조선시대 봉수대의 건물지 고찰

홍성우 ( Hong Seong-woo ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2020 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.76

건물지는 봉수군의 생활과 직접적인 관련이 있어 봉수대를 이해하는데에 필수적이고 중요한 시설이다. 봉수대 건물지는 봉수군이 상주(常住)하면서 숙식과 생활을 주로 한 주거용 건물지[家屋]와 거화재료와 봉수군의 생활물품을 보관하였던 창고용 건물지[庫舍]로 구분된다. 주거용 건물지는 건축 방식에 따라 지상건물지와 수혈주거지가 있다. 양자(兩者)는 모두 아궁이와 온돌이 갖추어져 있다. 수혈 주거지는 문헌사료를 검토하여 산성과 봉수대 등 군영에서 추위를 피하기 위해 겨울철에 조성된 토실(土室)이며, 이 토실이 산성과 봉수대 내 주거 및 방어의 용도로 사용하였음을 알 수 있었다. 창고용 건물지도 건축방식에 따라 지상형(地上形)과 수혈형(竪穴形)으로 구분되나 대부분 지상형이었다. 창고용 지상건물지는 구조상 다칸구조(多間構造)와 한칸구조(一間構造)로 나눌 수 있다. 이러한 지상건물지의 구조나 규모의 차이는 보관 물품의 종류나 수량의 차이 그리고 주거용 건물지 내 고방(庫房)의 유무와 관련이 있는 것으로 보았다. 봉수대 출토유물 중 기와는 상당히 높은 출토비율을 보이고 있다. 이는 건물지의 지붕 재료로 기와를 사용하였기 때문이다. 기와는 오랜 기간 동안 여러 번에 걸쳐 제작되었음을 알 수 있었고 계속적인 보수 과정을 거치면서 그 규격이 조금씩 달라졌음을 알 수 있었다. 출토위치를 보면, 건물지 외에도 거화, 방호, 생활시설 등 다양한 곳에서 출토되었다. 이는 건물지의 지붕용을 비롯하여 연통재료용, 대지조성용, 배수로용 등으로 다양하게 활용되었다. As building sites are directly associated with the life of signal fire soldiers, they are recognized as an essential and important facility in understanding signal fire stations. Building sites around signal fire stations can be divided into residential building sites (家屋) where signal fire soldiers resided and lived and storing building sites (庫舍) where they stored materials for erecting signal fires and daily necessities. Residential building sites are divided, depending on the method of construction, into ground type and pit dwelling type. Both of them were equipped with furnaces and ondol (Korean floor heating system). Through literature review, it was found that pit dwelling-type residential building sites were mud-walled huts (土室) built by military camps near fortresses and signal fire stations to keep out the cold in winter. These mud-walled huts were found to be used for the purpose of residence and defense within fortresses and signal fire stations. Storing building sites are also divided, depending on the method of construction, into ground type and pit dwelling type, but most of them are ground type. Ground-type storing building sites can be divided, depending on the structure of buildings, into multi-room type (多間構造) and single-room type (一間構造). The differences in the structure and size of ground building sites seemed to be related to the differences in the type and amount of stored materials and the existence of a storeroom (庫房) within residential building sites. Roof tiles accounted for a high share of relics excavated from signal fire stations, which can be attributed to the fact that roof tiles were used to roof the buildings. The excavated roof tiles seemed to be produced several times for a long period of time and their size slightly changed as the buildings were repeatedly repaired over time. Roof tiles were excavated from various places, not only from building sites but also from facilities for erecting signal fires and those for defense and living, which indicates that roof tiles were utilized for various purposes not only for roofing but also for erecting signal fires, developing sites, draining water, etc.

조선시대 봉수대의 구조와 조사방법

홍성우,박세원 한국문화유산협회 2010 야외고고학 Vol.0 No.9

선사시대 이래 문명의 발달에 있어 빠질 수 없는 요소가 불이다. 인류는 다양한 용도로 불을 사용하였고, 한층 더 진화하여 신호체계로까지 이용하게 되었는데, 그것이 바로 봉수이다. 우리나라에서 불을 신호체계로 이용하기 시작한 시기는 삼국시대로 추정되지만 봉수제가 체계적으로 확립된 시기는 고려~조선시대라 할 수 있다. 봉수연구는 주로 봉수 운영체계에 대한 연구가 주를 이루었으나 최근에는 야외실물을 통한 연구도 조금씩 진행되고 있다. 봉수대는 그 내부에 다양한 시설이 구축되어 있는 복합유적이다. 이러한 복합성 때문인지 봉수대를 이해하는 수준은 아직 낮은 편이다. 봉수대의 기본 구성요소 중 성격과 기능에 따라 중심시설과 보조시설로 나누어 정리하였다. 중심시설이란 봉수대의 주기능인 신호의 전달과 후망을 위해 축조된 시설로 연조·연대(망대+연조)·망대·방화벽(방호벽)·연료창고가 있다. 보조시설이란 봉수대 운영을 위해 축조된 시설로, 주거지·물품창고·경작지·우물이 있다. 봉수대의 분류에 있어 중심시설의 배치 및 유무에 따라 분류하는 안과 봉수영역과 주거영역의 배치유형에 의해 분류하는 안이 현재 제시되어 있다. 봉수대 분류의 옳고 그름을 떠나 이런 봉수대 분류안이 시도되면서 그 동안 막연하게 인식되어 왔던 봉수대를 어느 정도 구체화하여 그 실체와 다양성을 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 봉수대의 구조에 대한 연구도 필요하겠으나, 그에 앞서 체계적인 발굴조사가 먼저 이루어져야 할 것이다. 봉수대의 조사방법은 크게 2가지 측면으로 구분하여 정리하였다. 하나는 전체 봉수대의 범위와 구성요소를 파악하는 방법이고 다른 하나는 개별유구의 조사방법이다. 봉수대의 구성요소인 중심시설과 보조시설이 인접한 경우에는 그리드식 조사로 전체현황을 파악하고 중심시설과 보조시설이 멀리 떨어져 있을 경우는 개별 그리드화로 조사한 후 지형도에 合圖하는 방법이 있다. 개별유구의 조사법에 있어서는 중심시설과 보조시설이 가지고 있는 특징을 최대한 파악하고, 조사된 잔존흔을 통해 조사방법을 검토하였다. 특히 연대 및 연조는 봉수대를 구성하는 핵심요소로 다양한 조사방법과 검증과정을 필요로 한다. Fire is an element which has been a part of the progress of civilization since prehistoric times. Mankind has used fire for various purposes, even for a signaling system, as is demonstrated by beacon fire. It is presumed that it was in the Three Kingdoms period that fire first began to be used as a signal system. But it is considered that it was in the Goryeo and Joseon periods that a beacon system was systematically established. Studies on beacons have mainly been concentrated on their operation system. However, studies on actual beacon structures have also begun to take place. Beacon sites are complex sites which contain within them various facilities. The low level of understanding regarding beacon sites may be attributed to this complexity. The authors of the current paper therefore felt the need to analyze the basic components and structure of beacon sites, and use these results as the basis of a research methodology. The basic elements of a beacon site were classified into core facilities and auxiliary facilities according to character and function. Core facilities are those constructed for signalling transport and surveillance, and comprise the fire place, fire stand (fire place and watch tower), watch tower, protective wall and fuel bunker. Auxiliary facilities are those constructed for operating the beacon, and include houses, storehouses, fields and wells. Two ways of classifying beacon sites are presented. One method focuses on the site layout and existence or non-existence of core facilities, while the other method focuses on the layout of the beacon site and residential area. These attempts at classifying beacon sites were found to be extremely helpful in providing, to some extent, a concrete understanding of the nature and diversity of beacon sites, which until now have been vaguely understood. The structural study of beacon sites is of course necessary, but this should be preceded by a systematic investigation of the site through excavation. Methods of investigating beacon sites can be classified into two different types. One method focuses on identifying the extent and components of the site, while the other method focuses on excavating individual features. A grid type survey of the entire site can be used when the core and auxiliary facilities of the beacon site are in close proximity. However, when the two types of facilities are located far apart, grid type surveys can be applied to individual sections and the data can then be plotted onto a topographical map. When investigating individual features, the features of the core and auxiliary facilities were examined with upmost care, and the remaining features were examined in order to review the most appropriate method of excavation. It is clear that, particularly in terms of the core elements of the beacon site, such as the fire stand and fire place, various excavation methods and processes of verification are required.

동해안 산불피해지 복구를 위한 산림생산력의 추정

구교상 ( Kyo Sang Koo ),이명종 ( Myung Jong Lee ),신만용 ( Man Yong Shin ) 한국농림기상학회 2010 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.12 No.1

In order to rehabilitate forest sites damaged by wildfire via natural or artificial restoration, it is important to determine right tree species, which can acclimate to biogeoclimatic environment at the sites. The objectives of this study were to develop site index equation of different tree species for estimating forest productivity and to provide information on species selection for post-wildfire restoration. Site index equation was developed based on environmental information from wildfire damaged areas in Gangneung, Goseong, Donghae, and Samcheok, where were located in east coastal areas of South Korea. Despite the small numbers (4~5) of environmental variables used for the development of the site index equations, statistical analysis (e.g. mean difference, standard deviation of difference, and standard error of difference) showed relatively low bias and variation, suggesting that those equations can provide relatively high capability of estimation and practical applicability with high effectiveness. The small numbers of the variables enabled the model to be applied in a wide range of usages including determination of appropriate tree species for post-wildfire restoration. The estimation of forest site productivity showed the possibility of large distribution in east coastal region as the best site for Korean ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla) and original oak (Quercus variabilis) that can be used for firebreak in the region. These results imply that damages by forest fire can be reduced significantly by replacing existing pure coniferous forests in the area with ones dominated by broadleaved deciduous stands, which can play an important role as fire break and/or prevent a transition from surface fire to crown fire.

Development of an Improved Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for On-Site Diagnosis of Fire Blight in Apple and Pear

신두산,허광일,손수형,오창식,이영기,차재순 한국식물병리학회 2018 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.34 No.3

Fast and accurate diagnosis is needed to eradicate and manage economically important and invasive diseases like fire blight. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is known as the best on-site diagnostic, because it is fast, highly specific to a target, and less sensitive to inhibitors in samples. In this study, LAMP assay that gives more consistent results for on-site diagnosis of fire blight than the previous developed LAMP assays was developed. Primers for new LAMP assay (named as DS-LAMP) were designed from a histidine-tRNA ligase gene (EAMY_RS32025) of E. amylovora CFBP1430 genome. The DS-LAMP amplified DNA (positive detection) only from genomic DNA of E. amylovora strains, not from either E. pyrifoliae (causing black shoot blight) or from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (causing shoot blight on apple trees). The detection limit of DSLAMP was 10 cells per LAMP reaction, equivalent to 104 cells per ml of the sample extract. DS-LAMP successfully diagnosed the pathogens on four fire-blight infected apple and pear orchards. In addition, it could distinguish black shoot blight from fire blight. The Bühlmann-LAMP, developed previously for on-site diagnosis of fire blight, did not give consistent results for specificity to E. amylovora and on-site diagnosis; it gave positive reactions to three strains of E. pyrifoliae and two strains of P. syringae pv. syringae. It also, gave positive reactions to some healthy sample extracts. DSLAMP, developed in this study, would give more accurate on-site diagnosis of fire blight, especially in the Republic of Korea, where fire blight and black shoot blight coexist.

Development of an Improved Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for On-Site Diagnosis of Fire Blight in Apple and Pear

Shin, Doo-San,Heo, Gwang-Il,Son, Soo-Hyeong,Oh, Chang-Sik,Lee, Young-Kee,Cha, Jae-Soon The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2018 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.34 No.3

Fast and accurate diagnosis is needed to eradicate and manage economically important and invasive diseases like fire blight. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is known as the best on-site diagnostic, because it is fast, highly specific to a target, and less sensitive to inhibitors in samples. In this study, LAMP assay that gives more consistent results for on-site diagnosis of fire blight than the previous developed LAMP assays was developed. Primers for new LAMP assay (named as DS-LAMP) were designed from a histidine-tRNA ligase gene (EAMY_RS32025) of E. amylovora CFBP1430 genome. The DS-LAMP amplified DNA (positive detection) only from genomic DNA of E. amylovora strains, not from either E. pyrifoliae (causing black shoot blight) or from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (causing shoot blight on apple trees). The detection limit of DS-LAMP was 10 cells per LAMP reaction, equivalent to $10^4$ cells per ml of the sample extract. DS-LAMP successfully diagnosed the pathogens on four fire-blight infected apple and pear orchards. In addition, it could distinguish black shoot blight from fire blight. The $B{\ddot{u}}hlmann$-LAMP, developed previously for on-site diagnosis of fire blight, did not give consistent results for specificity to E. amylovora and on-site diagnosis; it gave positive reactions to three strains of E. pyrifoliae and two strains of P. syringae pv. syringae. It also, gave positive reactions to some healthy sample extracts. DS-LAMP, developed in this study, would give more accurate on-site diagnosis of fire blight, especially in the Republic of Korea, where fire blight and black shoot blight coexist.

1960년대 서울 암사동유적의 조사와 성과 -발굴조사 경위와 내용에 대한 소개를 중심으로-

이현태 한국대학박물관협회 2011 고문화 Vol.77 No.-

Since the existence of Amsa-dong site was revealed due to a big flood in 1925, many researchers have had a lot of concerns for this site. However, most of the site was thought to be washed away due to the flood, so all the field archaeologists could do was collect comb-pattern pottery or stone tools at best even until the middle of the 1960s. Meanwhile, not until the parts of the site were exposed in the process of preparing the ground for erecting a baseball stadium in June,1967 did excavation survey begin on a large scale. However, the contents or outcome of excavation work on Amsa-dong site in the late 1960s were rarely organized, and only a few were open to the public. Because of this, not a few of the wrong contents of the excavation work on Amsa-dong site are discovered even in sorts of dictionary, let alone various research works. Thus, this writing looked into the exact account of excavation survey and survey contents & outcome by securing the data as much as possible including the contents related to excavation survey on Amsa-dong site made in the 1960s. As a result, this research found out that the first excavation of Amsa-dong site was done in July, 1967 by Kyunghee University, and the Korea Archaeology Society-supervised united excavation followed by excavation survey done by the department of history at SNU in 1968. Further, it was newly confirmed that centering on the area of Amsa-dong 156 where the 1967 excavation survey was done, the further excavation target site was gradually expanded into its surrounding area. What made it possible to carry out an aggressive excavation survey on Amsa-dong site in the 1970s was heavily indebted to no other than the outcome of Amsa-dong site examination in the 1960s. The very fact represents a significance of Amsa-dong site examination in the 1960s 1925년에 있었던 큰 홍수로 인해 서울 암사동유적의 존재가 알려진 이래 많은 연구자들이 이 유적에 관심을 가졌다. 하지만 홍수 때문에 유적의 대부분이 유실된 것으로 여겨지면서 1960년대 중반까지만 하더라도 암사동에서 빗살무늬토기편이나 석기 등을 채집하는 정도였다. 그러다 1967년 6월 암사동에 야구장을 건립하기 위해 터를 닦는 과정에서 유적의 일부가 드러나면서 비로소 발굴조사가 시작되었다. 하지만 1960년대 후반에 진행된 암사동유적의 발굴 내용이나 성과 등은 거의 정리되어 있지 않을 뿐만 아니라, 공개된 것도 많지 않다. 이 때문에 각종 연구논저는 물론이고 사전류에서까지 암사동유적의 발굴조사에 대한 잘못된 내용이 수록되어 있는 경우가 적지 않다. 이에 이 글에서는 1960년대에 이루어진 암사동유적의 조사와 관련된 내용을 담고 있는 자료들을 최대한 확보해 발굴조사가 이루어진 경위, 조사의 내용과 성과 등에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 암사동유적에 대한 최초의 발굴은 1967년 7월 경희대에 의해 이루어졌고, 1968년에는 한국고고학협회가 주관한 연합발굴에 이어 서울대 사범대학 역사과의 발굴조사가 차례로 시행되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 1967년에 발굴조사가 이루어진 암사동 156번지를 중심으로 향후 발굴 대상지가 점차 그 주변지역으로 옮겨간 사실도 새롭게 확인하였다. 나아가 1970년대에 암사동유적의 본격적인 발굴조사가 시행될 수 있었던 것도 다름 아닌 1960년대에 진행된 암사동유적 조사의 성과에 힘입은 바 컸다. 바로 이것이 1960년대의 암사동유적 조사가 갖는 의의라고 할 수 있다.

지형공간정보를 활용한 봉수의 입지에 관한 연구 - 오해야항 봉수를 중심으로 -

이동화 한국지적학회 2018 한국지적학회지 Vol.34 No.2

Beginning from the Three Kingdoms period to the Chosun Dynasty, Signal Fire was a signaling system to promptly inform the central and surrounding areas of the situation of the border area with torches and smoke. Signal Fire can be divided into Capital Signal Fire, Inland Signal Fire, and Costal Signal Fire. Among them, Costal Signal Fire served as defense and backdrop for attack as well as signal transmission, unlike Capital Signal Fire and Inland Signal Fire. In this paper, we try to look at the role of the Costal Signal Fire from the standpoint of the observation, and tried to approach the Costal Signal Fire located in Busan City using the geospatial information mentioned in the old literature and related papers. This paper analyzes the visible area of the surrounding area through the analysis of viewshed analysis of the GIS analysis technique. In particular, This paper analyzed the location from the viewpoint of the observation of the Oheyahang signal fire which has two different opinion for position of signal fire in the old document or the ancient map and the reasonable position of Oheya signal fire was identified. 삼국시대부터 시작되어 조선시대에 이르기까지 봉수는 횃불과 연기로 변방의 상황을 신속하게 중앙 및 주변에 신속히 알리기 위한 신호체계였다. 봉수에는 크게 경봉수, 내지봉수, 연변봉수로 구분할 수 있는데 이 중 연변봉수는 내지봉수나 경봉수와는 달리 신호전달의 목적 이외에도 적침에 대한 방어 및 후망 등의 역할도 수행하였다. 따라서 본 논문은 연변봉수 중에서 오해야항 봉수대에 대해 문화재적 시각으로 현대기술을 접목하여 GIS의 가시권분석을 통해 조망의 관점에서 입지분석을 실시하고자 하였다. 먼저 고문헌 및 관련논문에서 언급한 부산시에 소재하고 있는 연변봉수에 대해 지형공간정보를 활용한 접근을 시도하였으며, GIS분석기법의 가시권분석을 통하여 각 봉수대에서 주변으로의 조망영역을 분석하였다. 다음으로 고문헌이나 고지도 상에서의 봉수위치에 대한 이견이 있는 오해야항 봉수를 대상으로 조망의 관점에서 입지분석을 실시하였으며 조망의 관점에서 오해야항 봉수의 적정위치에 대해서 확인하였다.

현장품질관리 확인사항 선정을 위한 관련 자료 분석 및 검증시험에 관한 연구 - 방화문 및 방화셔터를 중심으로 -

서희원,김대회,최동호 한국방재학회 2016 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.16 No.5

Based on the building regulations, buildings are required to have fire doors or fire shutters that prevent the spread of fire. These fire safety elements are required to get accreditation before they are used for buildings. In construction sites, contractors and inspectors are supposed to assure the quality of the installation of these elements. However, it has been observed in construction sites that such fire safety components are installed without following the installation guidelines and specifications, and the quality of the installed fire safety elements are often different from the quality of those that were tested for accreditation. Thus, to select check points for fire doors and fire shutters at the quality management in construction sites, related materials were analysed and validation tests were carried out for incorrect cases based on the findings from the analysis. 현재 국내에서는 관련 건축법에 의거하여 내화구조 및 화재확산방지설비(방화문, 방화셔터 등)가 현장에 시공되도록 하고 있으며, 현장 시공 시 시공사 및 감리자가 시공에 관한 현장검사를 실시하고 있다. 하지만, 현장 시공 시 내화구조가 내화구조인정 시방 내용과 상이하게 시공되거나 성능인정 성적서 내용과 상이한 구조의 화재확산방지설비가 시공되는 등 현장품질관리가 제대로 이루어지지 못하여 건축물의 화재안전 확보에 문제가 있다는 지적이 계속되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 방화문 및 방화셔터를 대상으로 현장품질관리 시 확인하여야 하는 사항을 선정하기 위하여 관련 자료를 분석하고, 도출된 사항에 대한 검증시험을 수행하였다.

사례분석을 통한 건설현장 화재위험도 평가 체크리스트 개발

신재권 ( Shin Jae-kwon ),신윤석 ( Shin Yoon-seok ) 한국건축시공학회 2021 한국건축시공학회지 Vol.21 No.1

On the construction site, there exists frequently a high likelihood that a fire accident can lead to a large-scale disaster. In the previous studies, the diverse outcomes have been focused on the improvement of relative statutes and tried to realize the suppression and confrontation of the fire accidents. In this study, the limitations on the site were identified through prior research reviews, and the fire risk assessment checklist was proposed through the analysis of the massive accident cases. The checklist was divided into the prevention and minimization steps and developed into 16 categories of total risk factors. According to the results from the cases applied in this study, if the installation status is checked, such as removing combustibles, and broadcasting facilities for evacuation are installed, it is expected that the casualties will be minimized or zeroed. By developing a fire risk assessment checklist, this study provides the implications of the theoretical and realistic fire accident prevention, and supports the ways to minimize the damage resulted from the fire accidents on construction sites. In the further, deriving universe and common items about repeated occurrences of a work type will be needed as a subsequent research.

공동주택의 화재조사 - 현장조사 및 연소실험에 의한 초기 화재확대과정 추정 -

남동군,長谷見 雄二 한국화재소방학회 2009 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.23 No.4

Identification of the exact cause of a building fire is generally difficult, because the source and initially ignited objects are often severely damaged or even lost during the early stages of the fire. We made an experimental attempt to reasonably estimate the burning during the very early stages of a fire, and identify its source and causes. The case we studied was an apartment fire, which occurred in Tokyo, in July 2002. The fire was extinguished just after flashover, and the on-site investigations suggested the fire started from the TV and TV stand, which had been damaged so severely that it was difficult to conclude that the TV was the ultimate cause of the fire, simply from the on-site investigation. We conducted a series of burn tests using a TV and other products identical to those actually used in the apartment. Tests were set-up and procedures were carefully studied to recreate the conditions of the articles that remained, and of the room itself. The tests demonstrated that the conditions in the apartment could be recreated only when the fire started inside the TV and came into close contact with dresser. 건축물 화재에서는 발화물과 주변 가연물이 소실하기 때문에 화재현장 조사만으로 출화원인을 규명하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구는 현장조사와 화재실험을 통해 화재의 원인과 확대과정을 추정하는 방법에 관하 여 고찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 화재원인 불명으로 판단된 공동주택의 화재사례를 대상으로 현장의 잔존물 에서 출화장소와 초기연소물을 추정하고, 출화물로 추정된 가연물을 대상으로 연소실험을 실행하여 출화 원인 등을 추정하였다. 화재실험에서는 가연물의 종류 및 배치 등을 출화이전의 상태로 재현하고 출화조 건을 가정하여 반복적으로 실행하여 연소 후의 상황과 화재현장의 잔존물을 비교함으로써 출화원인 및 초 기 화재확대과정을 규명하였다.