Geographical Distance and Environmental Information Disclosure: The Perspective of Public Pressure Transmission Efficiency

Sheng Yao,Jie Yang 한국증권학회 2017 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.46 No.3

This paper examines how geographical distance influences managers’ behavior around environmental disclosure from the perspective of public pressure transmission efficiency and how the internal and external factors curb the effect of geographical distance. We study Chinese manufacturing firms over a 6-year period (2009–2014) following the release of The Measures for Disclosure of Environmental Information (Trial). Research results show that (i) geographical distance can significantly weaken the transmission efficiency of public pressure and (ii) internal and external supervision factors can curb the negative effect of geographical distance on the transmission efficiency of public pressure.

재난 뉴스의 점화 효과: 지리적․심리적 거리의 상호작용을 중심으로

김부종,최윤경 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 2023 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify the priming effects of disaster-related news. Specifically, this study aimed to examine the priming effects about trauma words and neutral words according to the geographical and psychological distance from the disaster. The participants in this study were 75 college students who had not experienced the Daegu subway fire accident, and whom were not ruled out after completing the screening measure completing the screening measure the completion of questionnaires for screening. All participants conducted a lexical decision task after watching a news video about the Daegu subway fire accident. The design was a 2 (Geographical distance: close vs. distant) × 2 (Psychological distance: close vs. distant) × 2 (Priming type: trauma priming vs. neutral priming) mixed-design. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the group which was geographically closer to the disaster tended to revealed a largerbigger priming effect than the distant group-a trend toward significance. Second, within the psychologically closer to the disaster, group, for those who were geographically closer too, the priming effect was larger for those who were geographically closer geographically closer than for the geographically distant group. Third, the geographically closer group had a largerbigger neutral priming effect than the distant group. Fourth, the psychologically distant group had a largerbigger neutral priming effect than the close group. To sum up, this study identified that disaster news coverage may have an implicit effect on people, and this influence can change according to the geographical and psychological distance. Finally, this study discussed the limitations of the study and recommendations for further research. 본 연구의 목적은 재난 뉴스의 점화 효과를 확인하는 것이다. 특히 재난과의 지리적 거리와 심리적 거리에따라 외상점화 효과 및 중립점화 효과에서 차이가 나는지를 검증하는 것이었다. 본 연구의 참가자는 대구지하철 화재 사건을 직접 경험한 적이 없고, 스크리닝 설문에서 배제 기준에 해당되지 않는 대학생 75명이었으며, 모든 참가자는 뉴스 동영상을 시청한 후 어휘판단과제를 수행하였다. 설계는 2(지리적 거리) × 2 (심리적 거리) × 2(점화 유형) 혼합 설계를 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 재난으로부터 지리적으로 가까운 집단이 먼 집단에 비해 점화 효과가 큰 경향성을 보였다. 둘째, 재난으로부터 심리적으로 가까운 경우, 지리적으로도 가까운 집단이 지리적으로 먼 집단에 비해 점화 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 재난으로부터 지리적으로 가까운 집단이 먼 집단에 비해 중립점화 효과가 크게 나타났다. 넷째, 재난으로부터 심리적으로 먼 집단이 가까운 집단에 비해 중립점화 효과가 크게 나타났다. 요약하면, 재난 뉴스가 사람들에게 암묵적으로 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 지리적 거리와 심리적 거리에 따라 그 영향이 달라질 수 있음이 확인되었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 한계점과 후속연구를 위한 제언이 논의되었다.

Geographical Variations and Genetic Distances of Three Saxidomus purpuratus Populations ascertained by PCR Analysis

Jong-Man Yoon 한국발생생물학회 2015 발생과 생식 Vol.19 No.4

Genomic DNA samples isolated from geographical purplish Washington clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) were obtained from three different regions in the Korean Peninsula: Geoje (Geoje population; GJP), Gunsan (Gunsan population; GSP) and a site of North Korea (North Korea population; NKP). The seven primers generated the total 369 loci that can be scored from the GSP clam population. 356 fragments were generated from the NKP clam population. The complexity of the banding patterns varies dramatically between the primers and three localities. In this study, 319 loci were identified in the purplish Washington clam from Geoje and 369 in the clam population from Gunsan: 221 specific loci (69.3%) in the GJP clam population and 300 (81.3%) in the GSP population. These results demonstrate that the primer detected a large quantity of specific fragments, suggesting that the genetic variation in the GSP is higher than in the GJP population. In particular, the BION-28 primer gave DNA profiles with more fragments than the other six primers in the NKP population. The oligonucleotides primer BION-75 produced 21 unique loci to each population, which were ascertaining each population, approximately 250 bp, 300 bp and 400 bp, in the GJP population. Outstandingly, the primer BION-50 detected 21 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 150 bp, which were matching in all samples. With regard to average bandsharing value (BS) results, individuals from GJP population (0.743) displayed higher bandsharing values than did individuals from GSP population (0.606). In the present study, the dendrogram gained by the seven oligonucleotides primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GEOJE 01 ~ GEOJE 07), cluster 2 (GUNSAN 08 ~ GUNSAN 14), cluster 3 (N.KOREA 15 ~ N.KOREA 21). Among the twenty one clams, the shortest genetic distance that revealed significant molecular differences was between individuals 08 and 09 from the NKP population (genetic distance = 0.073), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one individuals that demonstrated significant molecular differences was between individuals GEOJE no. 03 and GUNSAN no. 09 (genetic distance = 0.669). Comparatively, individuals of GJP population were properly closely related to that of NKP population, as revealed in the hierarchical dendrogram of genetic distances. In due course, PCR analysis has revealed the significant genetic distance among three purplish Washington clam populations. PCR fragments discovered in this study could be valuable as a DNA marker of the three geographical clam populations to distinguish.

한국연쇄성범죄의 지리적 프로파일링

김지영(Kim Ji Young),정선희(Jung Sun Hee) 한국공안행정학회 2011 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구는 국내 연쇄성범죄에 대한 지리적 프로파일링을 목적으로 연쇄성범죄자 54명이 저지른 254건의 범행수법과 범행공간의 지리적 특성, 범행을 위해 이동한 거리를 조사하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 60% 이상의 성범죄가 주택이 밀집한 거주지역에서 발생하였으며, 유흥주점이나 상가가 밀집한 상가지역에서의 발생율은 약 22%로 나타나 상대적으로 적었다. 둘째, 연쇄성범죄의 70% 이상이 '가해자의 거주지 및 직장 부근'과 같은 가해자에게 친숙한 장소에서 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, '처음 와본 장소'에서 발생한 성범죄의 비율도 전체성범죄의 약 25%를 차지하였다. 셋째, 성폭행을 위해 피해자에게 접근한 수법을 보면 가택침입이 절반정도로 나타나 미국의 선행연구결과와 유사한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 연쇄성범죄자들이 범행을 위해 이동한 거리를 분석하였는데, 전체성 범죄중 약 30%가 성범죄자가 거주하는 동(洞)이나 리(里)에서 발생하였으며, 성범죄자가 거주하는 동(洞)이나 리(里)를 기점으로 범행을 위해 연쇄성범죄자들이 이동한 거리의 평균을 산출해보면, 3건 이상의 성범죄를 저지르는 동안 행정구역상 동일지역이거나 3km 미만 거리만을 이동한 연쇄성범죄자가 약 45%에 이른다. 또한 직장 등 성범죄자들의 일상활동공간을 포함한다면 연쇄성범죄사건의 약 70%가 범죄자의 직장, 이전 거주지, 현재거주지 주변 등의 친숙한 장소에서 발생한다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 본 연구결과는 선행연구와의 비교를 통해 연쇄성범죄의 지리적 공간적 특성과 범행수법의 특성을 제시함으로서 수사실무에 함의를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. With the recent increasing interest in profiling, geographical profiling emerges as the most useful technique in crime scene investigation. There are many researches on the moving distance of serial rapist and spatial characteristic of crime occurred. In Korea, however, the geographical/spatial profiling has not been studied due to lack of quantitative research on serial rapist profiling. To profile the spatial characteristic of crime in this study, those who committed sexual violence over 3 times are defined as serial rapist, based on the criminal record shown on the status report card and the prison record. The results of the present study were as follows. Half of serial sex offenders attacked a female stranger to them, typically by breaking into her house. Majority of serial rapist(70%) move distance to commit a crime at the place where he is familiar, crime scene are near of activity space of serial rapist. Average moving distance were under 3km(30%), under 50km(20.8%), under 10km(17.0%), under 100km(11.3%), over 100km(5.7%).

Geographical Variations and Genetic Distances of Three Saxidomus purpuratus Populations ascertained by PCR Analysis

윤종만 한국발생생물학회 2015 발생과 생식 Vol.19 No.4

Genomic DNA samples isolated from geographical purplish Washington clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) were obtained from three different regions in the Korean Peninsula: Geoje (Geoje population; GJP), Gunsan (Gunsan population; GSP) and a site of North Korea (North Korea population; NKP). The seven primers generated the total 369 loci that can be scored from the GSP clam population. 356 fragments were generated from the NKP clam population. The complexity of the banding patterns varies dramatically between the primers and three localities. In this study, 319 loci were identified in the purplish Washington clam from Geoje and 369 in the clam population from Gunsan: 221 specific loci (69.3%) in the GJP clam population and 300 (81.3%) in the GSP population. These results demonstrate that the primer detected a large quantity of specific fragments, suggesting that the genetic variation in the GSP is higher than in the GJP population. In particular, the BION-28 primer gave DNA profiles with more fragments than the other six primers in the NKP population. The oligonucleotides primer BION-75 produced 21 unique loci to each population, which were ascertaining each population, approximately 250 bp, 300 bp and 400 bp, in the GJP population. Outstandingly, the primer BION-50 detected 21 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 150 bp, which were matching in all samples. With regard to average bandsharing value (BS) results, individuals from GJP population (0.743) displayed higher bandsharing values than did individuals from GSP population (0.606). In the present study, the dendrogram gained by the seven oligonucleotides primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GEOJE 01 ~ GEOJE 07), cluster 2 (GUNSAN 08 ~ GUNSAN 14), cluster 3 (N.KOREA 15 ~ N.KOREA 21). Among the twenty one clams, the shortest genetic distance that revealed significant molecular differences was between individuals 08 and 09 from the NKP population (genetic distance = 0.073), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one individuals that demonstrated significant molecular differences was between individuals GEOJE no. 03 and GUNSAN no. 09 (genetic distance = 0.669). Comparatively, individuals of GJP population were properly closely related to that of NKP population, as revealed in the hierarchical dendrogram of genetic distances. In due course, PCR analysis has revealed the significant genetic distance among three purplish Washington clam populations. PCR fragments discovered in this study could be valuable as a DNA marker of the three geographical clam populations to distinguish.

Geographical Variations and Genetic Distances of Three Saxidomus purpuratus Populations ascertained by PCR Analysis

Yoon, Jong-Man The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2015 발생과 생식 Vol.19 No.4

Genomic DNA samples isolated from geographical purplish Washington clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) were obtained from three different regions in the Korean Peninsula: Geoje (Geoje population; GJP), Gunsan (Gunsan population; GSP) and a site of North Korea (North Korea population; NKP). The seven primers generated the total 369 loci that can be scored from the GSP clam population. 356 fragments were generated from the NKP clam population. The complexity of the banding patterns varies dramatically between the primers and three localities. In this study, 319 loci were identified in the purplish Washington clam from Geoje and 369 in the clam population from Gunsan: 221 specific loci (69.3%) in the GJP clam population and 300 (81.3%) in the GSP population. These results demonstrate that the primer detected a large quantity of specific fragments, suggesting that the genetic variation in the GSP is higher than in the GJP population. In particular, the BION-28 primer gave DNA profiles with more fragments than the other six primers in the NKP population. The oligonucleotides primer BION-75 produced 21 unique loci to each population, which were ascertaining each population, approximately 250 bp, 300 bp and 400 bp, in the GJP population. Outstandingly, the primer BION-50 detected 21 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 150 bp, which were matching in all samples. With regard to average bandsharing value (BS) results, individuals from GJP population (0.743) displayed higher bandsharing values than did individuals from GSP population (0.606). In the present study, the dendrogram gained by the seven oligonucleotides primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GEOJE 01 ~ GEOJE 07), cluster 2 (GUNSAN 08 ~ GUNSAN 14), cluster 3 (N.KOREA 15 ~ N.KOREA 21). Among the twenty one clams, the shortest genetic distance that revealed significant molecular differences was between individuals 08 and 09 from the NKP population (genetic distance = 0.073), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one individuals that demonstrated significant molecular differences was between individuals GEOJE no. 03 and GUNSAN no. 09 (genetic distance = 0.669). Comparatively, individuals of GJP population were properly closely related to that of NKP population, as revealed in the hierarchical dendrogram of genetic distances. In due course, PCR analysis has revealed the significant genetic distance among three purplish Washington clam populations. PCR fragments discovered in this study could be valuable as a DNA marker of the three geographical clam populations to distinguish.

본국과 현지국 간의 CAGE 거리가 다국적기업 해외자회사의 사회책임활동에 미치는 영향

최윤호,배준영 한국무역통상학회 2018 무역통상학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Cross-national distance between the home and host country in terms of GAGE (cultural, administrative, geographic, economic) is a key concept in the field of international business. The types of four distance influence different businesses in different ways. And the CAGE framework may also be used to understand patterns of trade, capital, information and people flows. Prior studies have demonstrated that foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs) suffer from liability of foreignness (LOF). Through corporate social responsibility (CSR), foreign subsidiaries of MNEs may able to overcome LOF and improve their social legitimacy in a host country. Despite the MNE’s strategic motivation to reduce its LOF by engaging in CSR activities in the host country, we argued that foreign subsidiaries from more distant home countries are less likely to engage in CSR activities in the host country. This argument focuses on the ways in which CAGE distance affects the MNE’s ability (strategic driver) and willingness (social driver) to engage in CSR activities in the host country. On both ability and willingness grounds, foreign subsidiaries CSR spending may be inversely related to CAGE distance. Using data for 505 HCNs in 77 MNE subsidiaries that originating from 24 countries, we found strong support for the hypotheses. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications, and provide suggestion for future research.

국가 간 거리와 한류 문화콘텐츠 수출 간 관계 분석

한병섭 ( Byoung Sop Han ),김보인 ( Bo Ine Kim ) 한국국제통상학회 2014 국제통상연구 Vol.19 No.2

최근에 한류 문화에 대한 전 세계 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 이와 관련된 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다.그러나 선행 연구들은 현상파악 수준에 그치고 있으며, 이론적 틀에 근거한 체계적인 분석이 이루어지고 있지 않다. 본 연구는 전 세계 국가의 한류 문화 수용을 국가 간 거리감 차원 개념을 이용해서 분석하고 있다. 한류 문화 수용을 방송콘텐츠 수출로 측정하고 국가 간 거리감은 종교적, 문화 적, 경제적, 지리적 거리감 차원을 포함하였다. 분석 결과, 문화적, 경제적, 지리 적 거리감과 방송콘텐츠 수출 간에는 유의한 부의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났지 만,종교적 거리와 종속변수 간에는 아무런 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다.이를 통해 한국과 문화적 유사성이 높고,경제발전 수준이 유사하며,지리적으로 한국 과 근접한 국가로 한류 콘텐츠가 수출되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. As Korean culture, known as Korean wave, receives more attention from all around the world, a handful of studies have recently investigated this issue. The existing literature on this topic, however, has been focused on merely understanding the phenomenon rather tan applying a theoretical framework based on a systematic analysis. This study examines ho exports of Korean culture are affected by the cross-border distance by using the concept of several cross-border dimensions of distance. Exports of broadcast content is used as a measure of the acceptance of Korean culture and the distance is measured by the religious, cultural, economic, and geographic distance dimensions. The empirical results show that cultural, economic, geographical distance significantly reduce Korea’s broadcast content exports, while religion does not seen to matter. Korean contents are exported mostly to countries with cultural similarities and similar levels of economic development, and geographic proximity to Korea.

국제경영 : 한국내 외국인투자기업의 CEO 현지화 요인 연구; 심리적 거리의 조절효과

김경애 ( Kyoung Ae Kim ),이정렬 ( Jeoung Yul Lee ) 국제지역학회 2013 국제지역연구 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구에서는 우리나라에 진출한 외국인투자기업의 한국자회사 현지화 수준에 관한 실증분석을 하였다. 본 연구는 2006-2010년 KIS Value에서 제공하는 외국인 투자기업2,373개사에 대한 데이터를 활용하여 패널 분석에 근거하고 있다. 한국자회사의 CEO국적을 종속변수로 하였으며 한국CEO, 공동CEO 및 외국인CEO로 대분류 하였다. 구체적으로 실증분석에서는 종속변수로 한국CEO를 ‘1’로 나머지 CEO를 ‘0’으로 더미변수 처리하였다. 그리고 본 연구는 현지화 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 심리적 거리를 고려하였으며 심리적 거리는 지리적 거리와 문화적 거리의 두 개 차원으로 나누어서 고찰했다. 본 연구에서는 이 심리적 거리가 한국내 외국인투자기업의 현지화에 영향을 미치는 매우 중요한 요인으로 보고 실증분석을 하였다. 그 결과 지리적 거리가 멀수록, 문화적 거리가 클수록 한국CEO를 많이 고용하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 독립변수로서 심리적 거리, 기업규모(현지매출액), 소유지분율, 현지영업연수를 보았으며 심리적 거리는 다른 변수들과의 조절효과도 같이 분석하였다. 본 연구는 대한(對韓) 외국인직접투자기업의 CEO를 결정함에 있어서 심리적거리와 다른 독립변수들이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 앞으로 대한 외국인직접투자기업에 중요한 정보를 제공하는데 시사점이 있을 것으로 판단된다. The present study empirically explored the localization level of foreign invested companies in Korea. This study analyzed the panel data compiled by KIS-VALUE is composed of 2,373 firms from 2006 to 2010. The dependent variable, the nationality of CEO of foreign invested companies in Korea, is defined to be ``1`` if the CEO nationality is Korean, and otherwise ``0``. The independent variable is psychic distance, which is classified into two dimensions, i.e., geographical distance and cultural distance. The psychic distance is hypothesized to influence the level of localization of foreign invested companies in Korea. Other independent variables include ownership share, firm age, and firm sales. The moderating effect of psychic distance on the relationship between foreign investment ratio/firm age and the localization level, was examined. This study may have implications for foreign invested firms to be provided with useful information.

문화적․지리적․제도적 거리가 한국 보건의료 기관의 해외시장 진입방식에 미치는 영향: 경영교육의 서비스 분야 적용 측면에서

김시영,김재진 한국경영교육학회 2016 경영교육연구 Vol.31 No.4

[Purpose]This study is to provide an empirical analysis and implications relative to foreign market entry mode of healthcare institution, especially focusing on the cultural, geographical, and institutional distance. [Methodology]For this purpose, we described prior literature reviews and examined various researches to provide understanding of overseas expansion of service industry. Three hypotheses were drawn from the location based factors. To verify these hypotheses, data were collected through Korea Healthcare Industry Development Institute(KHIDI) in order to calculate the cultural, geographical, and institutional distances. The data were tested by correlation, binominal logistics regression analysis for a hypothesis tests. [Findings]This study found that geographical distance is only positively related to foreign market mode and statistically significant. The other variables are not statistically significant and the hypotheses are not supported. [Implications]This study has empirically assessed the healthcare service industry which has been not much studied before, however, becomes more important to the national economy. This study provides a theoretical and practical implications for overseas expansion of healthcare services. [연구목적]본 연구는 제조산업에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 부족했던 서비스산업, 특히 의료서비스 기관의 해외시장 진출 방식에 대한 결정 요인을 문화적․지리적․제도적 거리 측면에서 실증분석하고 시사점을 제공하는 데 있다. [연구방법]본 연구는 보건의료서비스 산업의 해외시장 진입방식에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 기존 연구들을 검토하고 해외시장 진출 시 고려되는 입지 요소를 기초로 문화, 거리, 제도의 차원의 가설 3개를 도출하였다. 가설 검증을 위해 본 연구는 2013년까지의 국내 의료기관의 해외진출 현황 자료를 바탕으로 본국과 투자 현지국과의 문화적 거리, 지리적 거리, 제도적 거리를 측정하였고, 이를 로지스틱 회기분석을 통해 분석하였다. [연구결과]설명 변수들이 한국 의료서비스 기관의 해외 시장 진입방식에 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과, 지리적 거리만이 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 그 외 문화적, 제도적 거리 및 기관의 규모 등은 지지되지 않았다. [연구의 시사점]본 연구는 지금까지 상대적으로 간과되었던 단일 서비스 산업, 특히 산업의 중요성이 높아지고 있는 의료서비스의 해외진출방식 결정요인을 문화적, 지리적, 제도적 차원으로 실증 분석함으로써 기존 해외시장 진출에 대한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제공하였다.