연료물성을 고려한 자동차 연비 측정 방법의 개선에 관한 연구

이민호(Minho Lee),인정민(Jungmin In),김재권(Jaigueon Kim),정충섭(Choongsub Jung) 한국자동차공학회 2009 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2009 No.11

A chassis dynamometer test cell is employed along with a CVS (Constant Volume Sampler) system to test for both vehicle exhaust emissions and for fuel economy. The current fuel economy test method for gasoline and diesel fueled vehicles is called the Carbon-Balance method, and it works by testing the vehicle exhaust emissions for all carbon-containing components. Through conservation of mass, the carbon that comes out as exhaust must have gone in as fuel. However, there are significant differences between the real vehicle fuel rate(fuel flow metering method) and the CVS measured fuel consumption(carbon-balance method) during vehicle fuel economy tests. This is a concern because a different property characteristics of vehicle fuel are used during a test. It is important to be able to relate mass emissions to mass fuel consumption in order to understand and control vehicle engine performance. In addition to the standard test equipment for vehicles, a highly accurate fuel flow meter is installed that measures the mass of fuel consumed by the engine during chassis dynamometer tests. A diesel vehicle was tested over CVS-75 mode (standard Fuel Economy protocols), where it is found that the fuel flow meter mass measurements correlate with the carbon-balance fuel consumption results measured with the CVS. Experiments are performed using two different test method where equivalent results are obtained. The carbon-balance fuel economy performance of the CVS is compared to that obtained with a fuel flow metering method. This paper will explain the principles behind the new testing methods as well as the equipment required to accurately test vehicle fuel consumption. The techniques have been optimized for the chassis dynamometer, and the current bio-diesel fuel configuration is given as an example.

연료 물성 변화가 자동차 주요부품 및 배출가스에 미치는 영향 연구

이정천,김성우,이민호,김기호,박언영 한국응용과학기술학회 2017 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.34 No.4

산업이 발전함에 따라 전 세계적으로 환경오염에 대한 문제가 대두되고 있으며, 자동차 배출가스 규제도 점점 강화되고 있다. 하지만, 배출가스는 단순한 자동차만의 문제가 아닌 연료물성성분에 따른 영향도 받는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 특히, 디젤엔진의 경우 CRDI 엔진이 개발 및 상용화되면서 고성능 엔진은 고성능 연료를 필요로 하고, 그 중 대표적인 것이 연료의 윤활성으로 밝혀진바, 이에 본 연구에서는 연료물성변화가 자동차 주요부품 및 배출가스에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 윤활성이 취약한 연료(651㎛/품질기준 400㎛이하)를 차량에 사용하여 고압펌프 및 인젝터, 매연저감장치 등의 파손이 발생하며, 매연 및 배출가스, 연비가 악화되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 파손된 매연저감장치(DPF)를 확인한 결과 철분성분이 다량 검출되었으며 이는 연료에 철분성분이 많이 함유되어 있어, 배출가스에 영향을 미쳐 매연저감장치(DPF)의 처리능력을 초과한 입자상물질의 배출로 인한 파손으로 추정 및 확인하였다. Exhaust regulations of automobile are being reinforced increasingly as environmental problems issues came to the fore by industrial development. However, it is known that the exhaust emission is not only influenced by the system of automobile but also the fuel properties. In particular, high-performance engines have required high-performance fuels with high lubricity as CRDI engines(diesel engine) have been developed and commercialized. This paper have examined that the fuel property variations affect a major parts and an exhaust gas of automobile. It was confirmed that the high pressure pump, the injector and the DPF(diesel particulate filter) were damaged and fuel efficiency was get worse due to use the fuel of lacking lubricity property(651 μm / quality standard: less in 400 μm). In addition, through an iron component was detected in the broken DPF, it was estimated that the breakage of the DPF was caused by the excessive exhaust of the particulate matter due to the iron component of the fuel.

Operation of bio-aviation fuel manufacturing facility via hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids process and optimization of fuel property for turbine engine test

한기보,장정희,안민회,서영웅,최민기,박노국,이미은,김재곤,정병훈 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.6

Bio-aviation fuel to satisfy ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specification was prepared through the stable operation of bio-aviation fuel manufacturing facility scale-expanded up to the production of bio-aviation fuel for turbine engine test. First, powder-typed 1.0 wt% Pt/Al2O3 and 0.5wt% Pt/zeolite catalysts, respectively applicable to the hydrotreating and upgrading processes, were prepared and then their performance was evaluated in laboratory scale reactor. Thereafter, pellet-shaped 1.0 wt% Pt/Al2O3 and 0.5 wt% Pt/zeolite catalysts were prepared and applied to a bench-scale hydrotreating process and an upgrading process reactor, applied in the catalytic processes to prepare bio-aviation fuel. At this time, reaction characteristics under various operating conditions were investigated along with their catalytic performance evaluation. Stable long-term operation based on optimal reaction conditions, obtained in bench-scale reactor was performed using the hydrotreating process and the upgrading process reactors in a pilot-scale bio-aviation fuel manufacturing facility to continuously operate during a long time under optimal reaction conditions controlled, and then synthetic bio-crude oil including bio-aviation fuel composition was prepared. Through the separation and purification process that can selectively obtain bio-aviation fuel components, bio-aviation fuel conforming to ASTM specification standards was produced from the synthetic bio-crude oil obtained through combined hydrotreating-upgrading process.

Investigate Fuel Property of Waste Plastics to Evaluate Potential Use as Solid Refuse Fuel

( Gyung-goo Choi ),( Jun-gu Kang ),( Younghyun Kwon ),( Youngjae Ko ),( Ha-nyoung Yoo ),( Youngjin Lee ),( Junhwa Kwon ),( Tae-wan Jeon ),( Sun-kyoung Shin ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The use of solid refuse fuel (SRF) has recommended to encourage recycling of waste in South Korea. The SRF is produced from combustible wastes which mainly composed of municipal waste (exclude food waste), plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers and tires. In South Korea, about 1.6 million tons of waste plastics, one of main law material for SRF production, were converted into SRF in 2017. Some waste plastics, however, contain hazardous compounds such as chlorine, sulfur and heavy metals. Therefore, selection process of the waste plastics is important to produce eco-friendly SRF production. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the value of plastics as a fuel. For the purpose, fuel properties of the plastics were investigated by type. The plastic samples used in this study were PVC, PET, PE, PP, PS, LDPE and HDPE. The unclassified plastics were also investigated. The proximate and elemental analyses were performed to examine the fuel property. The metal content and lower heating value of the plastic samples were also detected. The analysis followed the Korean quality standards and methods for SRF. As a result, all plastic samples excluding PVC satisfied the SRF quality standards. The PVC samples had ash, chlorine and sulfur contents higher than the SRF quality standards. This study was supported by a grant the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic Korea (NIER-2018-01-01-048)

직접탄소 연료전지에서 RDF 및 RPF의 전기화학반응 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

안성율,이영훈,엄성용,성연모,문철언,강기중,최경민,김덕줄 한국수소및신에너지학회 2012 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.23 No.5

The electrochemical reaction of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and refuse plastic/paper fuel (RPF) was investigated in the direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) system. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of RPF was higher than RDF and other coals because of its thermal reactive characteristic under carbon dioxide. The thermal reactivity of fuels was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis method. and the reaction rate of RPF was higher than other fuels. The behavior of all sample’s potential was analogous in the beginning region of electrochemical reactions due to similar functional groups on the surface of fuels analyzed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy experiments. The potential level of RDF and RPF decreased rapidly comparing to coals in the next of the electrochemical reaction because the surface area and pore volume investigated by nitrogen gas adsorption tests were smaller than coals. This characteristic signifies the contact surface between electrolyte and fuel is restricted. The potential of fuels was maintained to the high current density region over 40 mA/cm2 by total carbon component. The maximum power density of RDF and RPF reached up to 45~70% comparing to coal. The obvious improvement of maximum power density by increasing operating temperature was observed in both refuse fuels.

디젤-가솔린 혼합연료의 혼합안정성 및 거시적인 분무 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

박세원 ( Se Won Park ),박수한 ( Su Han Park ),박성욱 ( Sung Wook Park ),전문수 ( Mun Soo Chon ),이창식 ( Chang Sik Lee ) 한국분무공학회 2012 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The study is to investigate the mixing stability, fuel properties, and macroscopic spray characteristics of diesel-gasoline blended fuels in a common-rail injection system of a diesel engine. The test fuels were mixed diesel with gasoline fuel, which were based volume fraction of gasoline from 0 to 100% in 20% intervals. In order to analyze the blended effect of gasoline to diesel fuel, the properties of test fuels such as density, viscosity, and surface tension were measured. In addition, the spray behavior characteristics were studied by investigating the spray tip penetration and spray angle using a spray images through a spray visualization system. It was revealed that the density, kinematic viscosity and surface tension of diesel-gasoline blending fuels were decreased with the increase of gasoline fuel. The injection quantity of test fuels were almost similar level at short energizing duration condition. On the other hand, the increase of energizing duration shows the decrease of injection quantity compared to short energizing duration. The test blending fuels have similar growth in Spray tip penetration and Spray cone angle.

차량기술, 연료 유종 및 시험모드 특성에 따른 온실가스의 배출특성 연구

이정천,이민호,김기호,박언영 한국응용과학기술학회 2017 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.34 No.4

대기오염에 대한 관심은 국내·외에서 점진적으로 상승하고 있으며, 자동차 및 연료 연구자들은 청정(친환경 대체연료) 연료와 연료품질 향상 등을 이용하여 새로운 엔진 설계, 혁신적인 후처리 시스템 등의 연구를 통하여 차량 배기가스 및 온실가스를 감소시키고자 노력하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 각기 다른 차량기술이 적용된 휘발유, 경유, LPG를 연료로 사용하는 7대의 차량을 대상으로 국내·외에서 법적시험모드로 사용되고 있는 도심모드, 고속모드, 급가·감속, 에어컨사용 및 겨울철 특성을 반영한 저온모드에서 온실가스의 배출특성을 확인하고자 하였다. 사용연료에 관계없이 대부분의 온실가스는 저온인 Cold FTP-75 모드에서 가장 안 좋은 결과가 나타나는 경향을 가지고 있다. 각 차량별 온실가스 증가 요인으로는 가솔린 차량인 A차량(2.0 MPI)과 B차량(2.4 GDI)에서는 최고속 및 급가·감속 , 에어컨 사용 , 저온 조건의 순인데 비해 E차량(1.6 T-GDI)은 에어컨 사용, 최고속 및 급가·감속 , 저온 조건의 순이다. G차량(LPLi)은 에어컨 사용 , 저온 , 최고속 및 급가·감속 조건의 순으로 가솔린 차량과 다른 특성을 가지고 있다. 경유 차량에 있어서는 A차량(2.0 w/o DPF)과 B차량(2.2 w/ DPF)은 최고속 및 급가·감속 , 에어컨 사용, 저온 조건의 순이었고, F차량(1.6 w/ DPF)은 저온, 에어컨 사용, 최고속 및 급가·감속 조건의 순으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 각 연료별로 배출가스 저감 기술을 다르게 적용하여야 효과적인 방법이라고 할 수 있겠다. Concerns about an air pollution are gradually increasing at home and abroad. The automotive and fuel researchers are trying to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases of vehicles through a research on new engine designs and innovative after-treatment systems using clean fuels (eco-alternative fuel) and fuel quality improvements. In this paper, we stduy the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases on seven vehicles using gasoline, diesel, and LPG by legal test mode in domestic and abroad.(Urban mode, Highway mode, rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition) Regardless of fuels, most of the greenhouse gases tend to show the worst results in cold FTP-75 mode. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 MPI) and B vehicles (2.4 GDI) using a gasoline fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. But G vehicles(LPLi) have different emission characteristics from another vehicles. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 w/o DPF) and B vehicles (2.2 with DPF) using a diesel fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. However, the factor of F vehicles are in order of low temperature condition, using air conditioner, rapidly acceleration and deceleration. In conclusion, it will be an effective method to apply different technologies of emission reduction for each fuel.

Effects of curing systems on the mechanical and chemical ageing resistance properties of gasket compounds based on ethylene-propylene-diene-termonomer rubber in a simulated fuel cell environment

Nah, Changwoon,Kim, Seung Gyeom,Shibulal, Gopi Sathi,Yoo, Yong Hwan,Mensah, Bismark,Jeong, Byeong-Heon,Hong, Bo Ki,Ahn, Jou-Hyeon Elsevier 2015 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.40 No.33

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Ethylene-propylene-diene-termonomer (EPDM) rubber based fuel cell gasket compounds have been designed and explored the effects of various vulcanization systems on different properties. Three types of sulphur-accelerated vulcanization systems such as conventional vulcanization (con), semi-efficient vulcanization (sev) and efficient vulcanization (ev) and also a peroxide vulcanization system were employed in this study. The curing characteristics, tensile, hardness and compression set properties of the cured compounds were evaluated. The crosslink density was assessed by equilibrium swelling method in dodecane. The chemical stability of the cured EPDM compounds was also evaluated through an accelerated durability test (ADT) using a solution (1 M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> + 10 ppm HF) very close to the fuel cell atmosphere. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the chemical and physical changes of the cured EPDM compounds before and after exposure to the ADT solution over time. The results indicate that the EPDM compounds cured with peroxide exhibit the highest crosslink density with lowest compression set value at both room temperature and at elevated temperature. The FTIR and the corresponding SEM results show no significant chemical degradation of the peroxide cured EPDM compounds due to ADT ageing.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We examine the long-term ageing resistance of rubber vulcanizates in a simulated fuel cell environment. </LI> <LI> We monitor the chemical and physical change during ageing. </LI> <LI> The peroxide cure system shows much enhanced resistance to ageing than sulphur cure system. </LI> <LI> The cure additive such as ZnO in the sulphur cure system can negatively affect the performance of fuel cell. </LI> </UL> </P>

프로토닉 세라믹 연료전지를 위한 적층형 구조의 삼중 이온 및 전자 전도체 YBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ 양극의 전기화학적 성능 평가

조인혁(Inhyeok Cho),최시혁(Sihyuk Choi) 한국세라믹학회 2021 세라미스트 Vol.24 No.4

Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have receiving huge attention as a promising energy conversion device because of their high conversion efficiency, lack of fuel dilution, and high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperature regime (400 ∼ 600 oC). Although this fuel cell system can effectively solve the main obstacle for the commercialization of conventional solid oxide fuel cells, electrochemical performance is currently limited by the cathodic polarization due to insufficient catalytic activity. To overcome this issue, layered perovskite materials, PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ, have been discovered as triple ionic and electronic conductor, which enables to simultaneously conduct H+/O2-/e-. Despite great advantages, there is large gap in the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) between the cathode and electrolyte. Herein, we developed a new triple conducting cathode material, YBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ (YBSCF) to minimize TEC while maintaining the high electro-catalytic activity with excellent hydration properties. Structural analysis, hydration properties, and electrochemical performances of YBSCF cathode were investigated. In particular, the peak power density of YBSCF cathode based on BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ (BZCYYb4411) electrolyte attained 0.702 W cm-2 at 600 oC. Moreover, power output is fairly stable for 300 h without observable degradation by applying a constant voltage of 0.7 V at 600 oC.

석탄 물성에 따른 직접탄소 연료전지의 전기화학 반응 특성 연구

엄성용(Seong Yong Eom),이영훈(Young Hoon Rhie),문철언(Cheor Eon Moon),성연모(Yon Mo Sung),최경민(Gyung Min Choi),김덕줄(Duck Jool Kim),안성율(Seong Yool Ahn) 대한기계학회 2012 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.36 No.10

본 논문에서는 석탄의 물리적ㆍ화학적 구조에 의한 직접탄소 연료전지 내부의 전기화학 반응 특성의 변화에 대하여 연구하였다. 석탄의 구조, 표면적 및 기공체적, 작용기의 분포 등을 분석하기 위하여 다양한 분석 기법(TGA, XRD, BET, XPS)을 사용하였다. 석탄 내부에 존재하는 탄소의 강력한 결정 구조는 연료의 비표면적 및 기공크기를 축소시켜 고 전류밀도 영역에서 급격한 포텐셜의 감소를 초래한다. 표면에 분포하는 작용기는 저전류 밀도 영역에서의 전기화학 반응에 영향을 미치며, 제한 전류밀도 및 최대 전력밀도는 전체 탄소의 양과 밀접한 상관관계를 가지고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 전해질의 물질전달 향상 및 작동온도에 의한 영향도 논하였다. Performance evaluation of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) was conducted according to coals and a graphite particle. Several fuel properties such as thermal reactivity, textural structure, gas adsorption characteristic, and functional groups on the surface of fuels were investigated and their effects on electrochemistry were discussed. The strong carbon structure inside of fuels led the rapid potential decreasing in high current density region, because it caused small surface area and low pore volume. The functional groups on the surface were related to the low current density region. The maximum current density and power density of fuels were affected by the total carbon content in fuels. The effect of operating conditions such as stirring rate and operating temperature was investigated in this study.