Mortierella nana의 균체지질중의 γ-Linolenic acid 함량에 미치는 비타민의 영향

박준권,임무현 대구대학교 산업기술연구소 2003 産業技術硏究 Vol.14 No.3

Mortiella nana속의 미생물을 이용한 균체지질중의 GLA생산에서 배양배지내 butyric acid, 수용성 및 지용성 비타민류를 첨가하여 이들 미량물질의 인자가 균의 생육, 지질생산 및 균체지질중의 지방산 변화와 GLA 함량변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. Mortiella nana속의 배양에 각종 수용성비타민을 첨가한 결과, thiamin, riboflavin, niacinamide, pyridoxin의 첨가구에서 균체지질과 GLA함량이 높았다. 수용성 비타민중 thiamin의 농도를 달리하여 첨가한 결과 0.5㎍/㎖의 첨가구에서 지질함량 및 GLA 함량이 높게 나타났다. Ribofalvin, niacinamide, pyridoxin을 각각 농도별로 첨가한 경우 균체지질 함량 면에서 대조구보다 높았으나 GLA함량은 대조구보다 낮게 나타나, 균체지질의 생산에는 유리하게 작용하였지만 GLA의 생산에는 영향을 미치지 못하였다. n-alkane계의 butyric acid를 농도별로 첨가후 배양한 결과 05㎍/㎖의 농도의 첨가구에서 지질생산량은 0.43g이었고 GLA생산량에서는 18.5%로 무첨가구보다 2배이상의 생산량을 보여 균체지질 및 GLA생산에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 지용성 비타민 중 tocopherol과 squalene을 배지에 첨가후 배양한 결과, 모든 농도의 첨가구에서 지질 생산량 및 GLA생산이 무첨가구보다 낮게 나타났다. 배양배지의 초기 pH의 영향을 조사한 결과 pH 6.0의 배양 처리구가 지질함량 0.45g, GLA생산량이 17.95%로 가장 최적의 초기배양 pH였으며 배지의 양과 배양속도를 달리하여 산소공급의 영향을 조사한 결과, 100rpm에서 150㎖의 배지로 배양한 처리구가 균체지질 및 GLA생산량이 높았으며, 배양 6일째 처리구가 균체 지질 및 GLA 생산성이 가장 높게 나타났다. The effects of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins on the content of γ-linolenic acid(GLA) in the mycelial lipid by culture of Mortiella nana, were investigated. Addition of water soluble vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin niacinamide and pyridoxin, in the culture medium of Mortiella nana resulted in the increase of mycelial lipid and GLA content, In the addition of 0.5㎍/㎖ thiamin to the basal medium, mycelial lipid and GLA content were the highest. In the each addition concentration of riboflavin niacimide and pyridoxin, mycelial content were more higher than control, but GLA content were more lower. It was addition of riboflavin niacinamide and pyridoxin found that mycelial lipid production was favorable, but GLA production was not affected. In the addition of 0.5㎍/㎖ butyric acid as the n-alkane to the basal medium containing 0.5㎍/㎖ thiamin, mycelial content was 0.43g/g dry cell weight and It was found 18.5% of GLA production that addition of 0.5㎍/㎖ was more twice higher than blank. It was appeared that addition of butyric acid was affected to mycelial lipid and GLA production. In the addition of fat soluble vitamin, tocopherol and squalene, mycelial lipid and GLA production were lower than blank at all added concentration. At the influence of intial pH of culture medium, pH 6.0 of culture medium was optimum, the following results were 0.45g of mycelium lipid and 17.95% of GLA production. The influence of oxygen applying with the various of medium volume and two shaking speed were also examed, When cultivation was cultured for 6 days with 150㎖ volume of medium at 100rpm, mycelium lipid and GLA production were the highest.

Ruminant Nutrition : Supplementation of Either Conjugated Linoleic Acid or γ-Linolenic Acid with or without Carnitine to Pig Diet Affect Flavor of Pork and Neutrophil Phagocytosis

( Jun Yeob Lee ),( Keun Hwan Cha ),( Byong Jo Chae ),( Sang Jip Ohh ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2011 한국축산학회지 Vol.53 No.3

In this study, four different oils containing either CLA, GLA, GLA+Carnitine or corn oil(control) were supplemented to finishing pigs(average 70.8kg initial BW) diet for 28 d of feeding period. To evaluate the values of the dietary fatty acids, especially in view of sensory and nutritional characteristics of pork; pig performances, carcass characteristics, serum cholesterol, neutrophil phagocytosis, TBARS, electronic nose flavor and fatty acids profile of pork were measured. There were no differences in daily gain and nutrients digestion among treatments, but daily feed intake of CLA enriched diet was lower(P<0.05) than that of other diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness, dressing percentage and carcass grade among pigs fed diets supplemented with different oils. Serum total cholesterol showed a tendency to be lowered in pigs fed GLA enriched diet. TBARS values during storage of pork were higher in belly from pigs fed control diet whereas the values of belly from pigs fed GLA+Carnitine diet were lower than others. However, difference in TBARS was not remarkable in adipose tissue and 4 weeks extended storage regardless of pork parts. Proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 were higher(P<0.05) in pork loin and thin skirt from pigs fed CLA enriched diet compared to those from other diets. There were no differences in fatty acids profiles of belly and adipose tissue. CLA accumulation in pork was increased by the dietary CLA supplementation and this could be also confirmed by a slight de novo synthesis of CLA in pork from pigs fed CLA free diets. GLA was selectively accumulated to pork adipose tissue and loin from pigs fed GLA enriched diets. There was no accumulation of GLA when GLA was not supplemented, indicating no de novo synthesis of GLA. Phagocytic activity was the highest(p<0.05) in neutrophil of pigs fed GLA+Carnitine supplemented diet, then, followed by pigs fed GLA supplemented diet. There was no difference in phagocytosis between control and CLA treatment although the phagocytosis was numerically lowest in pig fed CLA enriched diet. There were distinct differences in electronic nose flavor pattern among treatments regardless of the parts. This study showed that dietary supplementation of functional fatty acids like CLA or GLA was able to result in characteristic differences in feed intake, TBARS, fatty acids profile and flavor of pork, serum cholesterol regulation and neutrophil phagocytosis.

Supplementation of Either Conjugated Linoleic Acid or γ-linolenic Acid with or without Carnitine to Pig Diet Affect Flavor of Pork and Neutrophil Phagocytosis

Lee, Jun-Yeob,Cha, Keun-Hwan,Chae, Byong-Jo,Ohh, Sang-Jip Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology 2011 한국축산학회지 Vol.53 No.3

In this study, four different oils containing either CLA, GLA, GLA+Carnitine or corn oil (control) were supplemented to finishing pigs (average 70.8 kg initial BW) diet for 28 d of feeding period. To evaluate the values of the dietary fatty acids, especially in view of sensory and nutritional characteristics of pork; pig performances, carcass characteristics, serum cholesterol, neutrophil phagocytosis, TBARS, electronic nose flavor and fatty acids profile of pork were measured. There were no differences in daily gain and nutrients digestion among treatments, but daily feed intake of CLA enriched diet was lower (P<0.05) than that of other diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness, dressing percentage and carcass grade among pigs fed diets supplemented with different oils. Serum total cholesterol showed a tendency to be lowered in pigs fed GLA enriched diet. TBARS values during storage of pork were higher in belly from pigs fed control diet whereas the values of belly from pigs fed GLA+Carnitine diet were lower than others. However, difference in TBARS was not remarkable in adipose tissue and 4 weeks extended storage regardless of pork parts. Proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 were higher (P<0.05) in pork loin and thin skirt from pigs fed CLA enriched diet compared to those from other diets. There were no differences in fatty acids profiles of belly and adipose tissue. CLA accumulation in pork was increased by the dietary CLA supplementation and this could be also confirmed by a slight de novo synthesis of CLA in pork from pigs fed CLA free diets. GLA was selectively accumulated to pork adipose tissue and loin from pigs fed GLA enriched diets. There was no accumulation of GLA when GLA was not supplemented, indicating no de novo synthesis of GLA. Phagocytic activity was the highest (p<0.05) in neutrophil of pigs fed GLA+Carnitine supplemented diet, then, followed by pigs fed GLA supplemented diet. There was no difference in phagocytosis between control and CLA treatment although the phagocytosis was numerically lowest in pig fed CLA enriched diet. There were distinct differences in electronic nose flavor pattern among treatments regardless of the parts. This study showed that dietary supplementation of functional fatty acids like CLA or GLA was able to result in characteristic differences in feed intake, TBARS, fatty acids profile and flavor of pork, serum cholesterol regulation and neutrophil phagocytosis.

유방통을 가진 한국 여성에서 Gamma Linolenic Acid의 임상적인 효과

김권천 최신의학사 2000 最新醫學 Vol.43 No.1

Recent advances in vitamin K-dependent Gla-containing proteins and vitamin K nutrition

Masataka Shiraki,Naoko Tsugawa,Toshio Okano 대한골다공증학회 2015 Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Vol.1 No.1

Vitamin K is a multi-functional nutrient and various tissues modify their function in response to vitamin K bioavailability mainly through post-translational modification of vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins. In this review, we discuss five clinical topics of vitamin K nutrition and vitamin K-dependent Gla-containing proteins. Although the physiological roles of these VKD proteins need further elucidation, study of these proteins may open new avenues for therapy in the clinical field. The topics discussed in the review are focused on des-gammacarboxyprothrombin (DCP) in relation to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, osteocalcin (OC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC) in relation to bone fractures and insulin sensitivity, matrix Gla protein (MGP) in relation to vascular calcification, and growth arrest-specific protein-6 (Gas6) in relation to inflammation and platelet aggregation. Finally, interaction among vitamins were discussed.

Concentrations of Calcium-binding Protein and Bone Gla-protein in Culture Medium and CaBP mRNA Expression in Osteoblasts of Broiler Chickens

Guo, Xiaoyu,Yan, Sumei,Shi, Binlin,Feng, Yongmiao Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.2

This study was conducted to determine the effects of excess vitamin A on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, contents of calcium-binding protein (CaBP), bone gla-protein (BGP) in culture medium and CaBP mRNA expression in chicken osteoblasts in vitro. Osteoblastic cells in the tibia from 1-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chickens were isolated using enzyme digestion. The subconfluenced cells were divided into eight treatments with six replicates in each treatment and cultured in a medium containing either vehicle or different levels of vitamin A (0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 and $20.0\;{\mu}g$/ml), and the control received an equivalent volume of ethanol. The incubation lasted 48 h. The results showed that vitamin A down-regulated ALP activity in the culture medium as well as CaBP mRNA expression of osteoblasts in a linear dose-dependent manner (p = 0.124 and p<0.10, respectively), and suppressed the contents of BGP and CaBP in the culture medium in a quadratic dose-dependent manner (p<0.05 and p<0.10, respectively) with increasing addition of vitamin A. The addition of 0-$0.2\;{\mu}g$/ml vitamin A to the culture medium increased ALP activity, BGP and CaBP contents as well as CaBP mRNA expression compared with other groups, but positive effects of vitamin A tended to be suppressed when vitamin A was increased to $1.0\;{\mu}g$/ml, and adverse effects occurred when vitamin A was increased to 10.0-$20.0\;{\mu}g$/ml. These results implied that there was a threshold level of vitamin A inclusion beyond which inhibitory effects occurred, and the mechanism by which overdose of vitamin A reduced bone growth in chickens was probably reduced osteoblastic cell activity, and inhibited expression of CaBP mRNA and CaBP secretion.

채권자에 의한 공유물분할 청구권의 대위행사

박영규 ( Young-kyu Park ) 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2024 서울법학 Vol.31 No.4

공유자는 원칙적으로 공유물의 분할을 청구할 수 있다(「민법」 제268조 제1항 제1문). 그 공유자의 채권자가 공유자를 대위하여(「민법」 제404조 제1항 제1문) 공유물의 분할을 청구할 수 있는지가 문제된다. 채권자는 원칙적으로 채무자의 공유지분을 강제경매함으로써 만족을 꾀해야 한다(「민사집행법」 제139조). 그런데 채무자인 공유자의 지분과 다른 공유자의 지분 위에 공동(근)저당권이 설정되어 있는 경우, 공유지분 경매 시 선순위 공동(근)저당권이 소멸하고(「민사집행법」 제91조 제2항) 매각대금으로부터 그 피담보채권 전액이 배당되어야 한다면(「민법」 제368조 제2항 제1문), 경우에 따라서는 ‘잉여주의 원칙’(「민사집행법」 제91조 제1항) 때문에 매각되지 않을 수 있다. 그에 반해 공유물이 경매분할된다면(「민법」 제269조 제2항), 채무자의 공유지분의 매각대금으로부터는 각 지분 매각대금에 비례한 일부만 선순위 공동(근)저당권에 배당되므로 매각대금으로부터 채무자에게 배당될 잔액이 있을 수 있다. 따라서 채권자가 자기 채권을 보전하기 위하여 채무자의 공유물분할 청구권을 대위행사할 수 있는지가 문제될 수 있다. 종래의 판례는 이를 허용하였으나(대법원 2015. 12. 10. 선고 2013다56297 판결), 2020년에 대법원은 종래의 판례를 변경하여 이를 불허하였다(대법원 2020. 5. 21. 선고 2018다879 전원합의체 판결). 이 문제는 공유물분할 청구권과 채권자대위권의 법적 성질과 관련되어 있다. 필자는 이에 관한 판례와 통설의 입장을 비판적으로 검토하고, 그 토대 위에서 새로운 해결방안을 모색하였다. 즉 필자는 채권자대위권이 책임재산 확보를 위한 경우에만 허용되는 것이며, 이른바 특정채권의 실현을 위한 채권자대위권은 허용될 수 없다고 본다. 그리고 공유물의 분할방법은 공유자들이 협의하는 경우에는 제한이 없지만, 법원이 분할하는 경우에는 현물분할이 원칙이고, 예외적으로 법정 사유가 있는 경우에는 경매(대금)분할을 할 수 있을 뿐, 그 밖의 편의적인 분할방법은 - 조정, 화해권고 등에 의하는 외에 - 법원이 임의로 할 수 없다고 본다. 그리고 분할방법이 어떠하든 선순위 권리자 - 예: 위 사안에서 공동(근)저당권자) - 는 분할에 의해 영향을 받지 않으며 경매분할의 경우에도 매수인에 의해 인수되어야 한다고 본다. 경매시 선순위 (근)저당권이 소멸되도록 한 「민사집행법」 규정은 재산권 보장 및 물권법의 법리에 반하여 위헌이라고 본다. 채권자가 채무자인 공유자의 공유물분할 청구권을 대위행사하려면 공유지분을 경매하는 경우에 비해, 공유물을 분할하는 경우 책임재산이 더 확보되어야 하며(‘보전 필요성’), 이는 대위채권자가 증명해야 한다. 특히 현물분할이 불가능하여 경매분할을 할 수 밖에 없는 사안의 경우, 경매(대금)분할을 하면 지분 경매의 경우에 비해 채무자에게 배당될 매각대금이 있거나 더 많을 수도 있을 것이다. 그러나 매각대금은 선순위 (근)저당권의 피담보채무의 규모, 변제 등에 의한 소멸 가능성, 근저당권이 실행될 경우 후속 담보책임에 따른 채무자들의 재산상황 등 여러가지 사정을 고려하여 매수희망자가 어떤 금액으로 신청을 할 것인가에 달려 있으며, 반드시 위와 같은 결과가 되리라고 단정할 수는 없다. 달리 말하면 대위채권자가 대위행사를 위한 보전 필요성 요건을 증명할 수가 없다. 필자는 이런 이유로 공유물분할 청구권은 통상 채권자가 대위행사하지 못한다고 본다. 2020년 전원합의체 판결의 다수의견과 결론은 같지만 그 근거는 전혀 다르다. Nach §268 Abs. 1 Satz 1 K-BGB kann jeder Miteigentümer die Teilung des Gegenstandes des Miteigentums verlangen. In diesem Fall können die Miteigentümer beliebig über die Art und Weise der Teilung vereinbaren. Wenn die Vereinbarung nicht erreicht wird, kann jeder die Teilungsklage erheben(§269 Abs. 1 K-BGB). Im gerichtlichen Teilung soll zunächst die Sachteilung versucht werden. Wenn die Sachteiling nicht möglich ist oder zur erheblichen Wertmidnerung führen würde, soll der Gegenstand versteigert und der Ertrag verteilt werden(§269 Abs.2 K-BGB). §404 Abs. 1 K-BGB schreibt nun vor, dass der Gläubiger das Recht des Schuldners für die Sicherung seines Anspruchs geltend machen kann. Ausgenommen sind das Recht, das nur der Schuldner geltend machen kann. In einem Urteil des Koreanischen Höchstgerichts aus dem Jahre 2020(HG Plenum-Urteil vom 2020. 5. 21. 2018da879) ging es darum, ob der Gläubiger das Teilungsanspruchs des Schuldners nach §404 Abs. 1 Sat 1 geltend machen kann. In diesem Fall waren der Bruchteil des Schuldners und der Bruchteil des anderen Miteigentümers Gegenstände der Gesamthypothek. Dann haftet jeder Bruchteil für die ganze Forderung(§368 K-BGB Abs. 2 Satz 1). Wenn beide Gegenstände der Gesamthypothek gleichzeitig versteigert werden, haftet jeder Bruchteil propotional nach dem Ertrag der jeweiligen Bruchteils haftet(§368 Abs. 1 K-BGB). Nach §§ 274 Abs. 1, 268, 91 Abs. 2 Koreanisches Zivilexekutionsgesetz erlischt bei einer gerichtlichen Versteigerungauch auch die Hypothek, die im Vergleich zum Recht des die Versteigerung suchenden Gläubigers vorrangig ist. Wenn der Gläubiger die Versteigerung des Bruchteils des Schuldners beanträgt, könnte es nicht erlaubt werden, weil vom Ertrag der Verstegerung nach der Tilgung der Forderung des vorrangigen Hypothekengläubigers nichts übrig bleiben würde(§§91 Abs.1, 102 Koreanisches Zivilexekutionsgesetz). Wenn der Gegenstand des Miteigentums für die Teilung versteigert wird, kann der Schulnder nach der Tilgung des vorrangigen Hypothekgläubigers vom Versteigerungsertrag etwas bekommen, weil die Hypothek an dem Bruchteil des Schuldners nur für einen Teil der vorrangigen Forderung haftet. So ist die Minderheit der Auffassung, dass der Gläubiger für die Sicheurng seines Anspruchs gemäß §404 Abs. 1 Satz1 K-BGB den Teilungsanspruchs des Schuldners geltend machen könne. Die Mehrheit meint jedoch, dass die Geltendmachung des Rechts des Schuldners in diesem Fall für die Sicheurng des Anspruchs nicht notwendig sei und das unerlaubte Einmischen in die freie Vermögensverwaltung des Schuldners darstelle. Nach meiner Ansicht ist die Vorschrift des §91 Abs. 2 K-Zivilexekutionsgesetzes verfassungswidrig, weil das Vermögensrecht des vorrangigen Hypothekgläubigers nicht durch die Versteigerung auf Grund des nachrangigen Rechts erlöschen dürfte. Wenn der Gegenstand des Miteigentums verteigert wird - nicht nur im Falle der Zwangsversteigerung, sondern auch bei der Teilungsversteigerung(§269 Abs. 2 K-BGB) -, soll die vorrangige Hypothek bleiben und vom Versteigerungskäufer übernommen werden. So gesehen kann man nicht vorhersagen, dass der Vermögensstand des Schuldners im Falle der Teilungsversteigerung im Vergleich zur Bruchteilversteigerung verbessert wird. Mit anderen Worten kann der Gläubiger eines Mittigentümers nicht die Voraussetzung - die Notwendigkeit für die Sicherung seines Ansrpruchs - nachweisen, die für die Geltendmachung des Rechts des Schuldners erforderlich ist. Im Ergebnis kann dem Schluß der Meinung der Mehrheit im obenzitierten HG Urtiel zugestimmt werden, aber aus völlig anderen Gründen.

Sexually Matured Female Mice showed Higher γ-Linolenic Acid (GLA) in the Muscle Tissue

Chang Seok Park,Sang-Rae Cho,Young Sik Park 한국수정란이식학회 2015 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.30 No.2

The sexual maturation occurred by the changes of steroid hormones was known to sex-dependently and/or agedependently regulate the lipid metabolism in various animal species. Our current study demonstrates that lipid and its functional fatty acids can be changed depending on the status of sexual maturation. Of the functional fatty acids, γ- linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) is an important factor for maintaining human health. The purpose of our study was to investigate the level of GLA in mice with different stages of sexual maturation. To this end, the longissimus muscle (LM) of immature (3-week-old) and mature (7-week-old) female mice was analysed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Furthermore, both gene and protein level of Δ6 desaturase (FADS2) which is involved in GLA metabolism by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mature females showed greater (P<0.05) serum 17β -estradiol (E2) level and LM GLA contents than immature group. The mRNA and protein levels of FADS2, which converts precursor linoleic acid into GLA, were higher (P<0.05) in mature female mice than in immature mice. In conclusion, these results show that sexual maturation of female mice induces GLA and FADS2 contents in LM.

Sexually Matured Female Mice showed Higher γ-Linolenic Acid (GLA) in the Muscle Tissue

박영식,조상리,박창석 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2015 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.30 No.2

The sexual maturation occurred by the changes of steroid hormones was known to sex-dependently and/or agedependently regulate the lipid metabolism in various animal species. Our current study demonstrates that lipid and its functional fatty acids can be changed depending on the status of sexual maturation. Of the functional fatty acids, γ- linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) is an important factor for maintaining human health. The purpose of our study was to investigate the level of GLA in mice with different stages of sexual maturation. To this end, the longissimus muscle (LM) of immature (3-week-old) and mature (7-week-old) female mice was analysed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Furthermore, both gene and protein level of Δ6 desaturase (FADS2) which is involved in GLA metabolism by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mature females showed greater (P<0.05) serum 17β -estradiol (E2) level and LM GLA contents than immature group. The mRNA and protein levels of FADS2, which converts precursor linoleic acid into GLA, were higher (P<0.05) in mature female mice than in immature mice. In conclusion, these results show that sexual maturation of female mice induces GLA and FADS2 contents in LM.

Sexually Matured Female Mice showed Higher γ-Linolenic Acid (GLA) in the Muscle Tissue

Park, Chang Seok,Cho, Sang-Rae,Park, Young Sik The Korean Society of Embryo Transfer 2015 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.30 No.2

The sexual maturation occurred by the changes of steroid hormones was known to sex-dependently and/or age-dependently regulate the lipid metabolism in various animal species. Our current study demonstrates that lipid and its functional fatty acids can be changed depending on the status of sexual maturation. Of the functional fatty acids, ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) is an important factor for maintaining human health. The purpose of our study was to investigate the level of GLA in mice with different stages of sexual maturation. To this end, the longissimus muscle (LM) of immature (3-week-old) and mature (7-week-old) female mice was analysed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Furthermore, both gene and protein level of ${\Delta}6$ desaturase (FADS2) which is involved in GLA metabolism by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mature females showed greater (P<0.05) serum $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) level and LM GLA contents than immature group. The mRNA and protein levels of FADS2, which converts precursor linoleic acid into GLA, were higher (P<0.05) in mature female mice than in immature mice. In conclusion, these results show that sexual maturation of female mice induces GLA and FADS2 contents in LM.