South Korean Consumers’ Experiences and Underlying Shopping Mechanism of Black Friday

이진석,전승우,최자영 한국유통과학회 2019 유통과학연구 Vol.17 No.11

Purpose: Black Friday is a globally used as a promotion event. A lot of South Korean retailers also have used it as their promotion concepts. But South Korean Consumers’ response to Black Friday has never been investigated academically. This study examined Black Friday shopping of South Korean consumers, including experiences, perceptions, motives and shopping mechanism. Research design, data and methodology: To verify the purposes of this research, a survey was conducted with 462 participants. This study analyzed descriptive features of experiences, perceptions and motives and developed and tested the model of shopping mechanism. Results: South Korean consumers perceive Black Friday as one of the credible marketing tactics offering a big price discount. They have generally positive perceptions and shopping experiences toward Black Friday. The key motive of Black Friday shopping is for saving cost. In addition, for South Korean consumers, perceived deal value, perceived innovativeness, saving cost motive and fun motive are important antecedents of shopping on Black Friday, and attitude toward Black Friday plays a mediating role between antecedents and shopping behavior. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide practical and theoretical insight to understand the impact of Black Friday in South Korea.

Black Friday: Has the game changed?

Peters Cara,Thomas Jane 한국마케팅과학회 2022 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.13 No.4

Previous research on Black Friday consumption rituals has focused on planning and shopping for an in-store customer experience. In recent times, however, consumer perceptions and shopping behaviors related to Black Friday have begun to shift. Consumers are shopping earlier, moving online, taking advantage of delivery and curbside pickup, and expecting retailers to provide a safe, socially distanced shopping experience. This study was grounded in theory from social change within the field of sociology. The purpose of this study was to examine how various factors, such as the pandemic, retailer strategies, online shopping, cultural trends are reshaping consumers’ views and shopping behaviors related to Black Friday. Data were collected via 31 phenomenological interviews with consumers who have shopped on Black Friday in the past. Results were analyzed according to the protocol for phenomenology and were presented in the form of themes that emerged from the data. Overall, consumers believed that Black Friday had changed and had become less impactful. Changes were due to store policies and procedures around safety during the pandemic, retailers extending the number of days and weeks for Black Friday shopping, the convenience and breadth of products available among a plethora of online shopping alternatives, the impact of the economy on the ability to shop, and how the name Black Friday has negative associations for some shoppers. Managerial implications for retailers were discussed as the game of Black Friday has changed. Implications included strategies retailers can use to entice consumers as they try to revamp Black Friday and engage shoppers in the future.

사건, 사유 그리고 웃음의 함수 관계 - Friday를 중심으로

정익순 한국비교문학회 2010 比較文學 Vol.0 No.52

It was a disaster when Robinson was wrecked into the desert island. The island was a society where no civilization is existed by human beings. The processes that Robinson had lived was like the story of salvation or the new world where mankind can live happily but which just excites human's curiosity. With his knowledge he thought that there were no men which drew him into the problem of others. Something that happened on an island was the accident that conceptualized another one or conflicted this with that to know what was the problem. We know that the concept of the incident was not represented implicitly from the story. And we have already recognized that the story of Robinson Crusoe had the same incident but differently from Tournier's Friday. In a sense Robinson had to change his situation regarding to the problem of being with Friday. But this is the theme where Robinson had another story line in an incomplete society. At last his life style and balance of living with Friday broke only to make his readers laugh. This thesis has a point to concentrate themes on Deleuze and Bergson's philosophical position. It is an effect because we know their expectation. But when the scene and the story were fit for the interest of them the incidents changed into the twisted story at the same time. There are many actions we can not cause them to understand the logical explanation. These are the creative instrumental tools someday somebody makes another story line in their novels. In Deleuze's philosophy, there has always been regarded as a very delicate problem for all presuppositions. These presuppositions are as much subjective as objective. Here this thesis tries to know that how by objective presuppositions we can get understood the concepts explicitly presupposed by a given incident. According to this hypothesis we understand that the true philosophical difference is in-itself already repetition between the relation of Robinson and Friday in Friday. Again the event is not what occurs an accident. It is rather inside what occurs as an incident purely expressed in a relation. Event gives us signal and awaits us. Event is that we must understand what happened in it. And the actor represents, but what he represents is always in the future and already in the past, whereas his representation is impassible and divided, unfolded without being ruptured, neither acting nor being acted upon. Anyway Friday actualizes the event, but in a way which is entirely different from the actualization of the event with the functional relation.

From Hole to Whole: Rethinking Friday’s Tonguelessness in Coetzee’s Foe

김경숙 현대영미어문학회 2017 현대영미어문학 Vol.35 No.2

In J. M. Coetzee’s Foe, Friday’s tonguelessness has been interpreted as a symptom of a victim/subaltern. As a victim/subaltern, Friday is often thought to symbolize a lack, which cannot be filled or represented through language. Thus, Friday’s tonguelessness has been considered to be a “hole” of the text, not only by Susan Barton but also by many postcolonial critics. However, what Friday’s tongueless mouth signifies is, this essay argues, by no means simple; instead, analyzing its significances presents a wholly different reading of Daniel Defoe’s canonical work as well as Coetzee’s text. According to this rereading, Friday’s tonguelessness, symbolized as the sunken ship the unnamed narrator of the final part dives into, reveals the hidden, painful, history of slavery and the Middle Passage. What Friday’s silence “speaks” disrupts the seemingly solid groundwork upon which Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and the western colonization and canonization have relied. This unburied truth of slave trade and colonization revises the sugar-coated stories of adventure and exploration, whether in literary canons or orthodox histories.

로버트 하인라인의 『프라이데이』와 존 쿳시의 『포』의 비교 - 유토피아의 담론을 중심으로

정익순 한국비교문학회 2010 比較文學 Vol.0 No.50

This thesis studies the philosophical and literal particularities between Friday and Foe. These two works have the general temper of utopian world or future world that has been critically twisted from the original work, Robinson Crusoe. Friday is an SF novel in which Robert Heinlein created the character Friday who is a mechanical woman living the actual world in the future society and moving from the planet to the outer space world for her freedom. John Coetzee's Foe is a rewriting of Robinson Crusoe and he creates a female Susan castaway who comes to realize the necessity of rereading the original accident between Robinson and Friday. Here I pointed out that people have an interest in saying that everybody knows this. And we know that everybody recognizes this or that nobody can deny it. In this sense the literal and philosophical thoughts from the ancient to the contemporary have different images of thought, borrowed from the pure element of common senses between two men on the ideal but primitive society. And according to this images, thought out of the original work has an affinity with the true in the possible world. So it is the image of thought that everybody knows and is presumed to know what it means to think. The event between Robinson and Friday is not what occurs an accident, it is rather inside what occurs implicitly and explicitly. Event gives us signal. And the actor represents, but what he represents is always in the future and already in the past, whereas his representation is divided as a metaphysical epistemology from the ideal world Plato imagined in his Nation. Therefore it is available for us to understand what is the ubiquitous difference from actualization and imagination of philosophical and literal discourse in debating utopian concept.

Listening for the Subaltern's Mutilated Voice/Silence: J. M. Coetzee's Foe

김경숙 현대영미어문학회 2009 현대영미어문학 Vol.27 No.1

This essay examines the critical/ethical question of "speaking for the subaltern," reading Coetzee's Foe― especially Friday―as an allegory for the subaltern's voice/silence. Although his tongue is mutilated/mutelated against his will, Friday's silence should not be read as his inability to communicate but as his unique way of communication or his voluntary rejection of it. Susan's final disillusionment of the language's/ narrative's magic power to conjure the island and its "substantiality" represents Coetzee's demythification of the immediacy and transparency of language. Refusing to speak the Master's language can be seen as an extreme form of rebellion; Friday's silence can be seen as the last fort not contaminated by colonial force. The last scene of the novel in which the unnamed narrator enters Friday through his mouth in order to listen for his story instead of remaining outside and speaking for him suggests such a possibility to listen for the subaltern not penetrating or interrupting their space. Now, the issue of "speaking for" the subaltern should be replaced by that of "listening for" the subaltern, who might be speaking by using the body instead of tongue, or to whom "silence" can be a form of articulation.

제국의 소설과 되받아 쓰기: 두 명의 크루소와 두 명의 프라이데이

박경서 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.58 No.-

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyse two Crusoes and two Fridays in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Coetzee’s Foe. First of all, this study counters Watt’s opinion that Robinson Crusoe reflects economical individualism, and argues that Robinson Crusoe opened the door of the history of British imperialism and colonialism in the 18th century. This study presents the reasons for the argument in the process of Crusoe’s life. Second, it shows Coetzee’s argument that Robinson’s myth in Robinson Crusoe is false, and especially, Coetzee’s Crusoe is neither a dynamic capitalist nor an imperialist in the 18th country. Last, it reveals a dominant-subordinate relationship through Defoe’s Friday and the defiance of imperial absolute power through the silence of Coetzee’s Friday. Coetzee tries to unveil the Robinson myth which justifies European imperialism and to dislocate the stereotyped figure of the Other in Robinson Crusoe through his novel, Foe.

제국의 소설과 되받아 쓰기

박경서(Park, Kyung-Seo) 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.57 No.-

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyse two Crusoes and two Fridays in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Coetzee’s Foe. First of all, this study counters Watt’s opinion that Robinson Crusoe reflects economical individualism, and argues that Robinson Crusoe opened the door of the history of British imperialism and colonialism in the 18th century. This study presents the reasons for the argument in the process of Crusoe’s life. Second, it shows Coetzee’s argument that Robinson’s myth in Robinson Crusoe is false, and especially, Coetzee’s Crusoe is neither a dynamic capitalist nor an imperialist in the 18th country. Last, it reveals a dominant-subordinate relationship through Defoe’s Friday and the defiance of imperial absolute power through the silence of Coetzee’s Friday. Coetzee tries to unveil the Robinson myth which justifies European imperialism and to dislocate the stereotyped figure of the Other in Robinson Crusoe through his novel, Foe.

왜 소비자는 블랙 프라이데이(Black Friday)의 대폭 할인에 열광하는가?

이진석,최자영 한국마케팅학회 2021 마케팅연구 Vol.36 No.2

Black Friday(BF) is globally famous for exceptional price discounts. Consumers are likely to purchase products aggressively on BF. This study explored the effect of BF’s deep discounts. We investigated how a deep discount in the context of BF have different influences on consumer responses in comparison with a deep discount in a general price discount promotion context. We also examined consumers’ psychological mechanism of these effects by focusing on affective information processing. We predicted that consumers will respond more positively to a deep discount on BF compared to a deep discount on Non-BF situation. We proposed the affective information processing as an underlying mechanism by which these effects occur. To test theoretical arguments we proposed, we conducted three experiments. In experiment 1, we confirmed that a deep discount on BF had a significantly greater impact on consumer responses than a deep price discount on Non-BF. In experiment 2a & 2b, we considered people’s personal deposition to trust as a moderating variable to precisely verify the role of affective information processing in the relationship between BF’s deep discounts and consumers responses. The results of both experiments showed that the effect of BF’s deep discounts affected by affective information processing worked only for consumers with high disposition to trust, but not for consumers with low disposition to trust. 블랙 프라이데이의 파격적인 가격할인은 세계적으로 유명하다. 소비자들은 블랙 프라이데이 기간에 적극적으로제품을 구매한다. 본 연구는 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭 할인 효과를 연구하였다. 먼저, 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭할인이 소비자 반응에 미치는 영향과 이 영향이 발생하는 소비자의 내적 과정을 감정적 정보처리방식에 주목하여살펴보았다. 본 연구는 소비자들이 일반 행사의 대폭 할인보다 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭 할인에 더 긍정적으로 반응할 것으로 예상하였다. 또한 이러한 효과를 발생하는 메커니즘으로 소비자의 감정적 정보처리과정을 제시하고검증하였다. 본 연구의 이론적 주장을 검증하기 위하여 3번의 실험연구를 진행하였다. 실험 1에서는 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭 할인이 일반 행사의 대폭 할인보다 소비자 반응에 더 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 이러한 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭 할인 효과가 감정적 정보처리과정에 기인함을 확인하였다. 실험 2a와 실험 2b에서는 감정적 정보처리과정의 역할을 면밀하게 검증하기 위하여 개인 특성 요소인 신뢰수준을 조절 변수로 투입하여 연구하였다. 연구결과, 감정적 정보처리과정에 따른 블랙 프라이데이의 대폭 할인 효과가 신뢰성향이 높을 때는 나타났고, 신뢰성향이 낮을 때는 나타나지 않았다.

아담 이야기가 끼친 종교의식(宗敎儀式) 비교연구

손영광(Son, Young-Kwang) 한국중동학회 2014 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.35 No.1

This paper examines the difference among Judaism, Christianity and Islam on religious ceremonies which originated from the story of adam. Judaism says what adam was banished out of Eden after eating fruit from the prohibited tree, and he could not eat fruit from the tree of life in Eden any more. And Judaism insists to jewish people are given the tree of life when they accepted Torah in Mt. Sinai by prophet Moses. And so Judaism established reading Torah and eating Hallah bread in Sabbath as religious ceremonies. Christianity regards act what adam eat the prohibited fruit as sin what adam and his descendants will die permanently. But they declares to all mankind to live forever by Jesus who is saviour, and by him who is the last Adam, and by him who is offspring of the woman. And therefore, they performs worship services in Lord's day and the baptism as religious ceremonies. Islam insists to adam to eat the fruit by mistake in Eden. And they says to adam to be sent to the earth on Kalifa duty. And Muhammad tells a message what those who will be enter into Eden in the future become like adam who was created with image of Allah on Friday. And he emphasizes what Friday is the best day for Muslim pray to Allah. For this reason, Islam fulfills Friday prayers and making ablution(Wudu) as religiou ceremonies.