Prosodic Structure and Phrasing of Function Words in English

Young-il Oh 한국영어학학회 2012 영어학연구 Vol.18 No.3

This paper explores the possibilities of prosodifying function words in English. It is well known that function words can be manifested in their strong and weak forms as a function of accent and position in a sentence. It is also known that weak forms of function words, which are not phrase-final, have a clitic status in prosodic structure, while strong forms of function words in phrase-final position have the status of a prosodic word on their own (Inkelas and Zec 1993, Selkirk 1984, 1996). Thus, the prosodic phrasing of function words has been accounted for by the syntactic structural factor itself. However, given the results that strong forms of function words can be subdivided into phrase-final and accented types (Oh 2010), the prosodic phrasing of function words should be reconsidered with a syntactic and semantic approaches. Briefly reviewing various approaches to phrasing in prosodic phonology, this paper investigates an accent effect on the prosodic phrasing of function words and suggests a future experiment which can reveal how function words are prosodified with their adjacent words.

중증장애학생의 지역사회 통합과 생존을 위한 기능적 어휘 목록 개발

권회연,전병운 한국특수아동학회 2017 특수아동교육연구 Vol.19 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop the functional list of survival words and phrases by the 100 special educators and practitioners on rehabilitation institute and parents for children with severe disabilities. The functional list of survival words covers everyday situation such as physical safety, traffic commands directions, electronic conducts directions, consumer words, filling out forms, and more. Method: At first, on the importance from the educational point, the words and phrases over the 3 point were selected among 200 initial list's words including 50 words and 50 phrases from a survival vocabulary list by C. H. Polloway and E. A. Polloway. Second, 30 children on 1-3 grade at elementary school let the words of the list read by visual at a time and then asked the meaning of the words and phrases. Results: The parents, teachers and practitioners rated the degree of importance of each word and phrase with 5 liquart scale of scores in teaching daily living skills. The importance of each words and phrases was rated from 1(limited value) to 5(essential). The 109 words and phrases were selected when the mean score was over 3 score(valued). And then, 103 words and phrases among the 109 words and phrases were selected by the 30 elementary students. Finally, we selected 50 words and 50 phrases for the functional list of survival words. Conclusion: The result is that functional list of survival words and phrases for children with severe disabilities will be a useful instrument to measure the adaptive skills of the students with severe disabilities in the community environment. And the useful instructions should be invented to teach the functional words for the independent living of the students with severe disabilities. 연구목적: 이 연구는 중증발달장애 학생들이 주변에서 자주 볼 수 있는 친숙한 어휘들 중에서 학생의 독립적 생활과 생존을 위해 필수적인 어휘들로 기능적 어휘 목록을 만들기 위해서 실시되었다. 연구방법: 이를 위해 중증장애학생들을 가르치는 교사와 직업교육 및 재활 서비스 전문가, 부모를 대상으로 어휘의 중요도를 평정하였으며, 평정된 어휘에 대하여 시각어휘로서의 타당성을 알아보기 위하여 초등학교 1-3학년 학생들에게 자동적인 단어 재인 과정이 일어나는지를 조사하였다. 연구결과: 본 연구를 통해 첫째, 전체 200개의 어휘 중 1차적으로 전문가의 중요도 평정 결과 3점 이상인 어휘는 모두 109개였으며, 이중 일반학생들이 시각어휘로 읽을 수 있는 어휘는 103개인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 연구자 회의에서 3개의 어휘를 삭제하여 최종적으로 구문 50개, 어휘 50개인 100개의 어휘가 확정되었다. 결론: 마지막으로 본연구의 결과를 통하여 기능적 어휘 목록 개발의 시사점과 후속 연구의 방향성을 제시하였다.

("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 허사연구(虛詞硏究)

이재선,황우준,이시형,금경수,Lee, Jae-Sun,Hwang, Woo-June,Lee, Si-Hyung,Keum, Kyeong-Su 대한한의정보학회 2008 大韓韓醫情報學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

The elementary idea of 'function-words' in Classical Chinese originates from Han dynasty. But because of the pictographic nature the methodology for 'content words' had been applied to the study on 'function words', ane the conditions had not changed until modern times. In grammar functions of the function-word syntactical, morphological in unit sentence were studied in this using the method of quantitative analysis for all the function-words appeared in ${\ll}$Hwang je nae gyung-Somun${\gg}$. In the previous studies about function word, many data were collected and analyzed diachronically. But those studies failed to examine function-words closed in connection with synchronic study. Besides, in the explain about relevant function-words also, the case which was made centering around exegetic explain was most. And in the case to explain the function-words have in unit sentence also, the explain only about some function-words is made, but the analysis about concrete function to have in syntactical system is being handled negligently. This study stands not only on the background df the traditional studies but also on the basis of the western grammar and linguistics, especially the descriptive grammar and linguistics, especially the descriptive grammar. ${\ll}$Hwang je nae gyung-Somun${\gg}$ is collect and recorded the mythology and special contents related to Daoism in the side of contents as what was written on the basis of the historical consciousness of individual in contents regardless of compilation system. The purpose of this study is to clarify how the role and function of fuction-words are being made in the composition of unit sentence which appeard in ${\ll}$Hwang je nae gyung-Somun${\gg}$ through synchronic grammar system.

Phonetic Reduction of English Function Words in the Passage Reading by Korean EFL Learners

Hyebae Yoo 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.1

This paper investigates how Korean EFL learners, whose L1 does not reduce function words, reduce vowels in the production of English function words in comparison to native speakers of English. Specifically, the degree of reduction of function words was investigated in terms of their subclasses, that is stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) function words in comparison to content words. To this end, 54 speakers (20 Korean male, 20 Korean female, 7 American male, and 7 American female) were recorded and measured in terms of acoustic features, F0, duration, and intensity in the reading of a passage with 11 sentences. The results revealed that both American and Korean speakers produce stressed function words that are significantly longer in duration than unstressed function words, supporting the argument for the existence of subclasses of function words. Korean female learners tend to overemphasize stressed function words, which results in an insignificant difference in duration between content words and stressed function words, while the reverse pertains in terms of intensity (i.e., stressed function words are greater in intensity than content words). Secondly, vowels in the unstressed function word class were reduced homogeneously by native speakers, but variably in the readings of Korean learners. Finally, modals were reduced more than finite auxiliaries by all the groups, which contradicts the stressability order between morphemes proposed by Anttila (2013). This study provides evidence for the subclass effect on stress realization by Korean EFL learners, as well as native speakers. The findings also have some teaching implications for EFL students.

텍스트 구성에 대한 러시아어 어순의 제약성에 대한 연구

김성완(Kim Sung Wan) 한국중동부유럽학회 2007 동유럽발칸학 Vol.9 No.2

In linguistic study, the problem concerned to word order has been in the center of dispute. The antagonism between generative grammarians and other scholars insisting type theory of word order proves the fact that there is no consistent theory in the problem of word order. As the text linguistics that admits text as language unit in linguistic technology appears, the problem concerned to word order is dealt in functional aspect. Prague school has played a leading role in the study on language by the layer of communication. When it comes to structure, the word order of Russian language is very liberal in sentence because it is classified into the language depending on type much. However, it shows significantly regular aspect from functional or articulative aspect. Decisive factors in the text structure of Russian language are grammatical function, intonation, stress, functional articulation, context, etc. Among them, the study tries analysis based on other factors without considering its grammatical function. Word order and functional articulation are closely correlated in the structures of sentences of many languages. Moreover, word order and intonation are closely correlated. Word order can't be understood with one sentence. It should be considered on the layer of text structure. In other words, the study that does not consider context can't be applied to linguistic activity occurring in various aspects because it causes the result that does not consider utterance result. The results of the study considering these points are as follows. 1. In the text structure, Russian word order is regular from the aspect of functional articulation. If it escapes from the rule, it always accompanies meaning change. 2. Thema is omitted or located in the head of sentence. If the context is included in the question, the omittance is more natural. 3. If the rhema is located in the head of sentence, it always accompanies the change of intonation. 4. The change of word order depends on context. Although Russian word order is liberal, the sentence, whose word order is changed, already contains meaning addition or change. It should be understood that the change of word order depends on difference of individual utterance habit, difference of logical importance and situation of utterance. Strictly speaking, the sentence, whose word order is changed, is already distinct sentence although the degree of meaning change contained in the change of word order is different.

한국어 '어미'의 품사론, 문장성분론

한정한(Jeong Han Han) 한국어학회 2015 한국어학 Vol.66 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine the notions of word-class, unigram, word and grammatical relations of, so called, Korean sentence ending suffix eomi. The major argument of this paper is that Korean josa and eomi as in agglutinative language have distinctive syntactic properties from inflectional affixes in inflectional languages such as Turkish and Russian. Unlike inflectional affixes, josa, and eomi, the classical agglutinatemes, directly take part in syntactic processes, but inflectional affixes indirectly take part in syntactic processes by means of inflectional paradigms as an interpretation mechanism. Accordingly, to explain Korean grammar more properly, we need to redefine josa and eomi as one of word classes, word, and grammatical relations. To make it clearer, this paper tries to establish the notion of ‘functional word’, which define the concept of word in therms of function, not in terms of minimal free form, meaning, or uigram(i.e., phonological word). According to it, functional word is a class of part-of-speeches which is pre-classified in order to express the function of a certain grammatical relation. Here the word ‘function’ is used for the way a word operates in relation to words in the clause. In addition, I propose with two types of part-of-speeches, one of which is narrow notion of, and the other of which is broad notion of part-of-speeches; the former being the lexical counterpart name of functional word in syntax, the latter being the lexical classes (not word classes) that are classified in terms of their lexical properties such as phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic properties, etc. Finally, based on aforementioned definitions, I have provide with the diagram that show the list of Korean function words and related grammatical relations in (31).

Shortening of Function Words in Thai

박경은,장태엽 한국언어과학회 2022 언어과학 Vol.29 No.1

This study aims to compare the duration of phonologically homophonous words in Thai that are used as a content word in one context, and as a function word in another. It is premature to assume that function words in Thai will be reduced as in other languages, considering that most function words in Thai have been originated from the homophonous content word through grammaticalization. Therefore, this study investigated whether the four most frequent Thai monosyllabic function words are produced with a shortened duration as compared to the corresponding content words. Sentence utterances including target words are produced by eight native Bangkok Thai speakers. Syllable rime duration of each word is measured and compared. Overall results show that the rime of function words is significantly shorter than that of content words. It is also confirmed that words located at the end of an utterance are remarkably lengthened regardless of the word type.

Are Function Words Functioning Well? A Corpus-based Investigation of Function Words in Different Qualities of L2 English Argumentative Essays

Hyeyoung Cho 한국응용언어학회 2014 응용 언어학 Vol.30 No.4

Based on extensive studies of the value of function words in language use, this research examined the relationship between native like frequency of function words and L2 writing quality. Through a keyword analysis of Korean students" L2 English writing corpus, this study identified ten function words that showed a distinctive frequency in a learner corpus in comparison to a native speaker corpus. In particular, this study examined the use of function words, which showed native like frequency in advanced L2 writing, hinting at the potential of function words as indicators of overall writing quality. The findings of this study suggested that the use of first person pronouns (I, my), conjunctive adverbs (so, because, but, as), the proverb do, articles (the, a/an), and the preposition of showed native like frequency in more advanced L2 writing. Qualitative examination of the function words revealed that basic level writing showed a stronger degree of writer visibility and a higher dependency on a limited range of lexical devices to deliver causal and contrastive semantics. It is hoped that this study invites more academic and instructional attention to the use of function words in L2 writing pedagogy and provokes further investigation of L2 learners’ use of function words.

Are Function Words Functioning Well? A Corpus-based Investigation of Function Words in Different Qualities of L2 English Argumentative Essays

조혜영 한국응용언어학회 2014 응용 언어학 Vol.30 No.4

Based on extensive studies of the value of function words in language use, this research examined the relationship between native like frequency of function words and L2 writing quality. Through a keyword analysis of Korean students' L2 English writing corpus, this study identified ten function words that showed a distinctive frequency in a learner corpus in comparison to a native speaker corpus. In particular, this study examined the use of function words, which showed native like frequency in advanced L2 writing, hinting at the potential of function words as indicators of overall writing quality. The findings of this study suggested that the use of first person pronouns (I, my), conjunctive adverbs (so, because, but, as), the proverb do, articles (the, a/an), and the preposition of showed native like frequency in more advanced L2 writing. Qualitative examination of the function words revealed that basic level writing showed a stronger degree of writer visibility and a higher dependency on a limited range of lexical devices to deliver causal and contrastive semantics. It is hoped that this study invites more academic and instructional attention to the use of function words in L2 writing pedagogy and provokes further investigation of L2 learners’ use of function words.

기능적 조음장애아동과 일반아동의 어중자음 연쇄조건에서 나타나는 어중종성 오류 특성 비교

이란(Lee, Ran),이은주(Lee, Eunju) 한국음성학회 2015 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.7 No.2

This study investigated final consonant error characteristics at word-medial position in children with functional articulation disorder. Data was collected from 11 children with functional articulation and 11 normal children, ages 4 to 5. The speech samples were collected from a naming test. Seventy-five words with every possible bi-consonants matrix at the word-medial position were used. The results of this study were as follows : First, percentage of correct word-medial final consonants of functional articulation disorder was lower than normal children. Second, there were significant differences between two groups in omission, substitution and assimilation error. Children with functional articulation disorder showed a high frequency of omission and regressive assimilation error, especially alveolarization in regressive assimilation error most. However, normal children showed a high frequency of regressive assimilation error, especially bilabialization in regressive assimilation error most. Finally, the results of error analysis according to articulation manner, articulation place and phonation type of consonants of initial consonant at word-medial, both functional articulation disorder and normal children showed a high error rate in stop sound-stop sound condition. The error rate of final consonant at word-medial position was high when initial consonant at word-medial position was alveolar sound and alveopalatal sound. Futhermore, when initial sounds were fortis and aspirated sounds, more errors occurred than linis sound was initial sound. The results of this study provided practical error characteristics of final consonant at word-medial position in children with speech sound disorder.