the Sacheonwangsa temple. It is the one to reconsider the construction process of the Sacheonwangsa temple centering on the re-interpretation of the construction time and the character of the first stage of the foundation which was confirmed from within the Geumdang site. The results of this study are as follows : 1)The “Chang(創) of Sacheonwangsa temple” in [Three Affairs that Queen Seondeok had already known] that it is presumed that the construction of the Sacheonwangsa temple, which was designed by Anham before 640 years ago, will convey the fact that the first of the King Munmu's reign (661∼) has been finalized after the initial discussion. 2)Although the theories after excavations are predicated on the existence of ‘Geumdang of the previous generation’, there is no reason to believe that a lasting predecessor building with roof and pillar walls on predecessor buildings is considered to have been built. The foundation was associated with the “build a temple out of coloured silk(以彩帛營寺)” i.e. ‘Jochang(祖創)’ in 670 years before the construction plan was formally finalized. However, it is presumed that the remains of the platform construction on the premise that it will be used on the construction of Geumdang. 3)The decision to ‘rebuilding(攺刱)’ based on a formal construction plan is determined to be from 670 to 672 years. The maintaining of the original cathedral axis line, to the north on the boundary of the southern limit of the foundation flat portion, the result of developing and embodied the relative position of the Geumdang in the newly determined cathedral unfold and embody, the center of the building base and Geumdang, it is presumed that the centers of them are divided into North and south. 4)The completion of the Sacheonwangsa temple in 679 is understood as the conclusion of ‘rebuilding’ to “build a temple out of coloured silk” i.e. ‘Jochang’ in 670 years. The pent roof of the Geumdang was initially considered not to be in the plan, but it is judged to be before the completion of the Sacheonwangsa temple. 신라사천왕사는 삼국통일 직후인 679년에 낙성된 사원이다. 본 연구는, 근년 사천왕사지 발굴조사보고서 등을 통해 대두된, ‘선대금당’의 존재를 전제로 하는 제 편년관을 건축사적 관점에서 비판적으로 검토하고, 새로 확인된 금당지 내 선축기단유구의 축조시기와 성격에 대한 재해석을 중심으로 사천왕사 건립과정 을 재고찰한 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1)선덕왕지기삼사조의 ‘創’은, 640년 이전 안함에 의해 입안되었던 사천왕사 건립이, 문무왕 재위초(661~) 비로소 논의를 거쳐 확정된 사실을 전하는 것으로 추찰된다. 2)발굴조사 이후의 제설은 어느 것이나 ‘선대금당’의 존재를 전제로 하고 있으나, 금당지 내 선축기단유구 위에 지붕과 기둥·벽을 갖춘 항구적인 전신건물이 세워졌다고 볼만한 확실한 근거는 사실상 없다. 선축기단유구는 670년의 ‘以彩帛營寺’ 즉 ‘祖創’과 관련된 것으로서, 조영계획이 정식 확정되기 이전에, 그러나 나중에 금당건립 시 쓰일 것을 전제로 하여 축조된 기단의 잔존으로 추찰된다. 3)정식 조영계획에 입각해 ‘攺刱’에 착수한 것은 670~672년 사이로 판단된다. 이 때, 당초의 가람중축선은 그대로 유지하면서, 부지 상 평탄부 남한을 경계로 하여 북으로, 새로 확정된 가람일곽과 일곽 내 금당의 상대위치를 전개·구현한 결과, 선축기단과 금당 양자의 중심은 남북으로 어긋나게 된 것으로 추찰된다. 4)679년의 사천왕사 낙성은 670년의 ‘以彩帛營寺’ 즉 ‘祖創’에 대한 ‘攺刱’의 완결로 이해된다. 금당 차양칸 설치는 당초 계획에 없었던 것으로 보이나, 금당·익랑 접속부 관계로부터 볼 때, 익랑 도리칸 분할보다 이른 단계에서 결정된 것이 분명하며, 익랑을 매개로 하여 가람 중축선상 금당의 남북위치와 동서회랑의 도리칸 분할은 밀접한 관계를 맺는 바, 차양칸 설치의 시종은 사천왕사 낙성(679) 이전의 일로 판단된다.

지금, 바로 여기, 불국토 : 통일기 신라의 불탑 인식과 사천왕 이미지의 활용

심영신 숭실사학회 2023 숭실사학 Vol.- No.51

This essay explores how Sacheonwang (sk. Lokapala, the Four Heavenly Kings)statues in the relief carvings of Unified Silla pagodas functioned within the contextof Silla Buddhism. To achieve this, attention is drawn to the perception of spaceswhere the Sacheonwang images are depicted and their longstanding relationshipwith Buddha. That is because I recognized the limitations of interpreting thefunction of these images within the existing perspective of hoguk bulgyo (nationalprotecting Buddhism). Through the <Reconstruction Report of the West Stone Pagoda of Bulguksa>, itis confirmed that the first-floor pagoda deity was considered equivalent to theGeumdang (Golden Hall). This perception is reflected in the similarities between thelevels of the Hall and the first floor of the pagoda, the shared feature of both havinga double base, and the proportional relationship in size observed between theGeumdang and the first floor of the Seokgatap at Bulguksa. In this context, it is presumed that the Sacheonwang carvings on the first floorof the pagoda performed a similar role to those in the Geumdang. The Buddhastatues enshrined in the Geumdang are perceived not merely as produced 'images'but as sacred entities themselves, and the Geumdang is recognized as the residingspace of the Buddha. Consequently, the Sacheonwang carvings on the first floor ofthe pagoda, recognized as the dwelling space of the Buddha, can also be interpretedas attending to the Buddha or as an assembly listening to the Buddha’s teachings. In other words, the imagery of the Sacheonwang on the first floor of the pagodareflects the consciousness that this space is a dwelling place for the Buddha. Theevidence supporting such an orientation can be found in expressions of the unconsciously portrayed in works such as “Dosolga” verse, inscriptions of artifacts,and historical records. The intention behind creating these works was not toexpress this consciousness. However, precisely because of this, one can ascertainhow deeply ingrained such an orientation was in the consciousness of the people ofSilla.

포항 법광사지 금당의 평면 계획과 석조여래좌상

김동하 불교미술사학회 2024 불교미술사학 Vol.37 No.-

본고에서는 법광사 금당의 평면 계획과 석조여래좌상의 관계에 대해 살펴보았다. 금당은 외진벽, 내진벽, 후불벽을 갖춘 매우 폐쇄적인 구조임을 확인했다. 금당의 내진부는 바닥에 녹유전을 설치하여 외진부와 공간간의 위계 차이를 둔 것으로 이해했다. 내진벽과 외진벽 사이는 요잡의례가 이뤄지는 공간으로 여겨지며, 후불벽 뒷면에도 관음보살상과 같은 별도 상을 모셔 예경이 이뤄졌을 것으로 보았다. 금당의 본존상은 가사를 편단우견으로 착의한 항마촉지인 석조여래좌상임을 확정했다. 불상의 전체 높이는 470㎝ 내외이며, 이 크기는 불상을 장육상으로 조성하기 위해 계획된 수치였을 것으로 생각했다. 석조여래좌상은 도상의 유행 시기, 양식적 특징, 크기를 통해 볼 때 법광사에 대규모 중창이 이뤄지는 9세기 중엽(846년경)에 조성했을 것으로 보았다. 그리고 금당에서 출토된 불상의 나발(螺髮)은 계주(髻珠)가 보이지 않는다는 점에서 신라 통일기에 제작된 불두(佛頭)의 것으로 추정하였다. 금당과 석조여래좌상의 조영척도는 모두 당척(唐尺,29.7㎝)이며, 불상의 크기는 금당의 높이나 평면규모와 관련되어 있음을 검토하였다. 아울러 법광사는 신라 왕경의 일반적인 사찰과 달리 금당과 불상이 모두 동향(東向)하는 특징을 보이는데, 유사 사례를 통해 법광사 불상이 화엄신앙과 관련되었음을 제시하였다. This study is about the relationship between the plan of Geumdang(金堂) of Beopgwangsa Temple(法光寺) and the stone Buddha statue. Geumdang was confirmed to have a closed structure because it has an outer wall, inner wall, and rear wall. The center of Geumdang was divided into important spaces compared to the rim space by installing a green glaze brick on the floor. The space between the inner and outer walls is considered to be a place where various ceremonies are held. It is believed that another statue, such as the Kannon Bodhisattva, was enshrined on the back of the rear Buddha wall and worship was held. It has been confirmed that the Buddha statue is Bhumisparsha Mudra Statue. The total height of the Buddha statue is around 470㎝, and this size is estimated to have been planned from the beginning to make a the Sixteen-foot Buddha. Based on its stylistic characteristics and size, the Buddha statue is estimated to have been created in the middle of the 9th century (846) when a large-scale reconstruction was carried out in Beopgwangsa Temple. The hair of the Buddha statue excavated from Geumdang was presumed to be the hair of a Buddha head made during the Unified Silla Period, given that there was no decoration. The construction measure used to make Geumdang and Buddha statues is Tang-ruler(唐尺). And it is estimated that Plan of Geumdang are related to the size of the Buddha statue. Unlike ordinary temples in Silla, Beopgwangsa Temple has both Geumdang and Buddha statues look toward the east. This characteristic is presumed to be related to the Huayan Thought.

광주광역시에 위치한 금당산의 지질학습장으로서 활용성

안건상 한국지구과학회 2013 한국지구과학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate a feasibility of a small mountain as a field work site on geological features in Earth sciences classes at all levels. Mt. Geumdang with the height of 305 meters from the sea level is located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju, southern part of Korea. The study reviews the human and natural geography, geological features, geomorphic resources, landscapes, and conveniences of the mountain for a possibility of meaningful field work. The population within the distance of 5 km from the mountain stands at about 620,000 and 170,000 of them are students and teachers. Mt. Geumdang has a warm temperature climate with low rainfall throughout the year, so it seems suitable for a field survey. Road network and public transportation system around the area are well-developed and easily accessible. Mt. Geumdang shows various rock type and geological structures. The basement rock is Gwangju granite, which is plutonic body of the Jurassic period. Also, granophyre (micrographic granite) and various volcanic rocks distributed as bedded tuff, lapilli tuff, and rhyolite of the Cretaceous period. Many andesitic and felsic dykes were intruded into the rock by joint system. In Mt. Geumdang, many geomorphic resources are found such as U shaped mountain, joint, fault, lamination, gnamma, tor, cliff, groove, block stream and block field, regolith, and saprolite. It has a beautiful mountain scenery including the view of whole shape of Mt. Mudeung, panoramic view of the town, Pungam lake, World Cup stadium and sunrise and sunset. Furthermore, the area has ecologic study facilities related to geology, emergency medical and convenience facilities for field works. In conclusion, Mt. Geumdang is highly feasible for geological field studies at all levels. 본 연구는 대도심에 위치하는 야산을 지질학습장으로 활용할 수 있는가에 대한 조사이다. 이를 위해 광주광역시 서구에 위치한 높이 305 m의 금당산을 대상으로 인문 및 자연지리, 지질학적 특성, 지형요소, 경관, 야외학습을 위한 편의성 등을 검토하였다. 금당산 주변의 반경 5 km 이내에 거주하는 인구는 약 62만 명 정도이며, 이 중 학생과 교원은 약 17만 명이다. 연구지역은 강수일이 적고, 온화한 날씨가 많아 학습장으로 활용하기에 적합한 기후를 가지고 있다. 금당산에 접근하는 도로망과 대중교통도 매우 편리하다. 금당산에서는 다양한 암석과 지질구조를 관찰할 수 있다. 연구지역의 기반을 이루는 광주화강암은 중생대 쥐라기의 심성암체이다. 이 지역에는 백악기의 그래노파이어(미문상화강암)와 층상응회암, 라피리응회암, 유문암과 같은 여러 가지 화산암이 분포한다. 다양한 중성 및 산성 암맥이 절리를 따라 관입하고 있다. 금당산에는 U자형의 지형, 다양한 크기와 방향의 절리, 단층, 엽리, 나마, 토르, 단애, 그루브, 암괴류, 암괴원, 풍화층과 새프롤라이트와 같은 다양한 지형요소가 있다. 금당산 주능선에서는 무등산 전체 모습과 시가지 전경, 풍암 호수와 월드컵경기장, 일출과 석양과 같은 아름다운 경관을 감상할 수 있다. 또한 지질학과 연계할 수 있는 생태학습 시설이나, 야외학습을 위한 편의시설이나 응급의료시설도 잘 갖추어져 있다. 결론적으로 금당산은 지질학습장으로서 매우 양호한 조건을 갖추고 있다.

한ㆍ일 고대 불교사원 금당의 평면 비교연구

한욱,이은선 동북아시아문화학회 2011 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.29

A Comparative Study on the Plan of the Geumdang(金堂) in Ancient Buddhist Temple between Korea and Japan Han, Wook․Lee, Eun-Seon This study is on the characteristics of Geumdang(金堂), the main hall in ancient Buddhist temple by analysis of the plan of Geumdang through the layout of the basestone and jeoksim(the supporting part under the basestone, 積心). The results were as follows: First. Geumdang in the ancient Buddhist temple has its role as the center. Second, the Geumdang appeared to vary in size, but 5 × 3 bays, 5 × 4 bays have been seen as the most common plan. This is determined by the size of the plane generally. Third, in plan composition the distance of center two columns, that is Eokan(御間) typically is equal to or greater than it of the other columns, that is Hyeopkan(夾間), but especially the case of the same size between Eokan and Hyeopkan has mainly appeared in the Baekje region. Fourth, it is assumed that the shape of roof could be hipped-and-gable roof(八作) or hipped roof as the sizes would be similar between the front-Toekan(退間) and the side-Toekan. Fifth, the distance from column to stylobate was big with age and in the late 6th century it was about half as long against the size of Toekan. This can be explained the development of upper timber structure. This results have difficulties to be generalized as it has been investigated in excavated remains only. But it can be the one of view point for analysis the meaning of remains.

신라 사천왕사 금당 기단의 변화 양상과 조영 특징

이상명 한국건축역사학회 2021 건축역사연구 Vol.30 No.2

The Sacheonwangsa temple was established in 670 under the leadership of Myeongnyang in response to theinvasion of the Tang Dynasty. At this time, Geumdang hall stylobate was constructed, which was about 30%smaller than the reconstruction. Due to the wartime situation, the construction of wooden buildings did not seemto have been achieved. The Sacheonwangsa temple was reconstructed in 679 as a symbol of the Hoguk(護國)temple. The size of the Geumdang Hall stylobate was planned as an important module for the entire temple. Thestylobate fasad was designed at intervals of Tangju(撑柱), just like the JuKhan(柱間) plan of wooden architecture. There is a possibility that eight Devas may have been decorated in Front fasad. When the SacheonwangsaTemple was rebuilt, the Geumdang Hall was added by the ChayangKhan(遮陽間) and an Ikrang(翼廊) wasinstalled next to it. These changes affect the material and form of the stylobate. It was changed to a durablestone post-lintel style stylobate and the intervals of Tangju(撑柱) in Front fasad was also adjusted. As thehighest-quality stylobate in East Asia at the time, the Geumdang Hall stylobate is considered to have takenSilla's architectural skills to the next level. 신라 사천왕사 금당의 기단은 남아 있는 유구에서 몇 차례 기단의 규모 및 형식에 변경이 있었음을 알 수 있다. 잔존 유구와 문헌 분석을 토대로 금당 기단의 조영계획 및 시공과정에서 여러 가지 특징들에 대해 살펴보았다. 신라 사천왕사는 선덕왕대에 낭산의 신유림을 도리천으로 삼아 능지를 점하고, 그 아래에 원찰 성격의 사천왕사를 계획하면서 부지 위치가 정해졌던 것으로 보인다. 문무왕 재위 전반인 660년대 가람의 부지 조성을 위한 토목공사가 진행되었던 것으로 짐작된다. 당군의 침략에 맞서 670년 명량법사의 주도 하에 긴급하게 사천왕사를 조창(祖創)하는데, 채색 비단으로 절을 짓고 풀로 오방신상을 꾸미는 등 임시적인 성격의 가람 조성이었다. 금당도 조창 기단을 축조하는데, 개창(攺刱 기단에 비해서는 규모가 30% 정도 작았고, 전시(戰時) 상황으로 상부 목조건축까지는 이르지 못했던 것으로 보인다. 당과의 전쟁에서 승리한 이후 679년 사천왕사는 통일대업과 호국사찰의 상징으로서 그 위상에 걸맞게 본격적인 개창이 이루어진다. 금당 기단 규모는 가람 전체의 중요 모듈로서 계획되고, 금당 기단 입면은 목조 건축의 주칸 계획처럼 탱주 간격으로 설계되었다는 점은 사천왕사 금당 기단 조영의 중요한 특징 중 하나이다. 당초 개창 기단은 조창 기단에 비해 규모가 확대되고, 이중기단의 형식을 갖추게 된다. 기단 지대석에 목탑과 같이 장방형의 탱주홈이 새겨진 것을 보면 개창 기단은 당초에는 전석 병용기단이었던 것으로 판단된다. 정면 8칸 면석부는 사천왕사의 성격에 맞게 팔부중상이 벽전으로 베풀어졌을 가능성도 있고, 화문 등으로 장엄하였을 것으로 추정하였지만 특정한 형식을 밝히지는 못하였다. 사천왕사를 개창하는 과정에서 금당에는 차양칸이 부가되고, 금당과 동서회랑 사이에는 익랑이 설치되는데, 이는 의례 동선의 편의성을 높이기 위한 목적으로 생각된다. 이러한 변화는 당초 개창 기단 입면의 재료와 형식에 영향을 미치게 된다. 차양칸 증설로 전석 병용기단의 장엄 효과는 그 의미가 축소되고, 내구성이 강한 석조 가구식기단으로 변경된다. 특히 정면 8칸 면석부도 변경되는데 어칸 중앙을 기준으로 대칭의 형태를 유지하도록 의장적인 배려를 한 것으로 판단된다. 사천왕사 개창 기단은 갑석과 지대석의 층단을 주어 상하단이 돌출하고 탱주 사이 면석부를 장식하였는데, 이는 당대(唐代)에 유행한 수미좌식 기단 형식이다. 정밀할 조영계획을 통한 기단 입면의 조형적 완성도를 높인 점, 전후면 계단의 디딤석 중앙부 장식, 계단 석주 상부의 장식 및 상하층기단에 포설한 녹유전과 보상화문 등으로 장엄한 점 등을 보면 사천왕사 금당의 개창 기단은 당시 동아시아 최고 수준의 기단으로서, 신라의 기단 조영기술을 한 단계 끌어올렸다고 평가할 수 있다.

19세기 염불신앙의 성행과 사찰건축의 구조적 영향에 관한 고찰 - 김룡사 대성암 금당을 중심으로

장원희(Jang, Won-Hee),장재연(Jang, Jae-yeon),류성룡(Ryoo, Seong-Lyong) 대한건축학회 2024 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.44 No.1

This study endeavors to examine the structural attributes inherent in Daebang architecture, a style that emerged within temple constructions during the 19th century, juxtaposing them with those evident in the Daeseongam Geumdang within Kimnyongsa Temple in Mungyeong. In an epoch characterized by the advancement of erudite Buddhist ideologies and contemporary transformations, the ascendancy of the Jeongto and Yeombul sects, alterations in worship practices, and the burgeoning necessity to streamline hospitality provisions within temple precincts precipitated the advent of a novel architectural genre termed Daebang architecture. During this progression, structural alterations to accommodate temporal requirements are evident, exemplified notably by the elongation of the girder. The Daeseongam Geumdang is an architectural feature moved from its main site, Kimnyongsa temple, faithfully embodying the 19th-century Daebang architectural style. The Daeseongam Geumdang is a condensed composite structure, reminiscent of the Daebang architecture prevalent in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province during the same era. It encompasses a spacious hall for worship, meditation rooms, and a kitchen, all under a single roof, with a numaru offering a view of the surrounding natural landscape. This study seeks to scrutinize the structural changes that occurred in the process of adapting to the functional demands of the aforementioned functions in the Daeseongam Geumdang at Mungyeong Kimnyongsa. This structure was constructed in the Daebang architectural style in response to changes in the forms of worship during this period, its role as a retreat for the powerful, and the necessity for spaces accommodating hospitality customs.

신라하대 聖住寺 창건기 금당의 조성과 배경 -고고자료를 중심으로-

임종태 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2015 新羅文化 Vol.45 No.-

This article focuses on the literature record which describes Seongjusa Temple Site in Boryeong had a five-story Geumdang Hall. The object of this paper is to review this record from archaeological points and to study the characteristics of the hall and the backgrounds of its construction during the establishment period of Seongjusa Temple. The excavation and investigation of Geumdang Hall at Seongjusa Temple Site shows that the foundations of the hall was built by the usage of stone layer and the rammed earth method. The similar building methods were also found at various remains including wooden pagoda sites at Mireuksa Temple Site of Baekje and Hwangnyongsa Temple Site of Silla; pagoda site at Sacheonwangsa Temple Site of Silla. Therefore, the foundationing methods were supposed to be appropriate techniques for multi-story structured buildings(重層式 建築物) in ancient times, and it is highly likely that Geumdang Hall was also one of the examples. In addition, according to remaining pillar arrangement and the location of buddhist pedestal, the internal structure of the hall assumed to be built by contimuum method(連續構造方式). This multistoried Geumdang Hall was constructed during the establishment period of the temple probably for the purpose of enshrining the Sixteen-foot Buddha(丈六世尊像), acting as a landmark of Seongjusa Temple. The construction of this type of building was only possible with massive economic power and advanced technology, which suggests that the establishment was probably conducted by full support of Kim Yang(金陽), a power holder of that time. It is assumed as an effort to exert his influence to the region by rebuilding the ancestor temple which was lost in the past; Memorial Temple of Kim In-mun. In other words, sharing the same ancestry with Kim In-mun, Kim Yang took an active part as the leading donor of the establishment of Seongjusa Temple. He attempted to unify descendants of Kim In-mun around him probably to recover the lost reputation of the family as well as to resolve unstability of the region and therefore to stabilize royal authority.

8세기 중반 신라 분황사 중건가람 건축 연구

김숙경 한국건축역사학회 2021 건축역사연구 Vol.30 No.6

This study tries to shed light on character and architectural features of the 2nd construction of Bunhwangsa temple in the mid-8th century. The site of Bunhwangsa Temple is divided into upper and lower areas based on retaining walls running from northwest to southeast, and the main area of the temple centered on Geumdang(the main hall) is located in the upper area. Space composition of the lower area including Wonji(a garden pond) and Gangdang(a lecture hall), is noteworthy in that Bunhwangsa Temple was constructed in a deviating way from rigorous constructional disciplines and used their space efficiently. The Geumdang in the 2nd construction was the largest worship hall with 7×6 bays. The hall was designed to divide its space into two ; the core space was surrounded by outer space. Each gap between columns in the hall was narrowed from center to outer. The main construction of the Geumdang was built as a stable structure with lead-to corridors. This was a much-advanced style than Geumdang at Hwangnyongsa Temple. The Gangdang is presumed to be a large building site as a typical Gangdang style in the Silla era. It was built in the late 9th century and was located in the northern part of the retaining walls. The composition of the middle gate and southern corridors were in double and long corridor style and they were located in front of the 2nd construction. This style coincided in the form of the architectural style of the Hwangnongsa Temple. The 2nd construction of the Bunhwangsa Temple was smaller than the Hwangnongsa Temple. However, it was a prestigious architecture.